California's congressional districts
California is the most populous U.S. state; as a result, it has the most representation in the United States House of Representatives, with 52 Representatives. Each Representative represents one congressional district.
Per the 2020 United States census, California will lose a new congressional seat, reducing its total seats from 53 to 52.[1] This marked the first time in the state's history where it will lose a seat.[2] However, due to the state's redistricting process, the new congressional district boundaries will not officially take effect until the winners in the 2022 mid-term elections are inaugurated in 2023.[3]
1992: Court ordered districts
The 1990 census gave California seven additional congressional seats. Attempts by the legislature to draw up new districts were unsuccessful, as three different plans drawn up by the Democratic-controlled Legislature were vetoed by Republican governor Pete Wilson. In September 1991 the over the redistricting process to break the stalemate.[4][5] Districts were drawn up by a panel of retired judges.
2002: Bipartisan redistricting
After the 2000 census, the California State Legislature was obliged to complete redistricting[6] for House of Representatives districts (in accordance with Article 1, Section 4 of the United States Constitution) as well as California State Assembly and California State Senate districts. It was mutually decided by legislators that the status quo in terms of balance of power would be preserved - a so-called Incumbent Protection Plan.[7] A bipartisan gerrymandering effort was done, and districts were configured in such a way that they were dominated by one or the other party, with few districts that could be considered competitive. In some cases this resulted in extremely convoluted boundary lines.
In the 2004 elections, a win by less than 55 percent of the vote was quite rare. This was seen in only five out of 80 State Assembly seats and two out of 20 State Senate seats up for election. The congressional seats were even less competitive than the state legislative districts - just three of the 53 districts were won with less than 60 percent of the vote in 2004.
2012: Citizens Redistricting Commission
Proposition 11, a California ballot proposition known as the Voters FIRST Act, was approved by the voters on November 4, 2008. It removed from the California Legislature the responsibility for drawing the state's congressional districts, and gave the responsibility instead to a 14-member Citizens Commission.[8] The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of removing the responsibility from the legislature. The proposition also required that the districts drawn up (1) comply with the federal Voting Rights Act; (2) make districts contiguous; (3) respect, to the extent possible, the integrity of cities, counties, neighborhoods and "communities of interest"; and (4) to the extent possible, make districts compact. Several of these terms are not defined in law.
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger had earlier proposed placing the redistricting process in the hands of retired judges, which was on the November ballot as an initiative in a special election (called by the Governor on June 14, 2005), Proposition 77. The special election was held on November 8, 2005. However, the initiative was overwhelmingly defeated, with 59 percent voting no. All initiatives, including those proposed by the Governor's allies and several independent initiatives, failed that year.
The California Citizens Redistricting Commission certified final district maps on August 15, 2011, and they took effect with the 2012 election.[9] The new districts are described as more "purple" than "red" or "blue" - that is, more mixed in electoral composition compared to the mostly "safe" districts of the previous decade, where incumbents were almost guaranteed re-election. These new districts, combined with demographic trends over several decades that favored the Democratic party, resulted in a gain of four House of Representatives seats for California Democrats in the 2012 elections.
2020: Citizens Redistricting Commission
Selection process
The 14-member Commission for 2020 is made up of five Republicans, five Democrats, and four members who are not affiliated with either party. Initial and supplemental applications were forwarded to a review panel consisting of three independent auditors from the CA State Auditor. This panel selected 120 of the "most qualified applicants", who were then personally interviewed and divided into three equal sub-pools according to party affiliation, and then narrowed down to 60 applicants.[10]
The review panel presented those 60 applicants to the California State Legislature, where leadership had the option of removing up to 24 names from the list, eight from each sub-pool. The names of the remaining applicants were submitted to the California State Auditor, who randomly drew three Democrats, three Republicans, and two from neither of those parties. These eight individuals became the first eight members of the commission, and they selected the remaining six members by selecting two commissioners from each of the three sub-pools.[10]
Redistricting process
The commission received the official 2020 U.S. Census data on which the maps must be based, by law, on September 21, 2021. Draft maps were released then on November 21, and final maps were submitted to the California Secretary of State on December 27, 2021.[11]
The new districts are considered "enacted" as of December 27, 2021. However, there was a 90-day period for a referendum petition to be filed to prevent the maps from becoming effective. This referendum period ended on March 27, 2022, when the filing and campaign season for the 2022 primary election was already underway. Even after becoming effective, the newly redrawn districts will not become official until the 2022 primary and general elections, and the new districts will not actually exist until after the 2022 general election is complete.[3] Until the 2023 inaugurations, the existing boundaries and elected representatives remain as shown below.
Current (until 2023 inauguration) districts and representatives
List of members of the California United States House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and their political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation for the 117th Congress has a total of 53 members, with 42 Democrats (including Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi) and 11 Republicans (including minority leader Kevin McCarthy).
| Current U.S. representatives from California ()
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | Member (Residence)[12] |
Party | Incumbent since | CPVI (2021)[13] |
District map |
| 1st |  Doug LaMalfa (Oroville) |
Republican | January 3, 2013 | R+11 | 
|
| 2nd |  Jared Huffman (San Rafael) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+23 | 
|
| 3rd |  John Garamendi (Walnut Grove) |
Democratic | January 3, 2009 | D+5 | 
|
| 4th |  Tom McClintock (Elk Grove) |
Republican | January 3, 2009 | R+8 | 
|
| 5th |  Mike Thompson (St. Helena) |
Democratic | January 3, 1999 | D+22 | 
|
| 6th |  Doris Matsui (Sacramento) |
Democratic | March 10, 2005 | D+21 | 
|
| 7th | .jpg) Ami Bera (Elk Grove) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+5 | 
|
| 8th |  Jay Obernolte (Big Bear Lake) |
Republican | January 3, 2021 | R+8 | 
|
| 9th | .jpg) Jerry McNerney (Stockton) |
Democratic | January 3, 2007 | D+8 | 
|
| 10th |  Josh Harder (Turlock) |
Democratic | January 3, 2019 | EVEN | 
|
| 11th |  Mark DeSaulnier (Concord) |
Democratic | January 3, 2015 | D+24 | 
|
| 12th |  Nancy Pelosi (San Francisco) |
Democratic | June 2, 1987 | D+38 | 
|
| 13th |  Barbara Lee (Oakland) |
Democratic | April 21, 1998 | D+40 | 
|
| 14th | .jpg) Jackie Speier (Hillsborough) |
Democratic | April 8, 2008 | D+28 | 
|
| 15th | .jpg) Eric Swalwell (Dublin) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+22 | 
|
| 16th | .jpg) Jim Costa (Fresno) |
Democratic | January 3, 2005 | D+9 | 
|
| 17th |  Ro Khanna (Fremont) |
Democratic | January 3, 2017 | D+24 | 
|
| 18th |  Anna Eshoo (Atherton) |
Democratic | January 3, 1993 | D+27 | 
|
| 19th |  Zoe Lofgren (San Jose) |
Democratic | January 3, 1995 | D+23 | 
|
| 20th |  Jimmy Panetta (Carmel Valley) |
Democratic | January 3, 2017 | D+23 | 
|
| 21st |  David Valadao (Hanford) |
Republican | January 3, 2021 | D+5 | 
|
| 22nd |  Connie Conway (Tulare) |
Republican | June 14, 2022 | R+6 | 
|
| 23rd |  Kevin McCarthy (Bakersfield) |
Republican | January 3, 2007 | R+12 | 
|
| 24th |  Salud Carbajal (Santa Barbara) |
Democratic | January 3, 2017 | D+10 | 
|
| 25th | .jpg) Mike Garcia (Santa Clarita) |
Republican | May 19, 2020 | D+3 | 
|
| 26th |  Julia Brownley (Westlake Village) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+10 | 
|
| 27th |  Judy Chu (Monterey Park) |
Democratic | July 14, 2009 | D+18 | 
|
| 28th | .jpg) Adam Schiff (Burbank) |
Democratic | January 3, 2001 | D+23 | 
|
| 29th | .jpg) Tony Cárdenas (Pacoima) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+27 | 
|
| 30th |  Brad Sherman (Sherman Oaks) |
Democratic | January 3, 1997 | D+20 | 
|
| 31st |  Pete Aguilar (Redlands) |
Democratic | January 3, 2015 | D+9 | 
|
| 32nd |  Grace Napolitano (Norwalk) |
Democratic | January 3, 1999 | D+17 | 
|
| 33rd |  Ted Lieu (Torrance) |
Democratic | January 3, 2015 | D+19 | 
|
| 34th | .jpg) Jimmy Gomez (Los Angeles) |
Democratic | July 11, 2017 | D+34 | 
|
| 35th |  Norma Torres (Pomona) |
Democratic | January 3, 2015 | D+17 | 
|
| 36th |  Raul Ruiz (Coachella) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+4 | 
|
| 37th |  Karen Bass (Los Angeles) |
Democratic | January 3, 2011 | D+36 | 
|
| 38th |  Linda Sánchez (Whittier) |
Democratic | January 3, 2003 | D+17 | 
|
| 39th |  Young Kim (La Habra) |
Republican | January 3, 2021 | D+3 | 
|
| 40th |  Lucille Roybal-Allard (Downey) |
Democratic | January 3, 1993 | D+31 | 
|
| 41st |  Mark Takano (Riverside) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+12 | 
|
| 42nd |  Ken Calvert (Corona) |
Republican | January 3, 1993 | R+7 | 
|
| 43rd |  Maxine Waters (Los Angeles) |
Democratic | January 3, 1991 | D+29 | 
|
| 44th |  Nanette Barragán (San Pedro) |
Democratic | January 3, 2017 | D+32 | 
|
| 45th |  Katie Porter (Irvine) |
Democratic | January 3, 2019 | D+3 | 
|
| 46th |  Lou Correa (Santa Ana) |
Democratic | January 3, 2017 | D+16 | 
|
| 47th |  Alan Lowenthal (Long Beach) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+14 | 
|
| 48th |  Michelle Steel (Seal Beach) |
Republican | January 3, 2021 | R+1 | 
|
| 49th |  Mike Levin (San Juan Capistrano) |
Democratic | January 3, 2019 | D+4 | 
|
| 50th |  Darrell Issa (Vista) |
Republican | January 3, 2021 | R+8 | 
|
| 51st |  Juan Vargas (San Diego) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+20 | 
|
| 52nd |  Scott Peters (San Diego) |
Democratic | January 3, 2013 | D+12 | 
|
| 53rd |  Sara Jacobs (Del Mar) |
Democratic | January 3, 2021 | D+17 | 
|
Historical district boundaries
Districts from 2003 to 2013
See also
References
- ^ Merica, Dan; Stark, Liz (April 26, 2021). "Census Bureau announces 331 million people in US, Texas will add two congressional seats". CNN. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ Mason, Melanie; Mehta, Seema (April 26, 2021). "California to lose a congressional seat, according to new census data". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ a b "What New Districts Mean".
- ^ "Supreme Court takes over remapping job". Sacramento Bee. September 26, 1991. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ "Court Remap Plan Could Cut Democrats' Clout in California". Washington Post. December 4, 1991. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ The word "gerrymandering" is replaced with redistricting as the word "gerrymandering" refers, by definition, to the redrawing of districts to the advantage of a single party or for partisan gain
- ^ "Latinos May Gain Few Seats in Redistricting; Politics: Their push for more representation in Congress clashes with Democrats' desire to protect incumbents as district boundaries are redrawn". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 2001. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Citizens Commission website: background". Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ "California Citizens Redistricting Commission | "Fair Representation - Democracy at Work!"".
- ^ a b "About Us".
- ^ "Press Releases".
- ^ "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". clerk.house.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ "Introducing the 2021 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 14, 2022.