Capture of the North Frisian Islands
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Capture of the North Frisian Islands | |||||||
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Part of Second Schleswig War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
One ironclad One ship of the line One steamer Four gunboats |
250 men One paddle steamer One screw steamer 8 gun dinghies each with 17 men and one cannon 12 inch cutters 10 other coasters | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
(indirect) two hunters due to a stabbing | Nine officers and 185 sailors taken prisoner |
The capture of the North Frisian Islands and Rømø in July 1864 was the last military operation of the Second Schleswig War between Denmark on the one hand and Prussia and the Austrian Empire on the other hand around the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which belonged to Denmark. It ended with the occupation of the North Frisian Islands and Rømø by Austrian troops.
Background
After Prussia and Austria had already largely brought the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein under their control as a result of the Prussian victory at Düppeln, an armistice came into force on May 12, 1864. After the failure of peace negotiations at the London Conference convened for this purpose, Prussia and Austria agreed in the Carlsbad Agreement to continue fighting. With the end of the truce, the conquest of the remaining parts of the duchies began, including the Wadden Sea Islands at the westcoast. However, Amrum, southern Rømø, northern Sylt and western Föhr did not belong to the Duchy of Schleswig, but were part of Denmark. Parts of the population were also Danish.
On the Danish side, Lieutenant Captain Otto Christian Hammer, who was also customs, beacon and emphasisinspector von Wyk, was commissioned to defend the North Frisian Islands. His base of operations was Wyk auf Föhr. In order to suppress a popular uprising, Hammer resorted to draconian measures. He also took action against unrest on Sylt. To finance this guerrilla war, he had all customs, tax and post offices confiscated. On March 3, he arrested four suspected collaborators of the other side, including Andreas Andersen, in Keitum, which belongs to Schleswig. On June 13, he surrounded the whole town and arrested eight rebels. Among them was the local poet Christian Peter Hansen, who described Hammer's behavior as a "tyrannical regiment" and described him as a "Viking tyrannizing over land and people" and who disseminated his personal views in his later writings.
The west coast of Schleswig-Holstein fell into Austria's area of operations and Rear Admiral Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair decided to conquer the islands. He was supported by Prussian units. Due to bad weather, the Austro-Prussian flotilla left Cuxhaven for the theater of operations two days later than planned on July 11.
Occupation of the Islands
The forces of both sides
The Danish fleet consisted of:
- The paddle steamer Lymfjord
- The screw steamer Augusta
- 8 gun dinghies each with 17 men and one cannon
- 12 revenue cutters
- 10 other coasters
The Austro-Prussian fleet consisted of:
- The ironclad SMS Juan d'Austria (Austria)
- The Ship of the Line Kaiser (Austria)
- The steamer SMS Kaiserin Elizabeth (1854)|Elisabeth (Austria)
- The gunboat SMS Basilisk (Prussia)
- The gunboat SMS Blitz (Prussia)
- The gunboat SMS Seehund|Seal (Austria)
- The gunboat SMS Wall|Wall (Austria)
Because in parts of the North Friesian and Danish Wadden Sea only ships with a shallow draft could be deployed, the Dickschiffe were mostly only indirectly involved in the operation. The four gunboats were under the command of the Austrian Fregattenkapitäns Karl Kronowetter. Added to this were the 5th and. 6th Company of the K.u.k. Field Police Battalion No. 9 from Styria under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Franz von Schidlach.
Oland and Sylt
On July 6, Oland was taken by General Staff Captain Wiesner with nine fighters. The small force had waded across from the mainland. Since the island had no military value, they withdrew after two hours. The attempted landing on Sylt on July 12 by Feldjäger with Ruderkanonenjollen was thwarted by the shelling of the Danish and perhaps also the Austrian gunboats. Because the Austrian navy had not been informed that the Austrian army should intervene. Andreas Andersen then offered three Austrian army officers to take them from Højer Sogn to the Austrian fleet command off List. The men walked from Jerpstedt through the dried-up mud flats and were within a third of a mile of the shipping fleet when the tide came in. In mortal danger, she took the gunboat "Seal" on board at the last minute. There the men transmitted an order from the ministry in Vienna that the Austrian land army should help with the liberation of Sylt and Föhr. So the military police tried their luck again on July 13. When they came under fire again, they simply pulled the small rowboats onto a sandbank and waited for the tide to go out, which forced the gunboats to retreat. In the end, 200 Austrian military police managed to get to the island. The 5th company crossed from Hoyer to Keitum and the 6th company from Klanxbüll to Morsum; they were welcomed as liberators by the pro-German population. In front of Keitum they had erected a gate of honor with the inscription: "German brothers, you are welcome!". In Morsum, the soldiers were entertained and the four commanders were made honorary citizens.
Rømø, Föhr and Amrum and blockade of the Wadden Sea Islands
On July 14, the island Rømø was occupied by Captain Wendt from Ballum. On July 16 they occupied List and crossed over to Föhr and Amrum with two gunboats.
On July 17, the Allies blocked the access routes from the North Frisian Wadden Sea to the North Sea by two Austrian units under Rear Admiral Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair and Vice Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff.
Foehr, Langeneß and Gröde
At 6 a.m. on July 18, the Danish flotilla began being shelled in the port of Wyk auf Föhr and the occupation of Langeness and Gröde.
Three hours earlier, however, the Prussian Lieutenant Colonel Gustav von Stiehle and the Danish Colonel Heinrich von Kauffmann (Chief of the General Staff) in Christiansfeld had signed the armistice between Prussia, Austria and Denmark signed.[1]
Surrender of the Danish defenders
When the Allies learned that the armistice would not come into force until July 20, hostilities resumed on July 19. As a result, on July 19, seven officers, two civil servants and 185 men from the Danish flotilla surrendered to the Allied forces in view of the hopeless situation. Hammer had used the night to set off in the Wadden Sea with his gunboat Liimfoerd. He was only caught in the evening by the Prussian gunboat Blitz, then lowered the flag and handed over his sword with his first officer at 7:30 p.m., a few hours before the armistice came into force. This was forwarded to Prince Adalbert by the commander of the Blitz, lieutenant Archibald MacLean.
Consequences
The captured Danish ships were first brought to Cuxhaven and remained in Prussian possession. From July 20 to 22, Hammer was initially released to his family in Wyk. When he went out in the village, he was protected by Austrian hunters from attacks by the population. Then he was transported via Husum, Rendsburg to Altona to be imprisoned.
Due to the outcome of the war and the resulting Peace of Vienna, the islands initially became part of the Austrian-Prussian Condominium in Schleswig-Holstein. The Austrian troops stayed on the islands for another three months. Therefore, on August 18, 1864, the 34th birthday of Emperor Franz Josef as co-regent was celebrated on Föhr. The Wyker Fleckenkollegium sent him a telegram of congratulations on this occasion.
References
- ^ Authority of the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Army Friedrich Karl Prince of Prussia for Lieutenant Colonel von Stiehle on the conclusion of a ceasefire requested by Denmark in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library), retrieved on 16 October 2015.
Further reading
- Frank Jung: Der Krieg um Schleswig-Holstein. Ellert & Richter Verlag for Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 9783831905669
- Oliver Bruhns: "Schleswiger Stadtgeschichten." In: Reimer Witt, Oliver Bruhns: "1200 Years Schleswig." Ed. Lions-Club Schleswig, 2006.
External links
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