Central Bikol

Central Bikol
Bikol Sentral
Native to	Philippines
Region	Bicol
Ethnicity	Bicolano
Native speakers	(2.5 million cited 1990 census) 6th most spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Central Philippine Bikol languages Coastal Bikol Central Bikol
Writing system	Latin (Bikol alphabet) Bikol Braille Historically Basahan
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bcl
Glottolog	cent2087
Areas where Central Bicolano is spoken in the Philippines

A Central Bikol speaker, recorded in the United States.

Central Bikol commonly called Bikol Naga, also known simply as Bikol, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Bicolanos, primarily in the Bicol Region of southern Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur. The standard sprachraum form is based on the Canaman dialect.

Central Bikol features some vocabularies that are not found in other Bikol languages nor to other members of the Central Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano. Examples of these are words the matua and bitis which are the same with Kapampangan words that means older and foot/feet respectively. The word banggi (night) is another example of this as it is different from the usual Bikol word "gab-i" but closer to the word bengi of Kapampangan. There's no formal study about the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in the Rizal and Quezon provinces that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in Pampanga and southern Tarlac, and Sambalic languages in Zambales province.

Central Bikol dialects

Because of its broad geographic coverage as compared to other Bikol languages separated by islands and mountains, Central Bikol diverged into 6 dialects, but are still mutually comprehensible. The division of the language into different dialects are mainly because of the influence from other Bikol languages and other non-Bikol languages surrounding the region.

The Canaman dialect, despite being used only by a small number of the population in Camarines Sur, is the standard form of Central Bikol being used in literature, Catholic religious rites and mass media. Naga City dialect is spoken in the first, second, third districts (except in Del Gallego, where residents are mostly Tagalog speakers), and in the western and eastern portions of the 4th district (Caramoan, Garchitorena, Presentacion, Siruma and Tinambac) of Camarines Sur. It is also spoken in San Pascual, Masbate (Burias Island) and southwestern part of Catanduanes. The Partido dialect is spoken in the eastern part of Camarines Sur centered in the southern portion of the 4th districts (Goa, Lagonoy, Sagñay, San Jose, and Tigaon). The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect is spoken in the eastern coast of Albay and the northeastern part of Sorsogon. TLS is the dialect that has been most influenced by the Inland Bikol languages. The Daet dialect on the other hand is spoken in the 2nd district of the province of Camarines Norte. The Virac dialect is spoken around Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding towns on the southeastern part of the island of Catanduanes.

Dialectal comparison of Central Bikol

Canaman dialect (Standard)	Naga City dialect	Partido dialect	Tabaco - Legazpi - Sorsogon (TLS) dialect	Virac dialect	Daet dialect	Rinconada Bikol language (Inland Bikol)	Sorsoganon language (Bisakol)
Tàdaw ta dai luminayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na dai nin kandado an hawla?	Tâno daw ta dài naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na mayò nin kandado si hawla?	Hadáw ta ê naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski na mayò nin kandado su hawla?	Natà daw ta dài naglayog an bayong ni Pedro maski na warâ ki kandado su hawla?	Ngatà daw ta dài nagḽayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski na dàing kandado su hawla?	Bakin daw kaya dai naglupad ang ibon ni Pedro maski na mayong kandado si hawla?	Ta'onō/Ŋātâ raw ta diri naglayog adtoŋ bayoŋ ni Pedro dāwâ na ədâ ka kandado su awlā?	Nakay daw kay diri naglupad an tamsi ni Pedro maski na warâ san kandado su hawla?

Like other Philippine languages, Bikol has a number of loanwords, largely Spanish as a result of 333 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. This includes swerte (suerte, luck), karne (carne, meat), imbestigador (investigador, investigator), litro (liter), pero (but), and krimen (crimen, crime). Another source of loanwords is Sanskrit, with words like hadi (king), bahala (responsibility) and karma.

Phonology

Consonants

There are 16 consonants in the Bikol language: /p, b, d, t, k, ɡ, s, h, m, n, ŋ, l, ɾ, j~ʝ, w~ʋ, ʔ/. Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: /f, v, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ, ɲ/.

The sound system of the language according to Mintz in 1971 is as follows.

		Labial	(Denti-) Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n̪	(ɲ)	ŋ
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t̪	(tʃ)	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d̪	(dʒ)	ɡ
Fricative			s	(ʃ)		h
Lateral			l	(ʎ)
Sonorant		w	ɾ	j

Notes

1. ʃ - written as ⟨sy⟩, this is only found only in loan words from English, as in ‘shirt’.
2. tʃ - written as ⟨ty⟩, this is found in loan words from Spanish and English and is pronounced like the ch in ‘check’.
3. dʒ - written as ⟨dy⟩, this is found basically in loan words from English and is pronounced like the j sound in ‘jeep’.
4. ɲ - written as ⟨ny⟩, this is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ñ in baños.
5. ʎ - written as ⟨ly⟩, this is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ll in llave and sencillo (In Spanish dialects without yeísmo).
6. h - Due to contact with the nearby Albay Bikol languages, words that start with h in Bikol - Naga, start with ʔ in Bikol - Legazpi
   • Ex: "hiling" (look, Bikol - Naga) becomes "iling" (look, Bikol - Legazpi)

Vowels

Native words exhibit a three-vowel system whose vowels can be noted as /a, i, u/, with /u/ realized as [o] in the final syllable. Due to contact with Spanish, modern Central Bikol has a five-vowel system with /e, o/ distinct from /i, u/.

Table of the five general Central Bikol vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
Mid	e ⟨e⟩		o ⟨o⟩
Open		a ⟨a⟩

Grammar

	Absolutive	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	akó	ko	sakuya, sakô
2nd person singular	iká, ka	mo	saimo, sìmô
3rd person singular	siyá	niyá	saiya
1st person plural inclusive	kitá	niyatò, tá	satuyà, satô
1st person plural exclusive	kamí	niyamò, mi	samuyà, samô
2nd person plural	kamó	nindó	saindó
3rd person plural	sindá	nindá	saindá

Particles

Like many other Philippine languages, Bikol has a rich set of discourse particles.

• bagá – (Tagalog: diba/nga) used for emphasis determined by context
• bayâ – giving a chance to someone; polite insisting
• dàa – (Tagalog: daw) quoting information from a secondary source
• pati - emphasizing the condition that intensifies the difficulties. (Mauranon pati)
• daw – (Tagalog: ba/kaya) interrogative particle
• dawà/máski - (Tagalog: kahit) although
• dangan - (Tagalog: pagkatapos, bago pa niyan) then, before (doing something)
• garó – (Tagalog: mukhang, parang) likeness or similitude. English: "It looks like, it's as if."
• gáyo – "exactly"
• daing gáyo – "not exactly, not really"
• gayód – (Tagalog: bakâ) "maybe, could be"
• giráray / liwát – (Tagalog: [m]uli) "again"
• kutâ (na) – "I hope (something did / did not happen" ; "If only ..." (conditionality of past events)
• lámang, lang/ saná – (Tagalog: lang) "only, just"
• lugód – hoping that something will happen, or expressing surrender/assent
• man – (Tagalog: din, rin) "also" or "ever" (such as ano man 'whatever' and siisay man 'whoever')
• malà - 1. relenting or agreeing (Mala, dumanan mo siya kun iyan an gusto mo 2. one is yielding (Mala ta nagpahunod na siya) 3. stating what actually happened (Mala ta inabotan mi huruba na baga siya.).
• mûna / ngûna – (Tagalog: muna) "first" or "yet"
• na – (Tagalog: na) "now" or "already"
• naman – (Tagalog: naman) "again"
• nanggad – (Tagalog: talaga, nga) "really, truly, absolutely" (adds a sense of certainty)
• niyako – "I said"
• niyatò - we (inclusive)
• niyamò - we (exclusive)
• nganì – expresses fate ("This is helpless") or a plea for others not to insist
• ngantig – indicates to a person what he should say to another ("ini (ngantig) an dapat gibohon niya")
• ngapit – "in the future", "later" (span of time)
• ngaya – expresses a hypothetical event/situation ("ini man (ngaya) an tagoan ninda")
• pa – (Tagalog: pa) "still"
• palán – (Tagalog: pala) expresses surprise or sudden realization
• tabì – (Tagalog: po) politeness marker; "po" in some Bikol dialects due to the influence of Tagalog.
• túlos (-túlos) – (Tagalog: agad-agad) "immediately, right away"
• talaga – (Tagalog: talaga) "Really," "Truly"

Numbers

Numbers

There have exist two names for the numbers in Bicol. The native Bicol and the Spanish names. Generally, Bicolanos use the Spanish terms if they are talking about time like A las singko (5 o'clock)'. However, native terms can be read in literary books. Spanish terms for number can be encounter in pricing.

One-half.

Kabangâ / Mediya

One.

Sarô / Uno / Una (used for time) / Un (used for counting higher numbers)

Two.

Duwá / Dos

Three.

Tuló / Tres

Four.

Apát / Kuwátro

Five.

Limá / Síngko

Six.

Anóm / Sàis

Seven.

Pitó / Siyéte

Eight.

Waló / Ótso

Nine.

Siyám / Nuwébe

Ten.

Sampulò. / Diyes

Eleven.

Kagsarô / Ónse

Twelve.

Kagduwá / Dóse

Thirteen.

Kagtuló / Trese

Fourteen.

Kag-apát / Katorse

Fifteen.

Kaglimá / Kinse

Sixteen.

Kag-anóm / Diyesisais

Seventeen.

Kagpitó / Diyesisiyete

Eighteen.

Kagwaló / Diyesiotso

Nineteen.

Kagsiyám / Diyesinuwebe

Twenty.

Duwampulò / Beynte (Baynte)

Twenty-five.

Duwampulò may lima / Beynte (Baynte) y singko

Thirty.

Tulompulò / Treynta (Traynta)

Thirty-five.

Tulompulò may lima / Treynta (Traynta) y singko

Forty.

Apát na pulò / Kuwarenta

Forty-five.

Apát na pulò may lima / Kuwarenta y singko

Fifty.

Limampulò / Singkuwenta

Fifty-five.

Limampulò may lima / Singkuwenta y singko

Sixty.

Anóm na pulò / Sesenta

Sixty-five.

Anóm na pulò may lima / Sesenta y singko

Seventy.

Pitompulò / Setenta

Seventy-five.

Pitumpulò may lima / Setentá y singkó

Eighty.

Walompulò / Otsenta

Eighty-five.

Walompulò may lima / Otsenta y singko

Ninety.

Siyam na pulò / Nobenta

Ninety-five.

Siyam na pulò may lima / Nobenta y singko

One-hundred.

Sanggatós / Siyen, Siyento

One-thousand.

Sangribo / Mil

Ten-thousand.

Sangyukot (Old Bikol) / Diyes mil

One-million.

Sanglaksâ (Old Bikol) / Milyon

Tamanggot/Rapsak

The Tamanggot, Rapsak, or Bicol angry register is a way of speaking by Bicolanos in which they use words they can only use when angry, speaking in a high-pitched voice, or shouting. Here are some examples:

Normal Bicol	Angry Register
malutò	malustod
bagas	las(u)gas
tubig	tamìlig, tùlig
bungog	lusngog
uran	bagrat
bagyo	alimagyo
babayi	babaknit, siknit
lalaki	lalaknit
bado, gubing	la(ma)sdô, gubnit
harong (Bikol - Naga), balay (Bikol - Legazpi)	langag
sira	sigtok, buragtok
ikos	k(ur)asmag, kurakod
ayam, idò	da(ma)yô (Naga), ga(ma)dyâ (Legazpi)
damulag (Bikol - Naga), karabaw (Bikol - Legazpi)	ga(ma)dyâ (Naga)
humali	wumara
magkakan/kumakan (Bikol - Naga), magkaon/kumaon (Bikol - Legazpi)	hablô, humablô, habluon, sibà, sumibà, sumibsib
burat (Bikol - Naga), buyong (Bikol - Legazpi)	lasngag, lusrat, lusyong, bultok
taram	tabil
kapot, kapotan	kamlô, kamlùon
hiling	butlâ
bitis	s(am)ingkil, samail, siki
talinga	talingugngog
ngusò (Bikol - Naga), ngimot (Bikol - Legazpi)	ngurapak, ngaspak, ngislo
kamot	kamulmog
mata	ma(ta)lsok
payo	ali(ma)ntak
hawak (Bikol - Naga), lawas (Bikol - Legazpi)	kabangkayan
tulak	tindos, la(ma)sdak
sapatos	sapagtok
kalayo	kalasbot
kawali	kawalwag
sarwal	sarigwal
asin	tasik
manok	maldos, malpak

See also

• Bikol languages

References

• Lobel, Jason William, Wilmer Joseph S Tria, and Jose Maria Z Carpio. 2000. An satuyang tataramon / A study of the Bikol language. Naga City, Philippines: Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary.

• Mattes, Veronika. 2014.Types of Reduplication: A Case Study of Bikol. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

External links

• Translate Bikol