Slavic calendar

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While many Slavic languages officially use Latin-derived names for the months of the year in the Gregorian calendar, there is also a set of older names for the twelve months that differs from the Latin month names, as they are of Slavic origin. In some languages, such as the Serbian language these traditional names have since been archaized and are thus seldom used.

The original names of the months of the year in the Slavic languages closely follow natural occurrences such as weather patterns and conditions common for that period, as well as agricultural activities.

Many months have several alternative names in different regions; conversely, a single "Slavic name" may correspond to different "Roman names" (for different months, usually following each other) in different languages.

Comparison table

The Slavic names of the months have been preserved by a number of Slavic people in a variety of languages. The conventional month names in some of these languages are mixed, including names which show the influence of the Germanic calendar (particularly Slovene, Sorbian, and Polabian)[1] or names which are borrowed from the Gregorian calendar (particularly Polish and Kashubian), but they have been included here nonetheless.

In the Lithuanian language, the Baltic names of the months are preserved, which partially coincide with the Slavic ones, which suggests that some of these names may date back to the time of the Balto-Slavic unity. Lithuanian names are also shown in this table for comparison.

Comparison of the traditional names for the twelve months in different Slavic languages[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Language January February March April May June July August September October November December
Belarusian студзень
studzen′ 		люты
ljuty 		сакавік
sakavik 		красавік
krasavik 		травень
traven′ 		чэрвень
čèrven′ 		ліпень
lipen′ 		жнівень
žniven′ 		верасень
verasen′ 		кастрычнік
kastryčnik 		лістапад
listapad 		снежань
snežan′
Ukrainian січень
sičen′ 		лютий
ljutyj 		березень
berezen′ 		квітень
kviten′ 		червень
červen′ 		липень
lypen′ 		серпень
serpen′ 		вересень
veresen′ 		жовтень
žovten′ 		листопад
lystopad 		грудень
hruden′
Rusyn лютый
ljutyj 		цвітень
cviten′ 		жолтень
žolten′
Russian (archaic) сечень
sečenʹ 		березозол
berezozol 		цветень
cvetenʹ 		липец
lipec 		листопад
listopad 		грудень
grudenʹ 		студень
studenʹ
Old Church Slavonic просиньць
prosinĭcĭ 		сѣчьнъ
sěčĭnŭ 		соухъ
suhŭ 		брѣзьнъ
brězĭnŭ 		трѣвьнъ
trěvĭnŭ 		изокъ
izokŭ 		чръвлѥнꙑи
črŭvljenyi 		заревъ
zarevŭ 		роуинъ
ruinŭ 		листопадъ
listopadŭ 		гроудьнъ
grudĭnŭ 		стоуденъ
studenŭ
Bulgarian (archaic) сечен
sečen 		люти
ljuti 		сухи
suhi 		брезен
brezen 		тревен
treven 		изок
izok 		червен
červen 		зарев
zarev 		руен
ruen 		листопад
listopad 		груден
gruden 		просинец
prosinec
Macedonian (archaic) коложег
koložeg 		сечко
sečko 		цутар
cutar 		тревен
treven 		косар
kosar 		жетвар
žetvar 		златец
zlatec 		житар
žitar 		гроздобер
grozdober 		студен
studen 		снежник
snežnik
Serbian (archaic) дерикожа
derikoža 		лажитрава
lažitrava 		цветањ
cvetanj 		трешњар
trešnjar 		жетвар
žetvar 		гумник
gumnik 		коледар
koledar
Croatian siječanj veljača ožujak travanj svibanj lipanj srpanj kolovoz rujan listopad studeni prosinac
Slovene (archaic) prosinec svečan sušec mali traven veliki traven rožnik mali srpan veliki srpan kimavec vinotok listopad gruden
Slovak (archaic) veľký sečeň malý sečeň brezen duben kveten lipen červenec klasen malý rujen veľký rujen prosinec
Czech leden únor březen květen červen srpen září říjen
Polish styczeń luty marzec* kwiecień maj* czerwiec lipiec sierpień wrzesień październik grudzień
brzezień (archaic) trawień (archaic)
łżykwiat (archaic)
Kashubian stëcznik gromicznik strëmiannik łżëkwiat môj* czerwińc lëpińc zélnik séwnik rujan lëstopadnik gòdnik
luti kwiecéń gòran miodownik serzpiéń wrzeseń pazdzérznik grëdzéń
Lower Sorbian (archaic) wezymski swěckowny pózymski jatšownik rozhelony smažki žnjojski jacmjeński požnjenc winski młośny zymski
Upper Sorbian (archaic) wulki róžk mały róžk nalětnik jutrownik róžownik pražnik žnjenc winowc nazymnik hodownik
Polabian (extinct) ledemån rüzac zürmån chåidemån laisemån pąťustemån zeminik haimån jisinmån vaińamån zaimamån trübnemån
Lithuanian (non-Slavic) sausis vasaris kovas balandis gegužė birželis liepa rugpjūtis rugsėjis spalis lapkritis gruodis

*Non-slavic

Croatian months

The Croatian months used with the Gregorian calendar by Croats differ from the original Latin month names:

No. Latin name English name Croatian name Croatian meaning
1 Ianuarius January siječanj from cutting or hewing wood[12] but there are also dialectal terms 'svečan, svičen, sičan' that have a meaning 'festive', so there is a possibility of a meaning 'festive month' (as there are several holidays celebrated in January)[13]
2 Februarius February veljača month in which days become longer, oveljiti se = to get bigger;[14] or to wallow, to roll valjati, to indicate unstable weather[15]
3 Martius March ožujak lying month (laž>ož; laž = a lie), because the weather is changing often[16][17]
4 Aprilis April travanj from growing grass, trava[18]
5 Maius May svibanj from budding Cornel tree svib[19]
6 Iunius June lipanj from linden tree, lipa[20]
7 Iulius July srpanj from reaping with a sickle, srp[21]
8 Augustus August kolovoz from driving a wagon (for harvest) — wheel kolo + drive voz[22]
9 September September rujan from an archaic verb for deer roaring[23] or from a poetic word for blushing, rosy[24]
10 October October listopad from falling leaves — leaf list + fall padati[25]
11 November November studeni from cold, studen[26]
12 December December prosinac the beginning of the Sun's shining, to dawn sinuti;[27] or from sinji, greyish blue color[28]

Czech months

The names of Czech months are, as in Polish, Croatian, Ukrainian and Belarusian not based on the Latin names used in most European languages. The suffix -en is added to most of the months' names.

No. Latin name English name Czech name Meaning
1. Ianuarius January leden From led, "ice".
2. Februarius February únor Probably from the word root -nor-, infinitive form nořit (se), "to plunge, to welter", as the ice welters under the lake surface.
3. Martius March březen Either from bříza, "birch", or from březí, "gravid, with young", as the forest animals, mainly hares and rabbits, are pregnant at that time.[29]
4. Aprilis April duben Derived from dub, "oak".
5. Maius May květen From květ, "blossom". Originally máj, "May". The word květen first appeared in Jungmann's translation of Atala from 1805 as a poetism and translation for French lune de fleurs (month of flowers), but quickly gained acceptance. Jungmann was probably also influenced by the Polish word kwiecień ("April").
6. Iunius June červen Either from červený, "red", or from červ, "worm", both related to fruit.
7. Iulius July červenec The same as červen with a diminutive suffix ec, lit. "small červen".
8. Augustus August srpen From srp, "sickle" - used for harvesting.
9. September September září From Old Czech zářij, from za říje. (See říjen.) Folk etymology derives it from zářit, "to blaze, glow, radiate, shine".
10. October October říjen From říje, "rutting", the time when the – mainly deer – males want to couple.
11. November November listopad Literally "leaf-fall".
12. December December prosinec Either from prosit, "to pray, beg, to ask, to plead", possibly relating to holidays at this time, or from prosinalý, "pallid", from siný, deep blue, because the sky is usually pallid at this time.

Macedonian months

The Macedonian language has two sets of names of the months of the Gregorian calendar. The most commonly used set of names is derived from the Latin month names and these are used by the vast majority of the Macedonian population. However, there is also a set of older names for the twelve months of Slavic origin that differ from the Latin month names, although their usage is archaized and largely restricted to folk literature and religious calendars issued by the Macedonian Orthodox Church.

The origin of the Macedonian month names is closely related to the agricultural activities that occur in the corresponding period, or to the weather condition common for that period. Some months have alternative names in different regions. The usage of modern Latin month names among Macedonians started towards the end of the 19th century, as a result of mass education.

No. Latin name English name Macedonian Cyrillic Macedonian Latin Old Macedonian name Transliteration Meaning
1. Ianuarius January Јануари Januari Коложег Koložeg Month of burning tree trunks
2. Februarius February Февруари Fevruari Сечко Sečko Month of ice
3. Martius March Март Mart Цутар Cutar Month of blossoming
4. Aprilis April Април April Тревен Treven Month of grass
5. Maius May Мај Maj Косар Kosar Time of flowering grasses and shrubs
6. Iunius June Јуни Juni Жетвар Žetvar Time of maturity of the first yield of fruits
7. Iulius July Јули Juli Златец Zlatec Golden month
8. Augustus August Август Avgust Житар Žitar Month of wheat
9. September September Септември Septemvri Гроздобер Grozdober Month of harvesting grapes
10. October October Октомври Oktomvri Листопад Listopad Month of leaves falling
11. November November Ноември Noemvri Студен Studen Month of cold
12. December December Декември Dekemvri Снежник Snežnik Month of snow

Slovene months

Main article: Slovene months

Many of the names in the standardized set of archaic Slovene month names first occur in the Škofja Loka manuscript, written in 1466 by Martin of Loka.[30]

No. Latin name English name Slovene name Slovene name (archaic) Meaning
1. Ianuarius January januar prosinec '(sun) shining through';[31][32]
2. Februarius February februar svečan perhaps 'dry' or 'cut' (influenced by svečnica 'Candlemas');[31][32]
3. Martius March marec sušec '(earth) dry (enough for cultivation)';[31][32]
4. Aprilis April april mali traven 'small grass';[31][32]
5. Maius May maj veliki traven 'large grass';[31][32]
6. Iunius June junij rožnik 'flowers' (a translation of German Rosenmonat);[31][32]
7. Iulius July julij mali srpan 'small sickle' (i.e., reaping);[31][32]
8. Augustus August avgust veliki srpan 'large sickle' (i.e., reaping);[31][32]
9. September September september kimavec 'nodding (fruit)';[32]
10. October October oktober vinotok 'wine flowing' (a translation of German Weinmonat);[31][32]
11. November November november listopad 'falling leaves';[31][32]
12. December December december gruden 'biting (cold)'[31] or 'clumped (earth)';[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Reindl, Donald F. (1 July 1995). "Evidence for the Germanic Origins of Some Slovene Month Names". Slovene Studies. 15 (1): 169–178. doi:10.7152/ssj.v15i1.4179.
  2. ^ Nedeljković, Mile (September 1998). "Zimski znak vatre letnji znak sunca i Perunova munja" [Winter fire symbol, summer sun symbol, and lightning of Perun]. Srpsko nasleđe (in Serbian) (9). Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  3. ^ Nedeljković, Mile (1990). Godišnji običaji u Srba [Annual traditions of the Serbs] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Vuk Karadžić.
  4. ^ Jovanović, Stanoje, ed. (1999). Jezici podunavskih zemalja (i ruski) [Languages of the Danube countries (and Russia)]. Belgrade: YU Marketing Press and Verzalpress. OCLC 443031481.
  5. ^ Gleichova, Jarmila; Jenikova, Anna (1982). Česko-srbocharvatsky a srbocharvatsko-česky slovnik na cesty [Czech–Serbo-Croatian/Serbo-Croatian–Czech travel dictionary] (in Czech). Prague: Statni pedagogicke nakladatelstvi.
  6. ^ Menac, Antica; Kovalʹ, Alla P. (1979). Hrvatsko ili srpsko-ukrajinski rječnik [Croatian/Serbian–Ukrainian dictionary]. Zagreb: SNL. OCLC 800783862.
  7. ^ "Carpatho-Rusyn month names". rolandanderson.se. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  8. ^ Serbska protyka [Sorbian calendar]. Bautzen: Domowina. 1968.
  9. ^ Јacanović, Dragan (2000). Srpsko kalendarsko znanje u epskim narodnim pesmama [Serbian calendar knowledge in folk epic poetry] (in Serbian). Rača.
  10. ^ Zaroff, Roman (5 May 2016). "Measurement of Time by the Ancient SlavsMerjenje časa pri starih Slovanih" (PDF). Studia mythologica Slavica. 19: 9–39. doi:10.3986/sms.v19i0.6614.
  11. ^ Hauptova Z., editor (1958–1997) Slovník jazyka staroslověnského (Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae), Prague: Euroslavica
  12. ^ "siječanj". Croatian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  13. ^ "NAZIV MJESECI U GODINI NA HRVATSKOM". hamdočamo. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  14. ^ "veljača". Croatian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  15. ^ "travanj". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  16. ^ "ožujak". Croatian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  17. ^ "ožujak". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  18. ^ "travanj". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  19. ^ "svibanj". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  20. ^ "lipanj". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  21. ^ "srpanj". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  22. ^ "kolovoz". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  23. ^ "rujan". Croatian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  24. ^ "rujan". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  25. ^ "listopad". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  26. ^ "studeni". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  27. ^ "prosinac". Croatian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  28. ^ "prosinac". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  29. ^ Machek, 1968, in Václav Machek, Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, second edition, Academia, 1968
  30. ^ Stabej, Jože (1966). "Ob petstoletnici škofjeloškega zapisa slovenskih imen za mesece" [On the 500th Anniversary of the Škofja Loka Recording of Slovene Month Names]. Loški razgledi (in Slovenian). Muzejsko društvo Škofja Loka [Museum Society of Škofja Loka]. 13. ISSN 0459-8210.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Snoj, Marko. 2003. Slovenski etimološki slovar. 2nd edition. Ljubljana: Modrijan.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Vaštíková, Zuzana. 2012. Slovinské a české pranostiky. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Ústav slavistiky.

External links

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