Akhalkalaki uezd
Akhalkalaki uezd
Ахалкалакскій уѣздъ | |
---|---|
Country | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Governorate | Tiflis |
Established | 1874 |
Abolished | 1930 |
Capital | Akhalkalak (present-day Akhalkalaki) |
Area | |
• Total | 2,739.32 km2 (1,057.66 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 107,173 |
• Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) |
• Urban | 6.58% |
• Rural | 93.42% |
The Akhalkalaki uezd[a] was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative center in Akhalkalak (present-day Akhalkalaki).[1][2] The uezd bordered the Gori uezd to the north, the Borchaly uezd to the east, the Alexandropol uezd of the Erivan Governorate and the Kars and Ardahan okrugs of the Kars Oblast to the south, and the Akhaltsikhe uezd to the west. The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Samtskhe–Javakheti region of Georgia.
History
The territory of the Akhalkalaki uezd, then part of the Akhaltsikhe uezd, entered into the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828. By 1874, the Akhkalaki uezd was detached from the hitherto larger Akhaltsikhe uezd, becoming a constituent county of the Tiflis Governorate.[2]
Following the Russian Revolution, the Akhalkalaki uezd was incorporated into the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia, however, it was strongly disputed by the Democratic Republic of Armenia which also claimed the county on the grounds of history and ethnography.[2]
As a result of the Ottoman occupation of the uezd, of the initial 80,000 Armenians in 1918, 30,000 died whilst the surviving 40,000 still in the district were affected by famine and concubinage.[3]
Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern uezds of the Tiflis Governorate:[4]
On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west.
Administrative divisions
The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Akhalkalaki uezd were as follows:[5]
Uchastok | Russian name | 1912 population | Area |
---|---|---|---|
Baraletsky | Баралетскій участокъ | 51,061 | 895 square versts (1,019 km2; 393 sq mi) |
Bogdanovsky | Богдановскій участокъ | 41,331 | 1,512 square versts (1,721 km2; 664 sq mi) |
Demographics
Russian Empire census (1897)
According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, the Akhalkalaki uezd had a population of 72,709, including 37,903 men and 34,806 women. The majority of the population indicated Armenian to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani), Georgian, and Russian speaking minorities.[6]
Language | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Armenian | 52,539 | 72.26 |
Tatar[b] | 6,572 | 9.04 |
Georgian | 6,448 | 8.87 |
Russian | 5,155 | 7.09 |
Kurdish | 810 | 1.11 |
Turkish | 296 | 0.41 |
Ukrainian | 286 | 0.39 |
Jewish | 211 | 0.29 |
Polish | 145 | 0.20 |
Lithuanian | 87 | 0.12 |
Greek | 75 | 0.10 |
German | 40 | 0.06 |
Belarusian | 12 | 0.02 |
Avar-Andean | 6 | 0.01 |
Ossetian | 4 | 0.01 |
Chechen | 3 | 0.00 |
Mingrelian | 3 | 0.00 |
Persian | 3 | 0.00 |
Romanian | 3 | 0.00 |
Other | 11 | 0.02 |
TOTAL | 72,709 | 100.00 |
Caucasian Calendar (1917)
According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, the Akhalkalaki uezd had 107,173 residents in 1916, including 56,140 men and 51,033 women, 106,307 of whom were the permanent population, and 866 were temporary residents:[7]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Armenians | 6,151 | 87.19 | 76,624 | 76.53 | 82,775 | 77.23 |
Georgians | 265 | 3.76 | 10,039 | 10.03 | 10,304 | 9.61 |
Russians[c] | 429 | 6.08 | 7,113 | 7.10 | 7,542 | 7.04 |
Sunni Muslims[d] | 0 | 0.00 | 5,431 | 5.42 | 5,431 | 5.07 |
Kurds | 0 | 0.00 | 904 | 0.90 | 904 | 0.84 |
Jews | 204 | 2.89 | 0 | 0.00 | 204 | 0.19 |
Other Europeans | 6 | 0.09 | 7 | 0.01 | 13 | 0.01 |
TOTAL | 7,055 | 100.00 | 100,118 | 100.00 | 107,173 | 100.00 |
See also
Notes
- ^
- ^ Later known as Azerbaijani.
- ^ The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[8]
References
- ^ Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: Tiflis Governorate (in Russian)
- ^ a b c Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014), Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven and London, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-300-15308-8, OCLC 884858065, retrieved 2021-12-25
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. pp. 164–175. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01805-2.
Coordinates: 41°24′20″N 43°29′10″E / 41.40556°N 43.48611°E
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