Battle of Fakashan
| Battle of Fakashan | |||||||||
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| Part of Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991) | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 China |
 Vietnam | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
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3rd Border Defense Division
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327th Division
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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The Battle of Fakashan (Chinese: 法卡山戰役), also known as the Battle of Hill 400, was fought in 1981 between China and Vietnam as part of Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991).
Background[edit]
Border conflicts[edit]
After the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, fighting still continued between China and Vietnam although the scale of engagements was significantly smaller.[3]
During the period 1980-1983, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) took military action against the position occupied by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) along the border.[4]
China accused Vietnam of conducting cross-border raids against Chinese positions in the Luojiaping area, Maguan County, Yunnan on 30 September and 1 October, killing at least 5 Chinese.[4]The Chinese then led an attack against Vietnamese positions in the same area on 15 October, in which they claimed to have killed 42 Vietnamese troops and captured 3.[4]
On 9 November, the PLA attacked Ma’anshan (Hill 1175.4) which at its foot, had a highway connecting Malipo County and Thanh Thủy, a broder town.[4]
Fakashan[edit]
Fakashan (法卡山), also known as Hill 400 to the Vietnamese, is a mountainous range that is located on the China–Vietnam border. It is between Pingxiang, Guangxi and the Cao Lộc District, Lạng Sơn Province.[1] It consists of five peaks with the third one being the tallest with a height of 511.3 meters above sea level.
On 2 January 1981, the Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs proposed a ceasefire during the Lunar New Year festival. While this proposal was rejected by China on 20 January, the two sides continued the exchange of prisoners of war. The situation was relatively calm for the next few months.
In light of China's decision to maintain military pressure on Vietnam, PLA forces in Guangxi selected Fakashan for attack. Fakashan was under the control of the 327th Division of the PAVN. The initial attack was planned for New Year’s Day 1981 was postponed by mountain floods in the region. It is also speculated that since this was the first major operation since 1979, PLA military leadership believed more preparation were needed as they were transitioning from a warfare approach involving Human wave attacks to a modern one involving a smaller but well trained group of soldiers that could perform surprise attacks. So the attack was deferred until early May.[2][1]
Battle[edit]
The assault on Fakashan began on 5 May 1981.[2][1] To justify this military operation, China announced that the attack was in response to acts of aggression by Vietnam during the first quarter of that year.[5]
Artillery barrages were used first followed by the attack.[2] One PLA company captured Vietnamese positions on Fakashan killing 26 PAVN soldiers and wounding 43 .[2]
However starting on 10 May, the PAVN launched a series of counterattacks intending to recapture Fakashan.[2] Although the conflict raged on, China did not want to escalate and only deployed border guard units instead of regular troops into the battles.[5] The PAVN staged human wave counterattacks where groupings of troops ranged from company to battalion-sized.[2] Artillery fire also played a significant role in these counterattacks. More than 20,000 rockets and artillery shells were lobbed at the hilltops of Fakashan.[2] The most intense battles were fought on 10, 16, and 19 May and 7 June. [2] The PLA defenders managed to repulse the Vietnamese assaults with claims of inflicting 1,218 casualties (705 dead and 513 wounded) on the PAVN forces.[2]
After the last Vietnamese counterattack, both sides continued to exchange artillery fire until the end of the month.[2] The PLA unit later on received the honorific title “Fakashan Hero Battalion.”[2]
Aftermath[edit]
Western observers have linked China’s military action on the border in response to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. However others believe that it was not a true response to the Cambodian situation.[6]
The PAVN continued to shell Fakashan until 1991 where relations between China and Vietnam normalized. No other significant military actions were taken.[7]
China occupied all five peaks of Fakashan until 2008 where China and Vietnam signed a land board demarcation.[8][9] China will occupy peaks 1 and 2, Vietnam will occupy peaks 4 and 5, and peak 3 will be demarcated with the Number 1156 border marker.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e O'Dowd 2007, p. 94.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zhang 2015, p. 147.
- ^ Zhang 2015, p. 141.
- ^ a b c d Zhang 2015, p. 146.
- ^ a b Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.
- ^ Zhang 2015, p. 148.
- ^ Zhang 2015, p. 153.
- ^ "China; Vietnam: Agreement Reached to Complete Land, Maritime Border Demarcation". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ a b "中越划界为何"法卡山已划给越南"流言四起？_历史频道_凤凰网". 2019-04-05. Archived from the original on 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ "探秘丨中国为什么归还法卡山_越南". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
Bibliography[edit]
- Zhang, Xiaoming (2015-05-06). Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, 1979-1991. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-2125-8.
- O'Dowd, Edward C. (2007-04-16). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12267-7.