Ciamis Sundanese

Ciamis Sundanese
Southeastern dialect
Basa Sunda Ciamis ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮎᮤᮃᮙᮤᮞ᮪
List of typical vocabulary used in Ciamis Regency
Native to	Indonesia
Region	West Java Banjar City Ciamis Regency Pangandaran Regency Jawa Tengah Cilacap Regency Majenang Dayeuhluhur Wanareja Cimanggu
Ethnicity	Sundanese Banyumasan
Native speakers	± 1,8 million (2020)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan or Greater North Borneo Sundanese-Badui Sundanese Ciamis Sundanese
Writing system	Latin Sundanese
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	ciam1234
Linguasphere	31-MFN-ag
The area where the majority of the Ciamis Sundanese is derived   Areas where the Ciamis Sundanese is spoken in a minority

Ciamis Sundanese or Ciamis dialect or Southeastern dialect is a term for a variety of conversations Sundanese spoken by people in the southeastern region of the West Java Province especially Ciamis Regency, Banjar City and Pangandaran Regency and in the southwest region of Central Java Province such as Cilacap Regency. This dialect is language variety and is considered to be on one side of linguistic continuum with standard form Sundanese is Priangan Sundanese which is on the other side, thus causing some different variations of lexicon, but in general there is no significant linguistic difference with Priangan Sundanese.

The linguistic diversity in the Ciamis area is influenced by the location of geography which is surrounded by regencies and area which are linguistically different, next to northwest, northeast, southwest geographical situation mountainous, then lowland is swamp in the east (central and south), the state of highway which divides and opens Ciamis to the west to Tasikmalaya, and to the east to Central Java.

Introduction

Geographically, Ciamis Regency (also includes Banjar City and Pangandaran Regency) surrounded by areas that have characteristics of using different languages. Tasikmalaya Regency in the west is considered a transition Priangan Sundanese. Majalengka Regency and Kuningan district in the north are considered as dialect areas of Sundanese which are different from the Sundanese dialect of Priangan. Central Java Province to the east is another language area. Geographical conditions like this have led to allegations of an influence on the use of the Sundanese language in Ciamis Regency.

Ciamis as a unit geographic is also likely to show the peculiarities of using certain languages so that it is often heard that ordinary people in West Java say there is something called "Sundanese dialect of Ciamis".

This article will explain the description of Ciamis Sundanese related to things such as sounds of language, the use of distinctive elements, linguistic variations that are tied to territory, the influence of foreign languages, and several other language symptoms.

Usages

Language area

Map of language use areas in Ciamis Regency.

Administratively, Ciamis Regency is directly adjacent to Central Java Province in the east. The area of use of Sundanese is not only in Ciamis Regency, but also in Central Java Province, especially on the eastern border of Ciamis the north where the shape of the area of use protrudes into the area Central Java Province (Dayeuhluhur, Wanareja, Majenang, and Cimanggu).

Scope of use

Ciamis Sundanese is used in various ways and in various circumstances, for example, in home, in school, in community, in correspondence, and in mass media. Use at home can occur between conversation a child with father, mother, relatives, other family, and housemaid. Uses in schools include language of instruction, association between students, antarguru, and between teachers and students. Use in the community takes place with neighbors, ethnic group, takes place in mosque or church, in work, and in entertainment. The use in correspondence takes place in correspondence, both official and personal. Uses in mass media, among others, occur through radio, television, cinema, recording, newspaper, magazine, book, and speech.

Language status

According to the speakers, Ciamis Sundanese is standard language because it is considered to have standardization, autonomy, and history alone, in addition, the speakers consider that the Sundanese language has a status that is not low. As evidenced by the intensive use of the Sundanese language in Ciamis Regency.

Role of language

In accordance with its position, Ciamis Sundanese acts as a regional language and is considered very important in relation to the function of Indonesian language. In various situations and interests, Ciamis Sundanese is always adapted. According to the observations that have been made, Ciamis Sundanese is considered very important by the speakers, in addition to Indonesian which also has an equally important role in the lives of these speakers.

Literary tradition

Ciamis Sundanese is used in various forms of literary works, both in the form of oral literature and written literature. Its use can be seen in several folk tales which are expressed using Ciamis Sundanese.

Examples of literary figures or writers who often use Ciamis Sundanese in their works are Ahmad Bakri, who is a writer from the Rancah, Ciamis. Some of his works can be seen at Google Books like the examples, Payung Butut, Rajapati di Pananjung, dan Sudagar Batik.

Phonology

The phonology found in Ciamis Sundanese does not show any difference with the phonology of Standard Sundanese.

Consonants

The consonant inventory of Ciamis Sundanese

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post-Alveolar/ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	Unvoiced	p	t	t͡ʃ	k
	Voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	g
Fricatives			s			h
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Approximant		w	l r	j

Vowels

The vowel inventory of Ciamis Sundanese

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		ɤ u
Mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Low		a

Types and distribution of phonemes

Phonological table for Ciamis Sundanese.

The chart below shows the types and phonemes of Ciamis Sundanese.

	The distribution is as follows:
/p/:	voiceless bilabial plosive
	For example:
	patimuʔ	:	meet
	ʔampah	:	flat
	ʔrɛp	:	finished

/b/:	voiced bilabial plosive
	For example:
	bəŋkok	:	rice field/village inventory land
	gɔbag	:	kids game
	ragab	:	1. happy 2. awkward

/m/:	voiced bilabial nasal
	For example:
	mɛmɛnɛran	:	dating
	kasumpɔnan	:	fulfilled
	kulit͡ʃəm	:	sour face

/w/:	voiced labio-velar approximant
	For example:
	wadɛh	:	inappropriate
	hɛwaʔ	:	inappropriate
	t͡ʃiɲt͡ʃaw	:	cincau

/t/:	voiceless dental/alveolar plosive
	For example:
	tuguʔ	:	family
	talitian	:	lottery club
	badarat	:	1. walk 2. pig hunting

/d/:	voiced dental/alveolar plosive
	For example:
	danas	:	pineapple
	t͡ʃɛdol	:	joke
	ŋelod	:	rotate

/s/:	voiceless alveolar fricative
	For example:
	sɛdol	:	not careful
	kɔsaraʔ	:	big mine
	nərpas	:	break through, bypass

/l/:	voiced lateral approximant
	For example:
	ligar	:	blossom
	lələt	:	spin fast
	kɔdɔl	:	blunt

/r/:	voiced alveolar trill
	For example:
	rɔrɔs	:	(swear words)
	gɔrɔl	:	work gathering
	lilingir	:	edge, side

/t͡ʃ/:	voiceless post-alveolar affricate
	For example:
	t͡ʃɔdɛr	:	ignorant
	t͡ʃɔt͡ʃɔh	:	swear words

/d͡ʒ/:	voiced post-alveolar affricate
	For example:
	d͡ʒahat	:	1. wasteful 2. evil
	titələd͡ʒɔg	:	stumble

/ɲ/	voiced palatal nasal
	For example:
	ɲasap	:	farm preparation
	babaɲɔn	:	washing hands

/j/:	voiced palatal approximant
	For example:
	jap	:	come here
	dajaŋ	:	prostitutes
	dɤj	:	1. pamper (for boys) 2. designation (for younger people)

/k/:	voiceless velar plosive
	For example:
	kalagian	:	not as usual
	kɔwakan	:	overdraft (in rice fields or in rivers)
	bəsəŋɛk	:	chili pepper

/g/:	voiced velar plosive
	For example:
	gambuh	:	mastermind
	digalɔk	:	mixed
	ɲəntɔg	:	'manila duck'

/ŋ/:	voiced velar nasal
	For example:
	ŋalɔŋ	:	come
	ŋankriŋ	:	taluan lesung (time to save)
	ŋɔbɛŋ	:	catch fish just by hand

/h/:	voiceless glottal fricative
	For example:
	hagɤj	:	yes
	mahprahan	:	notify meeting
	lɛmpɛh	:	subside

/i/:	front vowel, slightly high, not round
	For example:
	ʔit͡ʃakan	:	small paddy field
	bəlikan	:	quickly offended
	t͡ʃipatiʔ	:	coconut cream

/ɛ/:	front vowel, rather low, not round
	For example:
	ʔɛtɛh	:	'call (for older women)'
	bɛŋkoŋ	:	circumcision shaman
	gulɛʔ	:	curry

/a/:	middle, low, unrounded vowel
	For example:
	ʔamriŋ	:	finished
	sanaɔn	:	how many
	muharaʔ	:	estuary

/ə/:	middle, medium, unrounded vowels
	For example:
	ʔəndiʔ	:	where
	budəg	:	deaf

/ɤ/:	back vowel, high, round
	For example:
	ʔɤt͡ʃɤʔ	:	designation (for older women)
	sɤsɤrian	:	laughing
	bɤ	:	come here

/ɔ/:	back vowel, slightly low, round
	For example:
	ʔɔgɔʔ	:	spoiled
	ŋɔbɔs	:	talk
	ŋalɛkoʔ	:	tortuous

/u/:	back vowel, high, round
	Misalnya:
	ʔusumŋid͡ʒih	:	rainy season
	ŋulut͡ʃur	:	radiate
	ləduʔ	:	lazy

Notes

• The consonant burst in the final position is not released.
• Consonant /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/, nasal /ɲ/, as well as vocals /ə/ not in final position.
• Consonant /k/ in the final position is pronounced clearly, is not removed and is not in the form of a hamzah (glottal).
• Glottal stop sound /ʔ/ occur at the beginning of a word that begins with a vowel, in the middle of a word between two vowels of the same kind, and at the end of a word with an open syllable is not phonemic.

Consonant clusters

The consonant cluster owned by Ciamis Sundanese is in the form of a letus consonant followed by /r/, /l/, atau /j/, and consonants /s/ followed /r/ or /l/. Below are some examples

pr	:	ʔamprok	:	meet
pl	:	caplak	:	farming tools
pj	:	ampjaŋ	:	(food)
br	:	dɔbrah	:	collapse
bl	:	ʔɔblɔk	:	kind of basket
bj	:	ʔubjag	:	general
tr	:	kɔntraŋ	:	kind of basket
dr	:	balɛndraŋ	:	leftover vegetables
kr	:	ŋankriŋ	:	taluan lesung (time to save)
kl	:	klandiŋan	:	Chinese petai
gr	:	d͡ʒagrag	:	available
gl	:	səglɔŋ	:	swallow
t͡ʃr	:	kant͡ʃraʔ	:	goldfish
t͡ʃl	:	t͡ʃlɔbɛkan	:	small paddy field
d͡ʒr	:	gad͡ʒrug	:	reach
d͡ʒl	:	gad͡ʒləŋ	:	jump
sr	:	sraŋɛŋɛʔ	:	sun

Contrast of consonants and vowels

In the speech area, it is suspected that there are several consonant and vowel contrasts between which:

/p : t/	paraʔ : taraʔ	:	ceiling : never
/c : k/	dicanduŋ : dikanduŋ	:	dimadu : conceived
/b : d/	bukaʔ : dukaʔ	:	open : don't know
/j : g/	jəroʔ : gəroʔ	:	in : call
/s : h/	panas : panah	:	hot : arrow
/m : n/	manah : nanah	:	heart: pus
/l : r/	lanjaŋ : ranjaŋ	:	girl : bed
/w : y/	ʔawi : ʔayi	:	bamboo : sister
/i : u/	ʔirit : ʔirut	:	save : pull
/ɤ : u/	tɤtɤp : tutup	:	stare : close
/ɛ : ə/	sɛrah : sərah	:	rice grains: surrender
/a : ɔ/	jagaʔ : jagoʔ	:	later : good

Distinctive elements

Based on research conducted by Prawiraatmaja, Suriamiharja, and Hidayat in the book Geografi Dialek Bahasa Sunda di Kabupaten Ciamis (1979), It was found that there were elements that were uniquely used in the Ciamis Regency area, also in the book Kamus Basa Sunda (2006) by R.A. Danadibrata, There are several entries that contain the typical vocabulary used in the Ciamis area, these elements are described below.

Lexical elements

No.	Lexicon	Gloss	Ref.	No.	Lexicon	Gloss	Ref.	No.	Lexicon	Gloss	Ref.	No.	Lexicon	Gloss	Ref.
1	amring	finished		11	karari	Dried coconut leaves		21	kosi	once		31	mantak	just in case
2	ligar	blossom		12	corabi	pancake		22	tugu	family		32	kalagian	surprise
3	mantang	sweet potato		13	bagedor	banana tree		23	lalangko	bearer		33	sanaon	how many
4	becis	cold		14	géndot	genjer		24	kancra	ikan mas		34	kodol	blunt
5	garit/garitan	farming tools		15	jahat	wasteful		25	amil	overreacting		35	bagbagan	the place washing on the edge pool
6	bédan	bad		16	janggél	(food)		26	ngaruy	drizzling		36	belis	Devil
7	cipatri	coconut cream		17	tukang kemasan	mason		27	hageuy	yes		37	béngkong	circumcision shaman
8	pané	tray		18	usuk	rafters		28	nyéréd	interesting from the front		38	gandul	pawpaw
9	gobag	(kids games)		19	kuwu	village head		29	padasan	ablution place		39	cuang	(Let us)
10	danas	pineapple		20	golongan	village head		30	roros	(swear words)		40	ogén	also

Morphological elements

Typical elements found at the lexical level include:

1. pak- (prefix), a morpheme syntax

Unsur morfosintaksis

1. ka-(A)/sing ka-(A) = sing (A) in Standard Sundanese.

Language variation

Based on the linguistic area, the distinctiveness of Ciamis Sundanese can also be further divided into several sub-regions, such as area north and area south. The comparison of the peculiarities of the northern and southern regions can be described below.

No.	North	South	Ref.	Gloss	No.	North	South	Ref.	Gloss	No.	North	South	Ref.	Gloss
1	énéng	gudél		buffalo	9	jango	angkatan		kind of stalk catcher fish	17	léngké	langko/lalangko		bearer
2	anak sapi	gudél		calves	10	galah	gobag		game children	18	muhara	muara		estuary
3	papangé	bangbarung babancik		part wood that door overstepped	11	bagedor	gebog gedebong gedebog		banana tree	19	oblok	tolombon leutik		kind of basket
4	warang	bésan		besan	12	janggél	ganyél baganyél jalén		(food)	20	raginang	rangginang		(food)
5	(ka)lungguh(an)	bengkok		rice field/land village inventory	13	kacang banten	kacang manila		peanuts	21	sangu poé	sangu wadang		leftover rice
6	cingcau	camcau		cincau	14	lurah/rurah	golongan		village head	22	sorabi	surabi		pancake
7	cipatri	cipatri		coconut cream	15	icakan	kotakan		small paddy field	23
8	ganong	derep		reap	16	kungsi	kosi		once	24

Variations in coastal areas

In coastal areas such as Pangandaran, Sundanese has several more variations with regard to pronunciation, word form, and meaning. According to research conducted by Afsari and Muhtadin (2019) in the linguistic journal Pustaka, found a difference phonological, the difference morphological, semantic differences, and onomasiological differences, as described below.

Phonological difference			Morphological differences			Semantic difference			Difference onosmasiologist
Variation language	Form Standard	Gloss	Variation language	Form Standard	gloss	Variation language	Form Standard	Gloss	Variation language	Form Standard	Gloss
cucun	turun	down	koh	ongkoh	(adverb)	kanjat	meujeuhna	sufficient or fitting (appropriate)	siram	mandi	bath
uhun	muhun	yes	curugan	curug	waterfall	kunir	konéng	turmeric	tangkar	tulang sapi	cow bone
miando	mindo	add rice	harah	har	(interjeksi)	balandongan	panggung	show stage
baé	waé	again, just	samarukeun	sarukeun	disamakan	mendi	mana	where

Likewise, the results of Widyastuti's research (2017) in the journal of literary language and culture Lokabasa, Various terms were found in the use of Sundanese in the Sidamulih, Pangandaran area which is different from the standard Sundanese language, with regard to the term offspring, pronounce, home parts, equipment, food and drink, disease, profession, plants and fruits, hewan, human traits, season and state of nature, as well as the terms of life village and community. Also found a difference phonetic, semantic, onosmasiologist, and semasiology.

Other language symptoms

The existence of symptoms in Ciamis Sundanese causes sound differences that create variations in the form of synonyms or words that mean the same but sound different. These symptoms are described below.

Variasi bunyi

Vocabulary variations to express the concept of "blunt" in the Ciamis region

Vocals

1. ɤ and e : lɤpɤt and lepetʡ 'kind of rice cake'
2. a and ɔ : dɔbrah and dɔbroh 'bobol'
3. ɛ and ɔ : cɛlɛbɛkan and cɔlɔbɛkan 'plot a small field'
4. a and ə : diharəbʡ and dihərəbʡ 'sliced'
5. u and ɔ : kusi and kɔsi 'once'
6. a and i : kalikibən and kilikibən 'stomach ache after eating'
7. a and ɛ : gandonɤn and gɛndonɤn 'goiter'
8. i and ɛ : niniʔ and nɛnɛʔ 'grandmother'
9. i and ɔ : ʔəniŋ and ʔənɔŋ 'nicknames for girls'
10. i and ə : patimuʔ and patemuʔ 'meet'

Consonants

1. h and k : digalɔh and digalɔk 'mixed'
2. g and h : gədəbɔgʡ and gədəbɔŋ 'banana tree'
3. g and r : gədəbɔgʡ and gədəbɔr 'banana tree'
4. ŋ and r : gədəbɔŋ and gədəbɔr 'banana tree'
5. b and p : cɛlɛbɛkan and cɛlɛpɛkan 'plot a small field'
6. c and s : kacumpɔnan and kasumpɔnan 'fulfilled'
7. d and g : danas and ganas 'pineapple'
8. l and h : gaɳɔl and gaɳɔh 'kind of sweet potato'
9. l and b : gudɛl and gudɛbʡ 'calf'
10. p and t : lɛspar and lɛstar 'flat'
11. b and g : bəncɔy and gəncɔy 'kind of hood'
12. t and d : bɛtan and bɛdan 'bad'
13. ŋ and n : taluŋtas and taluntas 'beluntas'
14. n and r : risban and risbar 'mangrove'
15. w and t : waluntas and taluntas 'beluntas'
16. w and b : wakul and bakul 'mixed'

Cluster

1. pontan → pɔntran 'place to bring food'
2. cɔlɔbɛkan → clɔbɛkan 'plot a small field'
3. cipatiʔ → cipatriʔ 'coconut cream'

Phoneme omission at the beginning

1. naran → ʔaran 'name'
2. tɛtɛh → ʔɛtɛh 'a name for an older woman'
3. bibi → ʔibi 'aunt'

Phoneme omission in the middle

1. buhayaʔ → buayaʔ 'crocodile'
2. muharaʔ → muaraʔ 'estuary'
3. titiŋkuhɤn → titiŋkuɤn 'kind of disease'

Phoneme omission at the end

1. saladah → saladaʔ 'lettuce'
2. ganɔl → ganɔʔ 'kind of sweet potato'

Penambahan fonem di awal

1. bal → ʔəbal 'ball'
2. bel → ʔəbel 'sejenis axe'
3. wɔŋ → ʔəwɔŋ 'person'

Addition of a phoneme in the middle

1. mutuʔ → muntuʔ 'quality'
2. matakʡ → mantakʡ 'just in case'
3. gəbɔgʡ → gədəbɔgʡ 'banana tree'

Adding your element at the beginning

1. mɛntɛŋ → kamɛntɛŋ '(kind of) hamlet'

Adding the element ra at the beginning

1. mɛntɛŋ → ramɛntɛŋ '(kind of) hamlet'

Merger

1. saladah aɛr → saladaɛr 'watercress'

Metathesis

1. lɔgɔjɔ → gɔlɔjɔʔ 'executioner'
2. ŋədul → ŋəlud 'lazy'
3. laduʔ → daluʔ 'overripe'

Initial syllable repetition (dual)

1. bɛlɛcɛkʡ → bɛbɛlɛcɛkʡ 'small paddy field'
2. caŋkir → cacaŋkir 'glass'
3. dəmpəl → dədəmpəl 'panganan dari corn'
4. gajih → gagajih 'fat'
5. jəŋkɔk → jəjəŋkɔk 'small chair'
6. kərak → kəkərakʡ 'peek'
7. lamukʡ → lalamukʡ 'mega big'
8. mutuʔ → mumutuʔ 'quality'

Variation of whole repetition (dual) and initial syllable repetition (dual)

1. ʔɤrihʔ ɤrihɤn → ʔɤɤrihɤn 'kind of disease'
2. kamiʔ kamian → kakamian 'each'
3. mɛnɛrmɛnɛran → mɛmɛnɛran 'have mercy'

Whole repetition (dual) and vocal changes

1. ʔumah ʔumah 'married'
2. sanakʡ sanakʡ 'cousins'
3. rawas rawas 'faintly, faintly'
4. tabaŋ tabaŋ 'equivocal'
5. camatʡ cimutʡ 'eat without lust'
6. kulaŋ kalɛŋ 'fishing rod'
7. putar patɛr 'unmanaged'
8. sipah sipih 'ignorant'
9. ʔugaʔ ʔagɛʔ 'hurry up'
10. umplaŋampleŋ 'lost'
11. uŋkal ɛŋkɔl 'convoluted'
12. ʔurayʔaruy 'here and there together'

Add -an element at the end

1. garitʡ-garitan 'farming tools'
2. cəprɛtʡ-cəprɛtan 'carpenter's tools'

In addition to synonyms, homonyms or words that are similar but have different meanings are also found.

ʔirigʡ	1.	'opaque drying area'	2.	'fishing gear'
jahatʡ	1.	'wasteful'	2.	'wicked'
badaratʡ	1.	'walk'	2.	'pig hunting'
kaguguʔ	1.	'want to laugh'	2.	'carried away'
ŋalɔŋ	1.	'stay up late'	2.	'long stare for example from the window'
kapiŋ	1.	'date'	2.	'limit'
mancuŋ	1.	'pointy'	2.	'coconut sheath'
ləpatʡ	1.	'forget'	2.	'wrong'
ligar	1.	'blossom'	2.	'fall'
jarambah	1.	'happy to play away'	2.	'washing place above the pool'
gəbɔgʡ	1.	'banana tree'	2.	'a kind of basket'
ragabʡ	1.	'clumsy'	2.	'happy'
katikʡ	1.	'educate'	2.	'wear'
kəciŋ	1.	'coward'	2.	'wry'	3.	'lazy'
ɳeredʡ	1.	'interesting'	2.	'push'	3.	'shift'

See also

• Sundanese language
• Bantenese language
• Banyumas Sundanese language
• Cirebon Sundanese language
• Indramayu Sundanese language

External links

Book cover Geografi Dialek Bahasa Sunda di Kabupaten Ciamis

Ciamis Sundanese

• The typical Ciamis entry in the Sundanese dictionary entry by R.A. Danadibrata
• Comparison of the Ciamis Sundanese lexicon with Priangan in Wiktionary
• Ki Ganda and Ki Sari Text Transliteration and Translation Edition, Wawacan in Ciamis Sundanese
• Rangga Maléla Ciamis Sundanese story by Olla S. Sumarnaputra.
• Bajigur Kana Hénpon by Wahyu Heriyadi
• Ciamis Mah Gak Ada [Khas Ciamis Pisan], a video YouTube which describes some of the Sundanese language entries of Ciamis

Common Sundanese

• Improved Sundanese Spelling Guidelines
• Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary Ministry of Education and Culture Repository
• Sundanese-English Dictionary by F.S. Eringa
• Alphabet to Sundanese script Converter on kairaga.com
• Sundanese script Character Unicode Table on unicode-table.com