Wenchang Space Launch Site

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Coordinates: 19°36′52″N 110°57′04″E / 19.614354°N 110.951057°E / 19.614354; 110.951057

Wenchang Space Launch Site
Tianwen-1 launch 04 (cropped).jpg
Tianwen-1 launch from Launch Complex 1
LocationWenchang, Hainan, China
Coordinates19°36′52.17″N 110°57′4.08″E / 19.6144917°N 110.9511333°E / 19.6144917; 110.9511333
OperatorCASC
Total launches20
Launch pad(s)Two
Launch Complex 1 launch history
StatusActive
Launches9
First launch3 November 2016
Long March 5
Last launch31 October 2022
Long March 5B / Mengtian
Associated
rockets		Long March 5
Long March 5B
Launch Complex 2 launch history
StatusActive
Launches11
First launch25 June 2016
Long March 7 / YZ-1A
Last launch13 September 2022
Long March 7A / ChinaSat 1E
Associated
rockets		Long March 7
Long March 7A
Long March 8
Wenchang Space Launch Site
Simplified Chinese文昌航天发射场
Traditional Chinese文昌航天發射場

The Wenchang Space Launch Site (Chinese: 文昌航天发射场[1][2]), located in Wenchang, Hainan, China, is a rocket launch site — one of the two spacecraft launch sites of Xichang Satellite Launch Center (the other site is in Xichang, Sichuan).[3][4][5]

It is a former suborbital test center. It is China's fourth and southernmost space vehicle launch facility (spaceport). It has been specially selected for its low latitude, which is only 19° north of the equator, which will allow for an increase in payload necessary for launching China's future space station. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, currently the most powerful Chinese rocket.[6]

Unlike the space centers on the mainland whose rail tracks are too narrow to transport the new five meter core boosters, Wenchang uses its sea port for deliveries. Initial launches of the CZ-5 booster from Wenchang were, as of early 2008, expected in 2014, one year after the intended commissioning of the Wenchang Launch Site.[7] The first launch of CZ-5 was later shifted to 2016,[8] and took place on 3 November 2016. The CZ-5B (max payload to LEO) variant was expected to fly around 2018[9] but the maiden flight took place 5 May 2020. A CZ-5 carrier rocket was already shipped from North China's Tianjin port at 20 September 2015 for a rehearsal (some drills carried out on the launch pad that involves both the carrier rocket and a probe) of a scheduled Chang'e-5 lunar mission, which was planned for around 2019.[10] Chang'e 5 was successfully launched on 23 November 2020.

The construction of the site was completed by October 2014.[11] The first launch took place successfully at 20:00, 25 June 2016.[12]

Reasons for selection

At 19 degrees north latitude, the Wenchang Space Launch Site is located on the Chinese island of Hainan, which has the lowest land latitude in China and is the nearest to the equator. Low-latitude locations are desirable for space launch sites due to the higher speed of rotation closer to the equator, as well as needing a smaller inclination change maneuver to reach geosynchronous orbit. Hainan also has a large range of allowable launch azimuths, satisfying the requirement of launching payloads to orbital inclinations between 90 and 175 degrees. Because rockets launched from Hainan Island are within 10 kilometers of the wide ocean in the direction of launch, falling rocket debris is less likely to cause accidents, reducing the risk of accidents in the rocket flight and debris landing areas. Furthermore, the launch site offers plenty of potential for expansion, minimal operational expenses, and few restrictions, making it ideal for long-term development and international collaboration.

Sacrifice zone avoidance

Sacrifice zones, which include rocket sites, are geographical places where local landscapes and lives are regarded worthy of sacrifice for the greater good. Wenchang Space City, unlike other rocket launch sites,[13] has been thoughtfully planned and developed to not only avoid becoming a sacrifice zone, but also to enhance local revenue through the idea of becoming a rocket launch site.

Economic potential

Wenchang Space City is in the northeast coastal section of Dongjiao Town, Wenchang City, with a coastline of roughly 4,100 meters and an area of 7,336 acres, starting from the control area of the space launch site in the north. The project is designed to include a theme park area, a central lake area (commercial and leisure function), and an ecological coconut forest region (holiday and residential function), with a total construction land area of 6,046 acres. Hainan, as a well-known tourist destination in China, has a wealth of tourism resources, and with the addition of space, the tourism industry is predicted to grow. The space launch site was included in Hainan Province's 11th Five-Year Plan in 2010.

Planning and construction

Political considerations had postponed the construction of a large space center in Hainan many times as it was considered too vulnerable to foreign attack. Following the end of the Cold War and the easing of global tensions, new projects for its development were submitted.

According to a report by China Central Television (CCTV),[14] the construction of the new Wenchang Satellite Launch Center was officially approved by the State Council and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China on 22 September 2007.

In late October 2007, the Mayor of Wenchang announced that 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) of land would be obtained for the center and more than 6,000 people, mostly from the villages of Longlou (龙楼, 19°39′07″N 110°57′47″E / 19.652°N 110.963°E / 19.652; 110.963 (Longlou village)) and Dongjiao (东郊, 19°34′01″N 110°52′01″E / 19.567°N 110.867°E / 19.567; 110.867 (Dongjiao village)) would be relocated as a consequence.[15]

A subsequent article in November 2007 indicated that the actual launch site would be near Longlou, while a space-science theme park would be built near Dongjiao.[16] Satellite photography of April 2011 shows a new clearing 19°36′50″N 110°57′05″E / 19.6139°N 110.9513°E / 19.6139; 110.9513 (Possible new site of launch facility) near the beach that is consistent with artist's concept pictures of the CZ-5 launch pad that have been displayed in China.

Launch pads

A total of three launch pads are planned.

One of the launch pads is designed for a CZ-5 service structure and launch gantry.[17]

Another launch pad made for the CZ-7 service structure and launch gantry.[18]

Launch history

The Long March 5 Y2 being transported from assembly building to 101 launch site.

The first launch was a Long March 7 which took place successfully at 20:00, 25 June 2016. It was scheduled to lift off at 19:30 but was delayed half an hour.[12]

On 3 November 2016, Long March 5 rocket made its maiden flight from the launch site.[19]

A Long March 5 launched 2 July 2017 failed to complete its mission to put a seven-tonne Shijian-18 communications satellite into orbit approximately 1 hour after lift off at 11:23 UTC. Adding propellant started on 1 June 2017. The rocket had arrived at the base in early May where it was assembled and tested. The launch was broadcast live on television.[20][21]

The third flight of Long March 5 occurred on 27 December 2019 from Wenchang LC-1.

The maiden flight of Long March 5B variant took place on 5 May 2020 from Wenchang LC-1.

On 23 July 2020, the fourth flight of Long March 5 put China's first indigenous Mars orbiter/rover Tianwen-1 directly into TMI from Wenchang.[22]

The maiden flight of Long March 8 occurred on 22 December 2020 from Wenchang LC-2.

On 29 April 2021 the core module Tianhe of the China Space Station was successfully launched aboard a Long March 5B rocket from Wenchang LC-1.[23]

On 29 May 2021, a cargo resupply ship named Tianzhou-2 launched on a Long March 7 (Y3) rocket from LC-2 to rendezvous with the China Space Station as preparation for the upcoming Shenzhou-12 crewed mission.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Li, Guoli; Wang, Ting (3 November 2016). ""中国文昌航天发射场"获命名，基本满足卫星发射各种要求" ["China Wenchang Space Launch Site" was named, basically meeting various requirements for satellite launch]. The Paper.cn (in Chinese).
  2. ^ "Moto Z | 海南文昌现场直击：长征五号发射！_专题_凤凰网". v.ifeng.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Tang, Zhenyu; Zhang, Xiaoxia; Chen, Qiujun; Wang, Yulei (5 January 2011). "西昌卫星发射中心40载建功中国航天纪实" [Xichang Satellite Launch Center's 40-year Contribution to China's Aerospace Documentary]. China News.com.cn (in Chinese). 中国新闻网. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  4. ^ Zhang, Xiaoxia; Wang, Yulei; Zhang, Wenjun (30 June 2016). "驰骋两场打胜仗——记西昌卫星发射中心党委统领两个发射场建设" [Galloping two victorious battles——Remember that the Party Committee of Xichang Satellite Launch Center leads the construction of two launch sites]. XinhuaNet (in Chinese). 新华网. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  5. ^ Zhang, Xiaoxia; Wang, Yulei; Jin, Jiasuo; Zou, Weirong (21 November 2015). "盘点西昌卫星发射中心对外航天发射" [Inventory of Xichang Satellite Launch Center's external space launch]. Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). 中华人民共和国国防部. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  6. ^ "Hainan showcases model of Wenchang Space Center (海南首次展出文昌航天发射场设计模型图)" (in Chinese). China Picture Network (中国新闻图片网). 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  7. ^ "China's New Carrier Rocket To Debut In 2014". Space Daily. 4 March 2008.
  8. ^ "Long March 5". Integrated Space Analytics. 19 July 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  9. ^ "Chang Zheng-5 (Long March-5) – SinoDefence". Sinodefence.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  10. ^ "China to rehearse new carrier rocket for lunar mission - Xinhua | English.news.cn". News.xinhuanet.com. 20 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  11. ^ Smith, Marcia (20 October 2014). "China's new Wenchang space launch site ready for action". spacepolicyonline.com. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  12. ^ a b Zhao, Lei. "Next-gen Long March rocket takes record-breaking flight". China Daily.com.cn.
  13. ^ Klinger, Julie Michelle (4 November 2020). "Critical Geopolitics of Outer Space". Geopolitics. 26 (3): 661–665. doi:10.1080/14650045.2020.1803285. ISSN 1465-0045. S2CID 228880714.
  14. ^ "China to construct the new Wenchang Satellite Launch Center (中国将在海南省文昌市建设新的航天发射场)" (in Chinese). Sohu. 22 September 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  15. ^ "Six Thousand People to be Resettled to Make Way for New Space Launch Center". 29 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  16. ^ "China Completes Enclosure Of Land For Fourth Satellite Launch Center". Space Daily. 19 November 2007.
  17. ^ David, Leonard (2 April 2014). "China's New Spaceport to Launch Country's Largest Rocket Yet". Space.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  18. ^ "More details on the Hainan Space Centre emerging – SinoDefence". Sino Defence.com. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  19. ^ "Spaceflightnow launch schedule". Spaceflightnow. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  20. ^ "China to launch 2nd heavy-lift carrier rocket - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn.
  21. ^ "Chinese rocket fails after lift-off". BBC News. 2 July 2017.
  22. ^ Roston, Michael; Myers, Steven Lee (22 July 2020). "China's Mars Mission, Tianwen-1, Begins Its Monthslong Journey". The New York Times.
  23. ^ Jones, Andrew (29 April 2021). "China launches Tianhe space station core module into orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  24. ^ Wall, Mike (29 May 2021). "China launches new cargo ship to Tianhe space station module". Space.com. Retrieved 5 June 2021.

External links

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