1876 in science
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The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- December 7 – First recorded observation of the Great White Spot on Saturn, made by American astronomer Asaph Hall, who uses it to calculate the planet's rotation period.
Biology
- Robert Koch demonstrates that Bacillus anthracis is the source of anthrax, the first bacterium conclusively shown to cause disease.[1]
- Koller's sickle in avian gastrulation is first described by August Rauber.
- Francis Galton invents the silent dog whistle.[2]
- Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig.
Chemistry
- Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria.[3]
Exploration
- May 24 – End of the Challenger expedition.[4]
Mathematics
- Édouard Lucas demonstrates that 127 is a Mersenne prime, the largest that will be recorded for seventy-five years.[5] He also shows that the Mersenne number 267 − 1, or M67, must have factors.
Medicine
- February 22 – Swedish woman Karolina Olsson lapses into a form of hibernation for 32 years.
- David Ferrier publishes The Functions of the Brain.
- William Macewen demonstrates clinical diagnosis of the site of brain tumors and performs the first successful intercranial surgery.
- Patrick Manson begins studying filariasis infection in humans.
- Meharry Medical College founded in Nashville, Tennessee as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College; it is the first medical school for African Americans in the Southern United States.
Technology
- February 14 – Scottish American inventor Alexander Graham Bell and American electrical engineer Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone, initiating the Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy.
- March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.[6]
- March 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful bi-directional telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
- April – Joseph Zentmayer makes his Centennial microscope in the United States.
- Nicolaus Otto builds the first successful four-stroke engine using the Otto cycle.
- Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts, patents an atomizing paint distributor, a form of airbrush.[7]
- The Seth Thomas Clock Company is awarded a United States patent for an adjustable wind-up alarm clock.
- Thomas Hawksley first uses pressure grouting to control water leakage under an embankment dam at Tunstall Reservoir in Weardale, County Durham, England.[8][9][10][11]
Institutions
- October 4 – First classes begin at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.[12]
- Elizabeth Bragg becomes the first woman to graduate with a civil engineering degree in the United States, from University of California, Berkeley.[13]
Awards
Births
- January 5 – Lucien Bull (died 1972), Irish-born pioneer in chronophotography.
- January 23 – Otto Diels (died 1954), German Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.
- February 15 – E. H. "Chinese" Wilson (died 1930), English-born plant collector.
- April 22 – Robert Bárány (died 1936), Viennese-born Nobel Prize winner in medicine.
- June 13 – William Sealy Gosset (died 1937), English statistician.
- October 3 – Gabrielle Howard née Matthaei (died 1930), English-born plant physiologist.
- November 9 – Hideyo Noguchi (died 1928), Japanese bacteriologist.
- November 19 – Tatyana Afanasyeva (died 1964), Russian-born mathematician.
- November 25 – Paul Nitsche (executed 1948) Nazi German psychiatrist and eugenicist.
Deaths
- November 26 – Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792), Baltic German naturalist.
- Undated – Anna Volkova (born 1800), Russian chemist.
References
- ^ Koch, R. (1876). "Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis" (PDF). Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 2 (2): 277–310. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Galton, Francis (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. pp. 26–27.
- ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E.F. (1997). "Josiah Willard Gibbs". MacTutor. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- ^ Rice, A. L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. London: Routledge. pp. 27–48. ISBN 978-1-85728-705-9.
- ^ Caldwell, Chris. "The Largest Known Prime by Year: A Brief History". Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ United States patent #174,466.
- ^ United States patent #182,389.
- ^ "Hawksley, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12691. Retrieved 2011-08-27. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Rennison, R. W. (1996). Civil Engineering Heritage: Northern England. p. 81. ISBN 9780727725189.
- ^ Houlsby, A. Clive (1990). Construction and Design of Cement Grouting; A Guide to Grouting in Rock Foundations. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-51629-5.
- ^ Glossop, Rudolph (1961). "The Invention and Development of Injection processes Part II: 1850-1960". Géotechnique. British Geotechnical Association. 11 (4): 255–279. doi:10.1680/geot.1961.11.4.255.
- ^ Dethloff, Henry C. "Texas A&M University". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "WEP Milestones". Berkeley Engineering. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.