Benjamin Edes

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Benjamin Edes
1786 tax newspapers MassGazette Boston July24.png
A 1786 Newspaper clip with Benjamin Edes name on it.
Born(1732-10-14)October 14, 1732
Charlestown, Province of Massachusetts
DiedDecember 11, 1803(1803-12-11) (aged 71)
Boston, Massachusetts
Resting placeCopp's Hill Burying Ground, Boston
Occupationeditor; agitator
Known forBoston Gazette newspaper
SpouseMartha Starr (1729-1806)

Benjamin Edes (October 15, 1732 – December 11, 1803) was an early American printer, publisher, newspaper journalist and a revolutionary advocate before and during the American Revolution. He is best known, along with John Gill, as the publisher of the Boston Gazette, a colonial newspaper which sparked and financed the Boston Tea Party and was influential during the American Revolutionary War.[1]

Early life

He was born on October 28, 1732 in Charlestown, Province of Massachusetts. He was one of seven children of Peter Edes and Esther Hall.[2] His great-grandfather was John Edes. He was born in England, March 31. 1651, son of Rev. John Edes, rector of Lanford, Essex and a graduate of St. Johns College, Cambridge, England. He relocated to Charlestown in 1674. John was a ship carpenter and lived in Charlestown; by wife Mary Tufts, the daughter of Peter Tufts, a prominent early citizen of Medford, he had the following children: John, Edward, Mary, Peter, Jonathan and Sarah Edes.[3]

Marriage

He married about 1754, at Boston, Massachusetts, Martha Starr, who was christened on June 22, 1729 at the Brattle Street Church[4] in Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Joseph Starr and Margaret Bulman. She was the great great granddaughter of Dr. Comfort Starr of Boston, a founder of Harvard College and a surgeon who emigrated from Ashford, Kent, England.[5] He is buried on Tremont Street in Boston, Massachusetts at King's Chapel Burying Ground, the oldest cemetery in the city, established in 1630.[6][7][8] Benjamin and Martha were the parents of ten children.[2]

Career

Edes established a partnership with Gill and together they printed various works.

Edes and Gill became the proprietors of The Boston Gazette and Country Journal on April 7, 1755. The Gazette was established on December 21, 1719 by William Brooker. Edes made the paper a leading voice favoring American independence.[9] Edes and Gill were members of The Sons of Liberty, a revolutionary society of American patriots in Revolutionary America.[10][11] Edes and Gill worked closely with Samuel Adams who employed the Boston Gazette in the publication of Adams' many revolutionary essays and letters.[12][13] Andrew Oliver said, "The temper of the people may be surely learned from that infamous paper". Governor Bernard advised the arrest of both Edes and Gill as publishers of sedition.

Edes, as a member of the Loyal Nine, the directing group behind the Sons of Liberty, filled the columns of the Gazette with numerous articles criticizing the Stamp Act.[14] He fought British policy overall through written attacks on other taxes, including the tea tax, the Townshend Acts, and other such measures he deemed as oppressive.[15]

The two editions of the poems of Martha Wadsworth Brewster were printed by Edes and Gill in 1757 and 1758. She was a poet and writer, and one of the earliest American female literary figures as well as the first American-born woman to publish under her own name.[16]

In 1760 Edes and Gill printed and published Eddy's Almanak for 1761, containing astronomical positions of the sun, moon and planets for each month of the year, times of the year eclipses would occur, with literature about the planets and their professed influence on the various parts of the human anatomy.[17] The almanack opened with a satire on Bernard, which appealed to Americans to hold to the non-importation agreement.[18] Edes, relied on the advice and encouragement of Samuel Adams, Warren, Otis, Quincy inasmuch as his contentious spirit often lacked the intellectual capacity to articulate his outspoken and revolutionary ideas in a manner suited for publication.[19]

On February 29, 1768, the Gazette printed an article written by Joseph Warren, but signed "A True Patriot" Though it referred to an unnamed official, it was an obvious and acrimonious attack on Governor Bernard. Bernard, already the subject of numerous insults, immediately sent a message to the Council and to the House of Representatives stating that the Gazette had now endangered "the existence of the Government". The Council unanimously agreed with the Bernard and called the attack "insolent," "licentious," and "subversive of all order and decorum." While they assured the Governor that it would always defend his honor, the House, however, did not go along with such assurances. By a vote of 39 to 30, it informed the Governor that his apprehension of danger was an unfounded conclusion, as no actual person was named in the article.[20] In June, 1769, Bernard demanded that Edes and Gill be arrested for seditious libel, no such action was ever taken. Within three months, upon demand of the Council, he was recalled as Governor.[18]

During the Siege of Boston, Edes escaped to Watertown, Massachusetts where he continued to publish the Gazette until 1798, 43 years after he started.[1]

Death and memorials

He died on December 11, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is supposedly buried at Copp's Hill Burying Ground located on Copp's Hill in Boston. There is an memorial stone with 'Edes' on it, but cemetery records do not attribute it to anyone in particular. There are headstones to other members of this family at Copp's Hill as well.

The Printing Office of Edes & Gill is a living history museum that attempts to replicate the original print shop of Benjamin Edes and John Gill. The office opened in 2011 and is now located on the Freedom Trail, at Faneuil Hall.[21]

Citations

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benjamin Edes.
  1. ^ a b Wilson & Fisk (eds.), 1900, p. 302
  2. ^ a b NEHGS, p.16
  3. ^ Cutter, p.975
  4. ^ Church in Brattle Square, p.145
  5. ^ Harvard Charter of 1650, Harvard University Archives, harvard.edu
  6. ^ The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. LXIV, The New England Historic Genealogical Society, Henry Fitz-Gilbert Waters, Published by the Society, Boston, 1910
  7. ^ Dr. Starr's daughter Hannah was the wife of John Cutt, the first President of the Province of New Hampshire.
  8. ^ His grandson, Benjamin Starr, married Elizabeth Allerton, the daughter of Eliazabeth (----) and Isaac Allerton Jr. He was the son of Mayflower Pilgrim Isaac Allerton and his second wife Fear Brewster, the daughter of Elder William Brewster, the Pilgrim colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony.
  9. ^ Benjamin Edes [1] Encyclopædia Britannica
  10. ^ Col. William Palfrey (14 August 1769). "An Alphabetical List of Sons of Liberty who din'd at Liberty Tree, Dorchester, Aug.t 14th, 1769". masshist.org. Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2022. "Edes Benjamin" and "Gill John" listed.
  11. ^ Benjamin Edes (1732-1803) [2] jiffynotes.com
  12. ^ Alexander 2002, pp. x, 23, 65.
  13. ^ Maier 1980, pp. 13, 25.
  14. ^ Silver, 1953, p. 253
  15. ^ Benjamin Edes biography [3] Bookrags.com
  16. ^ Schmidt, p.9
  17. ^ Eddy, John, 1760, pp. 1-16
  18. ^ a b Silver 1953, p. 257.
  19. ^ Silver 1953, p. 265.
  20. ^ Silver 1953, pp. 255–256.
  21. ^ "The Printing Office of Edes & Gill". Boston Gazette.

Sources

Further information:  Bibliography of Early American publishers and printers
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