Ecuadorian War of Independence

Ecuadorian War of Independence
	Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
	; The protective division of Quito in different battles of the Independence of Ecuador
Date	7 November 1820 — 24 May 1822
Location	present-day Ecuador
Result	Patriot victory. Annexation of the territory to Gran Colombia.
Belligerents
Patriots:; Guayaquil; Gran Colombia; Chile; Peru; United Provinces;	Royalists: Spanish Monarchy Viceroyalty of Peru; Real Audiencia of Quito;
Commanders and leaders
Joaquín de Olmedo; Antonio de Sucre;	Melchor Aymerich; Toribio Montes;

The Ecuadorian War of Independence was fought from 1820 to 1822 between several South American armies and Spain over control of the lands of the Royal Audience of Quito, a Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction from which would eventually emerge the modern Republic of Ecuador. The war ended with the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822, which brought about the independence of the entire lands of the Real Audiencia of Quito. The Ecuadorian War of Independence is part of the Spanish American wars of independence fought during the first two decades of the 19th century.

The War

Beginning of the war

The military campaign for the independence of the territory now known as Ecuador from Spanish rule could be said to have begun after nearly three hundred years of Spanish colonization. Ecuador's capital Quito was a city of around ten thousand inhabitants. It was there, on August 10, 1809, that one of the first calls for independence from Spain was made in Latin America ("Luz de América, el Primer Grito de la Independencia"), under the leadership of the city's criollos, including Carlos Montúfar, Eugenio Espejo and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Luz de America was the nickname given to Quito; the city's call for independence was heard around the continent.

By that time, the tide of the wars of independence in South America had turned decisively against Spain: Simón Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Boyacá (August 7, 1819) had sealed the independence of the former Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, while to the south, José de San Martín, after landing of the army of the Liberating Expedition of Peru on the Peruvian coast on September 8, 1820, and the previous blockade of the main ports (Callao, Guayaquil) by Lord Thomas Cochrane since September 1819 to control the Spanish fleet in the South Pacific and finally get the independence of the Viceroyalty of Perú, that was the center of the main Spanish power in Southamerica.

On October 9, 1820, the port city of Guayaquil part of the Viceroyalty of Peru proclaimed its independence after a brief and almost bloodless revolt against the local garrison. The leaders of the movement, a combination of Peruvian pro-independence officers from the colonial army like lead by coronel Gregorio Escobedo, second in command of the garrison, along with Ecuadorian intellectuals and patriots, summoned by José Joaquín de Olmedo set up a Junta de Gobierno and raised a military force with the purpose of defending the city and carrying the independence movement to the other provinces in the country.

The news of Guayaquil's proclamation of independence spread rapidly to other cities in the Presidencia, and several towns followed the example in quick succession. Portoviejo declared its independence on October 18, 1820, and Cuenca—the economic center of the southern highlands—did the same on November 3, 1820. The stage was set for the campaign of the liberation of Quito.

View of the entry into the city of Quito of the troops sent by the Hon. Mr. Viceroy of Peru under the command of the first lieutenant of the Spanish Royal Guards, Don Manuel Arredondo y Mioño

The Junta de Guayaquil moves to the offensive

The military unit raised and financed in Guayaquil was given the name of Division Protectora de Quito ("Division for the Protection of Quito"). Its immediate purpose was to advance on the cities of Guaranda and Ambato, in the central highlands, hoping to bring them to the independence movement, and cutting all road communication between Quito and the cities of Guayaquil and Cuenca, so as to forestall any Royalist countermove from the north.

The Division, under the command of venezuelan Colonels Luis Urdaneta and León Febres-Cordero, both of them ringleaders of the revolt in Guayaquil, began its advance out of the coastal plain towards the highlands, and by November 7, was ready to begin its march up the Andes mountains. The first clash with a Royalist covering force was a success, occurring on November 9, 1820, at Camino Real, a strategic mountain pass along the road from Guayaquil to Guaranda. This victory opened the way into the inter-Andean highlands, and the capture of Guaranda soon followed. News of the presence of the patriot army in Guaranda had the intended effect: most of the towns in the highlands proclaimed their independence in quick succession, Latacunga and Riobamba doing so on November 11, and Ambato on November 12, 1820. By the middle of November, Spanish rule over the Presidencia had been reduced to Quito and its surrounding areas in the northern highlands. It looked as if the liberation of the entire territory would be easier than expected.

Spain strikes back

Hopes for a quick victory turned out to be premature and short-lived. Field-Marshal Melchor Aymerich, acting President and supreme commander of Royalist forces in the Presidencia de Quito, took swift action. An army of around 5,000 troops, under the command of veteran Spanish Colonel Francisco González, was dispatched south to deal with the 2,000-strong patriot army, stationed in Ambato. In the Battle of Huachi, on November 22, 1820, the Royalist army inflicted a severe defeat on Urdaneta's force, which had to fall back, badly mauled, to Babahoyo, on the coastal plains.

The authorities in Guayaquil, who on November 11, 1820, had issued a decree creating the Provincia Libre de Guayaquil (Free Province of Guayaquil), desperately organized a ragtag detachment from the survivors of Huachi plus some reinforcements (300 men altogether, including some 50 cavalry), ordering it to make a final stand at Babahoyo. As the Royalist army did not seem to be particularly inclined to come down to the plains to meet them, the Patriots sent some guerrilla bands back into the highlands, which were finally ambushed and massacred on January 4, 1821, at the Battle of Tanizagua. The guerrillas' commanding officer, Spanish-born Colonel Gabriel García Gomez, taken prisoner after the battle, was executed by a firing squad and decapitated, his head sent to Quito to be displayed before the population. Thus, amid total military failure and a number of Royalist reprisals on the civilian population of the cities of the highlands, the attempt of the Junta de Guayaquil to carry out the independence of the Presidencia de Quito

Sucre enters the Scene

Antonio José de Sucre

And yet, not all was lost: help was on the way. By February 1821, the aid requested by the Junta de Guayaquil back in October finally materialized in the form of General Antonio José de Sucre, the best General Simón Bolívar, President of Gran Colombia, who embarked from Panama to Guayaquil. Even more welcomed perhaps was what Sucre had brought along with him: 1,000 muskets; 50,000 musket rounds; 8,000 bits of flint; 500 sabers, and 100 pairs of pistols. Sucre's instructions were clear: "To liberate the capital city of Quito, whose taking will bring about the liberation of the whole Department",^{[This quote needs a citation]} as the first step towards later operations aimed at securing the complete independence of Perú. Bolívar also informed to the "Junta de Guayaquil" that they would begin a simultaneous campaign from the south of Quito and at the same time from the north.

Second Battle of Huachi

By July 1821, Sucre had almost finished deploying the Army around Babahoyo, ready to advance on the highlands as soon as the weather allowed. Aymerich acted to preempt the patriot plans with a pincer movement: he would lead his Army from Guaranda down to Babahoyo, while Colonel González, coming from the southern highlands down to Yaguachi, would attack Sucre's flank. Thanks to a well-developed espionage network, Sucre was apprised of Aymerich's intentions, and sent General John Mires to deal with González. The encounter, which ended with the destruction of Gonzalez's force, took place near the town of Cone, on August 19, 1821. Upon receiving word of the defeat, Aymerich retraced his steps and headed back to the highlands. Sucre followed, his main force occupying Guaranda on September 2, 1821.

Aymerich moved to block any further progress, and in the Second Battle of Huachi, which took place on September 12, 1821, annihilated Sucre's infantry. The Patriot forces lost 800 men, mostly killed, plus 50 prisoners, among them General Mires. As the battle had also taken a heavy toll on the Royalists, Aymerich decided against exploiting his victory with an advance on the coastal plains. On November 19, 1821, a 90-day armistice was signed at Babahoyo, putting an end to Sucre's ill-fated first attempt to liberate Quito.

Battle of Pichincha

See main article the Battle of Pichincha

With Sucre's casualties, he was not going to be able to get the royalists out of Quito. But as promised by José de San Martín reinforces from Peru would help Guayaquil, a Peruvian Division with 1,500 men, including 3 cavalry squadrons and one artillery regiment under the command of alto-Peruvian Colonel Andrés de Santa Cruz have departed from Paita and Trujillo in December 1821.

With this reinforcement Sucre opened its new campaign in January 1822 to completely remove the royalist forces the provinces of Quito and Guayaquil, that would lately become the Republic of Ecuador.

Representation of the Battle of Pichincha

References

Salvat Editores, ed. (1980). Historia del Ecuador (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Quito: Salvat Editores. OCLC 13243718.
Mora, Enrique Ayala (1989) [1983]. Nueva Historia del Ecuador (in Spanish). Vol. 6. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional. ISBN 978-9978-84-001-6.
Rodríguez O., Jaime E. (2006). La revolución política durante la época de la independencia: El Reino de Quito, 1808-1822. Biblioteca de Historia, 20 (in Spanish). Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Corporación Editora Nacional. ISBN 978-9978-19-127-9.