Devolver Digital

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Devolver Digital, Inc.
TypePublic
AIM: DEVO
ISINUSU0858L1036
IndustryVideo games
FoundedJune 25, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-06-25)
Founders
  • Nigel Lowrie
  • Harry Miller
  • Graeme Struthers
  • Rick Stults
  • Mike Wilson
Headquarters
Austin, Texas
,
US
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Owners
Number of employees
172[1] (2021)
Subsidiaries
Websitedevolverdigital.com

Devolver Digital, Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Austin, Texas, specializing in the publishing of indie games. The company was founded in June 2009 by Nigel Lowrie, Harry Miller, Graeme Struthers, Rick Stults, and Mike Wilson, five executives who had been involved with Gathering of Developers and Gamecock Media Group, which published games on developer-friendly terms, but due to the high cost associated with releasing retail games saw themselves acquired and dissolved by larger companies. To avoid this, Devolver Digital instead turned to digital distribution channels.

Devolver Digital started by publishing high-definition remakes of games in the Serious Sam series. After success with these remakes and spin-off games based on the series, Devolver Digital began publishing games from other, smaller independent studios, one of the first being their breakout title, Hotline Miami. The company also operated Devolver Digital Films for film distribution, and majority-owns publisher Good Shepherd Entertainment. As of January 2020, Devolver Digital employs 20 people. The company went public on the Alternative Investment Market in November 2021.

History

Founding and initial development (2009–2012)

Wilson (pictured in 2022) co-founded Devolver Digital in 2009 and led it until 2017

Devolver Digital was founded in Austin, Texas, by Harry Miller, Rick Stults, and Mike Wilson.[2][3][4] The three had previously co-founded publishing companies Gathering of Developers in 1998, and Gamecock Media Group in 2007.[4][5][6] With both Gathering of Developers and Gamecock Media Group, the co-founders had envisioned a publishing model wherein the publisher would handle all logistical aspects of releasing a game, so that the developer could focus on developing the game itself.[5] This included offering deals wherein the developers could keep all rights to their games.[5] However, at the time of these companies' existences, the primary distribution channel for games was retail, which was very costly.[5] As a result, both companies saw themselves acquired by larger companies at some point, and were dissolved shortly thereafter.[5] Devolver Digital thus aimed at not producing games in physical forms, and instead focusing publishing efforts for digital distribution platforms, such as Steam.[5]

Devolver Digital started with six people, including the three founders, as well as founding partners Nigel Lowrie and Graeme Struthers, business partners from Gamecock.[1][5][7] The company's establishment was announced on June 25, 2009.[8][9] As the company did not occupy any office, its mailing address was that of a bird feed shop owned by Stults until 2018.[5] Their first game, announced alongside their formation, was Serious Sam HD: The First Encounter, a high-definition remake of the 2001 game Serious Sam: The First Encounter, both developed by Croteam.[6] The original Serious Sam games were published by Gathering of Developers, and Croteam had continued working with Wilson and his partners while at Gamecock Media Group.[5][6] Since Croteam's deal with Gathering of Developers allowed Croteam to retain the rights to the series, they were able to work with Devolver Digital on further titles beyond the ownership of Gathering of Developers' assets.[5][10] The partnership proved fruitful, and Croteam and Devolver Digital continued to co-operate for a high-definition remake of the second Serious Sam game, Serious Sam: The Second Encounter.[5] To avoid having to bring in investors or otherwise raise funding, Devolver Digital at first avoided signing titles other than Serious Sam.[5] The company then opted to work with smaller independent studios, such as the two-man team Vlambeer, to produces indie games based on Serious Sam.[5] Between 2011 and 2012, these partnership produced four spin-off games based on Serious Sam, known as the Serious Sam Indie Series.[11][12]

Following their success with the Serious Sam Indie Series, Devolver Digital became more open to other independent studios.[5] The company signed a few new games, but also had to reject many offers due to a lack of capacities.[5] One of the games they signed was Hotline Miami by the two-man studio Dennaton Games.[5] The game, released in 2012, became Devolver Digital's breakout hit; it received critical praise, appeared on multiple "Best of 2012" lists, and sold over 1,700,000 copies by February 2013.[13][14][15]

Growth and film distribution (2013–present)

In March 2013, at the SXSW Film Festival, Devolver Digital announced Devolver Digital Films, a film distribution subsidiary.[16][17] The partnership would be led by Devolver Digital's Wilson, alongside Andie Grace, who became vice-president of acquisitions.[17] In the films business, Wilson had previously produced the film Austin High, while Grace had held oversight roles for film projects created at the Burning Man Festival.[17] Devolver Digital cited the lack of support for independent filmmakers at the point of distribution and financial support in production as primary reason for the opening.[16]

Devolver continued to expand its publishing catalog from 2013, publishing roughly ten games per year. They have typically focused on smaller indie developers, and while they are often associated with weird and bizarre games, such as Genital Jousting, this is only by happenstance, according to Wilson.[18] Wilson withdrew from active involvement in Devolver Digital in 2017. Throughout 2020, he sold much of his stock back to the publisher and to NetEase.[1] Wilson went on to found another publisher, DeepWell Digital Therapeutics, alongside Nextern founder Ryan Douglas in March 2022.[19]

In August 2020, Devolver Digital published Mediatonic's Fall Guys. The game was commercially successful, generating $150.5 million by the end of 2020. In March 2021, Epic Games acquired Mediatonic, as part of which Devolver Digital sold all its publishing rights of certain Mediatonic games, including Fall Guys. Devolver Digital used the proceeds from the game and the rights sale for expansion, including mergers and acquisitions.[1] The first such acquisition was Croteam in October 2020.[1][20] At the time, the company comprised several legal entities, which were consolidated into one entity in February 2021.[1] Devolver Digital then acquired publisher Good Shepherd Entertainment, which had previously been majority-owned by Devolver Digital's executives, in January 2021.[1][21] Subsequently, the company bought developer Nerial (the developer of the Reigns series) in April, Firefly Studios (Stronghold series) in June, and Dodge Roll (Enter the Gungeon) in July 2021.[1] Furthermore, the company hired Daniel Widdicombe as chief financial officer in May 2021 and in the same year promoted Douglas Morin, who had joined the company as chief of staff in 2020, to chief executive officer.[1] After indicating around May 2021 that it was looking to have an initial public offering, Devolver became a public company on November 4, 2021, trading its stock under the ticker symbol DEVO on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), a submarket of the London Stock Exchange, initially valued at £694.6 million ($950 million). At the time, that made Devolver Digital the largest American company to trade on the London Stock Exchange, and the second-largest company overall in value.[22][23]

Public appearance

Fork Parker

Devolver Digital presents Fork Parker, a fictional character, as their chief financial officer.[24][25] The character first appeared in a promotional video for Serious Sam HD: The First Encounter in August 2009.[26] A Twitter account is operated under Fork Parker's name, which, as of September 2015, has 10,000 followers.[27] He is also credited on Devolver Digital's blog posts and press releases.[24] Fork Parker is intentionally presented as satirical and inappropriate.[24][27] A game based on Fork Parker, Fork Parker's Crunch Out was developed by Mega Cat Studios for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and released by Devolver Digital in February 2019, with all profits going to Take This, a non-profit organization for mental health in the gaming community.[28][29]

Big Fancy Press Conferences

Devolver Digital announced in May 2017 that they were to hold a press conference at the E3 2017 exhibition event.[30] The conference deviated from common practice, as it was a pre-recorded satirical video, entitled the Big Fancy Press Conference, of a supposed live show, hosted by Devolver Digital's supposed chief synergy officer Nina Struthers, played by actress Mahria Zook.[31] It included several mock announcements, such as that of a new microtransaction method where the customer could throw money at the screen to purchase items, and that of "Earliest Access", a parody on early access in which players could pre-order games that had yet to enter production.[32] The video was directed by Don Thacker, the head of film production company Imagos Softworks.[31]

Another Big Fancy Press Conference was held at E3 2018, with Zook reprising her role.[33][34] This show introduced on a new item called the "Lootboxcoin", a parody of both cryptocurrency and loot boxes, which was a plastic coin that had no actual value, but was made available for purchase from Devolver Digital's online store for a fluctuating price.[33][34] The presentation explicitly stated that the coin was not a cryptocurrency, should not be considered currency and warned viewers that they could not buy anything with it.[33][34]

Devolver Digital held another Big Fancy Press Conference at E3 2019, revealing a direct-to-consumer "Devolver Direct" video (its name and format being a parody of Nintendo Direct).[35][36] The show contained several announcements for actual games, including Devolver Bootleg, a collection of games parodying other games published by Devolver Digital.[36] The game was released alongside the announcement, at a 1% discount.[37] The music for the three conferences was composed by John Robert Matz; a compilation album, titled Devolver Digital Cinematic Universe: Phase 1 (Original Soundtrack), was released through label Materia Collective in June 2019.[38]

A second "Devolver Direct" was held on July 12th 2020.[39] Alongside several game announcements (Both real and fake), Mock interviews with game characters and prominent industry figures, the Direct had frequent cutaways to the ongoing storyline established in past Devolver Directs: As characters try to save Nina who has been enslaved and transformed into a "Trans-interlocal Broadcast Conduit" from which she hosts the Directs against her will.[40] The show culiminates with the announcement of Devolverland Expo Simulator, a first person "Marketing Simulator" designed to replace the then cancelled E3 expo of that year.[41][42]

During the E3 2021 Digital expo, Devolver held another Livestream. Stepping back from the ongoing storyline, this stream instead focused on the employees of Devolver themselves as they announced the satirical "Devolver MaxPass+" Subscription service.[43] A free "Monetization as a Service" that gave consumers access to purchase their games. Designed to poke fun at the rise of subscription services such as Xbox Game Pass that year, the service did not provide any tangible benefit to users and couldn't actually be purchased.[44]

For the 2022 Summer Game Fest, Devolver hosted the "Devolver Digital Marketing Countdown to Marketing", hosted by "MechaSuda" (A Max Headroom style video of Goichi Suda played on a screen inside a mechanical robot suit).[45] The stream begins with almost a full minute of Suda just slowly counting down in seconds, until he is interrupted by Nina. Five game trailers are then shown in total, while the characters panic about an impending "Video Game Singularity": Caused by the repeated mergers of various large-scale videogame companies over the course of the last year.[46] The stream ends with MechaSuda making a wish on a Lootboxcoin, rewinding time back to the start of the conference, then self destructing.

Corporate affairs

As of January 2020, the company employs 20 people, all of whom work remotely.[5][47][48] These included event planning team and staff focused on bringing the company's games to China, though this was later shut down.[5][18] One key hire was vice-president of mobile publishing Mark Hickey in December 2018, who had been the business manager for Apple Inc.'s App Store.[49][50]

Devolver Digital operates a film distribution arm, Devolver Digital Films, which was established in 2013.[16][17] The company also owns another publisher, Good Shepherd Entertainment.[1][21] A close collaborator to Devolver Digital is Special Reserve Games, a limited-run distributor of physical versions of games. Special Reserve Games was founded in 2016 by CEO Jeff Smith, after he had pitched Wilson the idea of creating a physical release of the PC version of Shadow Warrior 2. Since then, Special Reserve Games has released further physical game releases, limited to only Devolver Digital games, though it is considering to partner with different companies in the future.[51] Devolver also acquired Croteam on October 21, 2020.[52]

Games

Games published

Year Title Developer(s) Platform(s)
2009 Serious Sam HD: The First Encounter Croteam Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360
2010 Serious Sam HD: The Second Encounter Croteam Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360
2011 Serious Sam Double D Mommy's Best Games Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam: Kamikaze Attack! Be-Rad Entertainment Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam: The Random Encounter Vlambeer Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam 3: BFE Croteam Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
2012 Serious Sam: The Greek Encounter Eric Ruth Games Microsoft Windows
To-Fu: The Trials of Chi HotGen Android,[53] Microsoft Windows[54]
Spacelings HotGen Android,[55] Microsoft Windows[54]
Hotline Miami Dennaton Games Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One
To-Fu 2 HotGen Microsoft Windows[54]
2013 Serious Sam Double D XXL Mommy's Best Games Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360
Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition
Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita
Dungeon Hearts Cube Roots iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Shadow Warrior Classic Redux
  • 3D Realms
  • General Arcade
 Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Foul Play Mediatonic Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360
Shadow Warrior Flying Wild Hog Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Viscera Cleanup Detail: Shadow Warrior RuneStorm Microsoft Windows
Defense Technica Kuno Interactive macOS, Microsoft Windows
2014 Cosmic DJ GL33k iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Luftrausers Vlambeer Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita
Always Sometimes Monsters Vagabond Dog Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4
Dungeon Hearts Blitz Tangent Android, iOS
OlliOlli Roll7 Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Gods Will Be Watching Deconstructeam Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
The Expendabros Free Lives macOS, Microsoft Windows
Hatoful Boyfriend
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
Heavy Bullets Terri Vellmann Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Sigils of Elohim Croteam Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
The Talos Principle Croteam Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Fork Parker's Holiday Profit Hike Dodge Roll macOS, Microsoft Windows
2015 Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number
  • Dennaton Games
  • Abstraction Games
 Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One
Titan Souls Acid Nerve Android, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
Not a Hero Roll7 Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
Ronin Tomasz Wacławek Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
Breach & Clear: Deadline
Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
OlliOlli2: Welcome to Olliwood Roll7 Android, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Dropsy
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
A Fistful of Gun FarmerGnome Microsoft Windows
Broforce Free Lives Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
Downwell Moppin Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
Pathologic Classic HD
Microsoft Windows
Noct (early access) C3SK Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Hatoful Boyfriend: Holiday Star
  • PigeoNation Inc.
  • Mediatonic
 Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
2016 #SelfieTennis VRUnicorns Microsoft Windows
Enter the Gungeon Dodge Roll Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
OmniBus Buddy Cops, LLC Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Reigns Nerial Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Okhlos Coffee Powered Machine Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Mother Russia Bleeds Le Cartel Studio Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
Shadow Warrior 2 Flying Wild Hog Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
2017 Stories Untold No Code macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Sub Rosa (early access) Cryptic Sea Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam VR: The First Encounter Croteam Linux, Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam VR: The Second Encounter Croteam Linux, Microsoft Windows
Golf for Workgroups (early access) Cryptic Sea Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Spaceplan Jake Hollands Android, iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Strafe Pixel Titans Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4
Block'hood Plethora Project Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam's Bogus Detour Crackshell Linux, Microsoft Windows
Absolver Sloclap Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Serious Sam VR: The Last Hope Croteam Microsoft Windows
Ruiner Reikon Games Linux, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
The Talos Principle VR Croteam Linux, Microsoft Windows
Serious Sam 3 VR: BFE Croteam Linux, Microsoft Windows
High Hell
macOS, Microsoft Windows
Reigns: Her Majesty Nerial Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
2018 Genital Jousting Free Lives Microsoft Windows
The Red Strings Club Deconstructeam Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Crossing Souls Fourattic Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
Umiro Diceroll Studios Android, iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Minit
  • Jan Willem Nijman
  • Kitty Calis
  • Jukio Kallio
  • Dominik Johann
 Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Block'hood VR
  • Plethora Project
  • General Arcade
 Microsoft Windows
The Swords of Ditto Onebitbeyond iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
I Hate Running Backwards Binx Interactive Linux, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, Playstation 4, Nintendo Switch
The Messenger Sabotage Studio Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Reigns: Game of Thrones Nerial Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Gris Nomada Studio iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
2019 Pikuniku Sectordub Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One
Fork Parker's Crunch Out Mega Cat Studios Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Ape Out Gabe Cuzzillo Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Weedcraft Inc Vile Monarch Microsoft Windows
Katana Zero Askiisoft macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One
Observation No Code Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Gato Roboto Doinksoft Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One
Devolver Bootleg Doinksoft Microsoft Windows
My Friend Pedro DeadToast Entertainment Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Gorn Free Lives Microsoft Windows
Metal Wolf Chaos XD
Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Witcheye Moon Kid Android, iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Heave Ho Le Cartel Studio Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Serious Sam Classics: Revolution
Microsoft Windows
Exit the Gungeon
iOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, tvOS
Cricket Through the Ages Free Lives iOS, tvOS
Bleak Sword More8Bit iOS, tvOS
Painty Mob Flee Punk iOS, tvOS
2020 Sludge Life
  • Terri Vellmann
  • Doseone
 Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Devolverland Expo Flying Wild Hog Microsoft Windows
Carrion Phobia Game Studio Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4
Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout Mediatonic Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4
Game of Thrones: Tale of Crows That Silly Studio iOS, macOS, tvOS
Serious Sam 4 Croteam Microsoft Windows, Stadia, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S
Disc Room
  • Terri Vellmann
  • Doseone
  • Kitty Calis
  • Jan Willem Nijman
 Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One
Reigns: Beyond Nerial iOS, macOS, tvOS
Enter the Gungeon: House of the Gundead
Arcade
2021 Olija Skeleton Crew Studio Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Minit Fun Racer
  • Jan Willem Nijman
  • Kitty Calis
  • Jukio Kallio
  • Dominik Johann
 Microsoft Windows
Loop Hero Four Quarters Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Essays on Empathy Deconstructeam Microsoft Windows
Boomerang X Dang! Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Death's Door Acid Nerve Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Blightbound Ronimo Games Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
My Friend Pedro: Ripe for Revenge DeadToast Entertainment Android, iOS
Inscryption Daniel Mullins Games Microsoft Windows
2022 Serious Sam: Siberian Mayhem Timelock Studio, Croteam Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S
Shadow Warrior 3 Flying Wild Hog Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Tentacular Firepunchd Games Meta Quest 2, Microsoft Windows
Weird West WolfEye Studios Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Serious Sam: Tormental Gungrounds Microsoft Windows
Ragnorium Vitali Kirpu Microsoft Windows
Trek to Yomi Flying Wild Hog Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Card Shark Nerial Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
Demon Throttle Doinksoft Nintendo Switch
Cult of the Lamb Massive Monster Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Return to Monkey Island Terrible Toybox Microsoft Windows, macOS, Nintendo Switch
Phantom Abyss Team WIBY Microsoft Windows, Xbox Series X/S
Devolver Tumble Time Nopopo Android, iOS
McPixel 3 Sos Sosowski Microsoft Windows
Wizard with a Gun Galvanic Games Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
2023 Terra Nil Free Lives Microsoft Windows
Gunbrella Doinksoft Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
The Plucky Squire All Possible Futures Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S
Skate Story Sam Eng Microsoft Windows
Anger Foot Free Lives Microsoft Windows
Stick It to the Stickman Free Lives Microsoft Windows
TBA Eitr Eneme Entertainment Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4
Paradise Never Kitty Lambda Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
The Talos Principle 2 Croteam TBA
Unnamed game[56] Beans Team TBA

Games re-released

Year of re-release Year of original release Title Developer(s) Platform(s)
2010 2001 Serious Sam: The First Encounter Croteam Microsoft Windows
2002 Serious Sam: The Second Encounter Croteam Microsoft Windows
2012 2005 Serious Sam 2 Croteam Microsoft Windows
2013 1997 Shadow Warrior 3D Realms macOS, Microsoft Windows
2006 Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure The Collective Microsoft Windows
2015 2014 Breach & Clear Mighty Rabbit Studios Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows

References

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External links

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