The Chandler Bridge Formation is a geologic formation in South Carolina . It preserves fossils dating back to the Chattian (Late Oligocene ) of the Paleogene period , corresponding to the Arikareean in the NALMA classification .[1] The formation overlies the Ashley Formation and is overlain by the Edisto Formation .[2]
Vertebrate paleofauna
Mammals
Carnivorans
Genus
Species
Presence
Material
Notes
Images
Phocidae
Gen. et. sp. indeterminate
Proximal portion of a right femur (ChM PV5712).[3]
"A taxon closely comparable to the most specialized phocid , the modern genus Cystophora ".
Reptiles
Color key
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text ; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Fish
Color key
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text ; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Rays
Genus
Species
Presence
Material
Notes
Images
Anoxypristis
A single rostral spine.[10]
A sawfish .
Dasyatidae
Dasyatidae gen. et. sp. indet.
Teeth (BCGM 9100 and 9101, SC 2009.18.19).[10]
A stingray .
Dasyatis
D. cavernosa
Teeth (BCGM 9096, 9097, and 9103, SC 2009.18.17).[10]
A stingray .
D. rugosa
BCGM 9098 and 9099, SC 2009.18.18.[10]
A stingray .
Gymnura
G. sp.
A tooth (BCGM 9107).[10]
A butterfly ray .
Mobula
M. cf. M. loupianensis
BCGM 9133–9142, SC 2009.18.20.[10]
Myliobatinae
Myliobatinae gen. indet.
Partial medial teeth and complete lateral teeth (BCGM 9114–9117, SC 2009.18.22).[10]
An eagle ray .
Paramobula
P. fragilis
Teeth (BCGM 9111–9113, SC 2009.18.21).[10]
Plinthicus
P. stenodon
Upper sandy unit.[4]
BCGM 9118–9121, SC 2009.18.23[10]
The oldest record of this species.
Raja
Raja mccollumi
"Summerville , Dorchester County, South Carolina ".[10]
Teeth.[10]
A skate also found in the Ashley Formation .
R. sp.
Teeth (BCGM 9087–9089, SC 2009.18.16).[10]
A skate with teeth twice as large as those of R. mccollumi , but far less common.[10]
Rhinoptera
R. cf. R. studeri
Teeth (BCGM 9122 and 9123, SC 2009.18.24).[10]
A cownose ray .
R. sp.
Upper sandy unit.[4]
A cownose ray .
Rhynchobatus
R. pristinus
Teeth (BCGM 9084–9086, SC 2009.18.14).[10]
A wedgefish .
Sharks
Genus
Species
Presence
Material
Notes
Images
Alopias
A. cf. A. vulpinus
Teeth (BCGM 9046–9048, SC 2009.18.3).[10]
A thresher shark .
Bythaelurus
B. sp.
A fragmentary tooth (BCGM 9074).[10]
A catshark .
Carcharias
C. cuspidatus
Teeth (BCGM 9051 and 9052).[10]
A sand shark .
C. sp.
A posterior tooth (BCGM 9053) and a lateral tooth from a very young individual (BCGM 9054).[10]
A sand shark .
Carcharhinus
C. gibbesi
BCGM 9056–9062, SC 2009.18.6.[10]
The most abundant non-batoid elasmobranch in the Chandler Bridge sample.[10]
C. leucas
Upper sandy unit.[4]
The bull shark .
Carcharocles
C. angustidens
Upper sandy unit.[4]
Teeth.[22]
Reassigned to the genus Otodus .
C. sp.
Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5).[10]
Reassigned to the genus Otodus .
Cetorhinus
?C. parvus
Scales (BCGM 9049 and 9050, SC 2009.18.4).[10]
A basking shark .
Galeocerdo
G. 'casei'
Upper sandy unit.[4]
Galeorhinus
G. sp.
Teeth (BCGM 9080–9083, SC 2009.18.13).[10]
A houndshark .
Hemipristis
H. serra
Teeth (BCGM 9071–9073, SC 2009.18.10).[10]
A weasel shark .
Nebrius
N. cf. N. serra
A tooth (SC 2009.18.1).[10]
A nurse shark .
Otodus
O. angustidens
Upper sandy unit.[4]
Teeth.[22]
Assemblages dominated by teeth of juveniles and neonates, with few adults present, suggesting a nursery area for the species.[22]
O. sp.
Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5).[10]
A megatooth shark .
Physogaleus
P. aduncus
Teeth (BCGM 9063–9066, SC 2009.18.7).[10]
A ground shark .
P. contortus
Upper sandy unit.[4]
A ground shark .
P. sp.
Broken and/or abraded teeth (BCGM 9067 and 9068, SC 2009.18.8).[10]
A ground shark .
Rhincodon
R. cf. R. typus
Teeth (BCGM 9044 and 9045, SC 2009.18.2).[10]
The oldest fossil record of the whale shark .
Rhizoprionodon
R. sp.
Small, imperfectly preserved teeth (BCGM 9069 and 9070, SC 2009.18.9).[10]
A sharpnose shark .
Sphyrna
S. cf. S. media
BCGM 9075–9077, SC 2009.18.11.[10]
A hammerhead shark .
S. zygaena
BCGM 9078 and 9079, SC 2009.18.12.[10]
The more common of the two hammerhead shark species found in the formation.[10]
Squatina
S. cf. S. angeloides
BCGM 9042 and 9043.[10]
An angelshark .
See also
References
^ Chandler Bridge Formation at Fossilworks .org
^ Albright et al., 2019, p.84
^ J., Ray, Clayton Edward. Emry, Robert (2002). Cenozoic mammals of land and sea : tributes to the career of Clayton E. Ray . Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 179–183. OCLC 1035595001 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o McCuen, William; Ishimori, Aika; Boessenecker, Robert (2020-07-13). "A New Specimen of Xiphiorhynchus sp. cf. aegyptiacus (Istiophoriformes, Xiphioidei, Xiphiidae) and Billfish Diversity in the Oligocene of South Carolina" . Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology . 8 : 98–104. doi :10.18435/vamp29367 . ISSN 2292-1389 .
^ Boessenecker, Robert W.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2018-09-28). "New records of the archaic dolphin Agorophius (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the upper Oligocene Chandler Bridge Formation of South Carolina, USA" . PeerJ . doi :10.7287/peerj.5290v0.1/reviews/2 .
^ Boessenecker, Robert W.; Churchill, Morgan; Buchholtz, Emily A.; Beatty, Brian L.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2020-08-17). "Convergent Evolution of Swimming Adaptations in Modern Whales Revealed by a Large Macrophagous Dolphin from the Oligocene of South Carolina" . Current Biology . 30 (16): 3267–3273.e2. doi :10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.012 . ISSN 0960-9822 .
^ Geisler, Jonathan H.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Carew, James L. (April 2014). "A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation" . Nature . 508 (7496): 383–386. doi :10.1038/nature13086 . ISSN 1476-4687 .
^ a b Churchill, Morgan; Martinez-Caceres, Manuel; de Muizon, Christian; Mnieckowski, Jessica; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2016-08-22). "The Origin of High-Frequency Hearing in Whales" . Current Biology . 26 (16): 2144–2149. doi :10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.004 . ISSN 0960-9822 .
^ a b Sanders, A. E.; Barnes, L. G. (2002-09-14). "Paleontology of the late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge Formations of South Carolina, 3 Eomysticetidae, a new family of primitive mysticetes" . Smithsonian Contributions To . Paleobiology. (93): 313–356.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" . www.app.pan.pl . Retrieved 2022-09-06 .
^ Domning, Daryl P. (1997-06-19). "Fossil Sirenia of the west Atlantic and Caribbean region. VI. Crenatosiren olseni (Reinhart, 1976)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 17 (2): 397–412. doi :10.1080/02724634.1997.10010984 . ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ VÉLEZ-JUARBE, JORGE; DOMNING, DARYL P. (2014). "FOSSIL SIRENIA OF THE WEST ATLANTIC AND CARIBBEAN REGION. IX. METAXYTHERIUM ALBIFONTANUM, SP. NOV" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 34 (2): 444–464. ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Domning, Daryl P. (2014-06-07). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region: X. Priscosiren atlantica, gen. et sp. nov" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 34 (4): 951–964. doi :10.1080/02724634.2013.815192 . ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ Domning, Daryl P.; Beatty, Brian L. (October 2019). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. XII. Stegosiren macei, gen. et sp. nov" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 39 (3). doi :10.1080/02724634.2019.1650369 . ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ a b Olsen, Storrs L. (1985). Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll: Chapter 2 - THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS - Smithsonian Institution (PDF) . pp. 79–252. ISBN 0-12-249408-3 .
^ Ksepka, Daniel T. (2014-07-22). "Flight performance of the largest volant bird" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 (29): 10624–10629. doi :10.1073/pnas.1320297111 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 4115518 . PMID 25002475 .
^ Paolo, Piras. Phylogenetic position of the crocodylian megadontosuchus arduini and tomistomine palaeobiogeography . OCLC 631972719 .
^ a b c Weems, Robert E.; Sanders, Albert E. (January 2014). "Oligocene pancheloniid sea turtles from the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 34 (1): 80–99. doi :10.1080/02724634.2013.792826 . ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ Palaeontology), Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009 : Royal Tyrrell Museum of (2013). Morphology and evolution of turtles : proceedings of the Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009) in honor of Eugene S. Gaffney . Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4308-3 . OCLC 1107732024 .
^ a b c d e Fallon, Bailey; Boessenecker, Robert (2020). "Multispecies leatherback assemblage from the Chandler Bridge and Ashley formations (Oligocene) of South Carolina, USA" . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 65 . doi :10.4202/app.00740.2020 . ISSN 0567-7920 .
^ a b c Monsch, Kenneth A.; Fierstine, Harry L.; Weems, Robert E. (2005-06-27). "Taxonomic revision and stratigraphic provenance of '†Histiophorus rotundus' Woodward 1901 (Teleostei, Perciformes)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 25 (2): 274–279. doi :10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0274:traspo]2.0.co;2 . ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ a b c Miller, A. E.; Gibson, M. L.; Boessenecker, R. W. (2021). "A megatoothed shark (Carcharocles angustidens ) nursery in the Oligocene Charleston Embayment, South Carolina, USA" . Palaeontologia Electronica . 24 (2): Article number 24.2.a19. doi :10.26879/1148 .
Bibliography