1668 Shandong earthquake

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Great Tancheng earthquake of 1668
1668 Shandong earthquake is located in China
1668 Shandong earthquake
Local dateJuly 25, 1668
Magnitude8.5 Ms
8.5 Mw
Epicenter35°18′N 118°36′E / 35.3°N 118.6°E / 35.3; 118.6Coordinates: 35°18′N 118°36′E / 35.3°N 118.6°E / 35.3; 118.6
Areas affectedQing dynasty (present day China)
Max. intensityXII (Extreme)
TsunamiProbable
AftershocksLasted for six years
Casualties42,578–50,000+ dead

The Great Tancheng earthquake (Chinese: 郯城 地震; pinyin: Tánchéng dìzhèn), also known as the Shandong earthquake, was a major seismic event that occurred during the rule of the Qing dynasty. The earthquake occurred in Shandong Province on July 25, 1668. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of Ms  8.5,[1] making it the largest historical earthquake in East China, and one of the largest to occur on land. The earthquake had cataclysmic implications to the region. An estimated 43,000 to 50,000 lives were lost in the earthquake,[2] and its effects were widely felt. The epicenter may have been located between Ju County and Tancheng counties, northeast of the prefecture-level city of Linyi in southern Shandong.

Geological setting

The earthquake occurred halfway between Beijing and Shanghai, where seismic activity is infrequent. There had not been any major earthquakes in the area for over 150 years.[3]

The earthquake of 1668 occurred along the Yishu Fault, a segment of the massive Tan-Lu Fault zone which formed in the Mesozoic. This fault has an estimated slip rate of less than 1–2.6 mm/yr.[4][5] The Yishu Fault runs through East China for a length of 360 kilometres (220 mi), and is part of the much longer, 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) long Tan-Lu Fault Zone that trends north northeast-south southwest in eastern China. During the earthquake, the Yishu Fault produced a rupture for a length of 160 kilometres (99 mi), with an average offset of 9 metres (30 ft). The slip sense of the fault was mainly dextral strike-slip with a small thrust component.[6] Seismic inversion suggest a 160 by 32 kilometers (99 by 20 miles) rupture area on a near-vertical, north–south striking fault.[6] A hypocenter depth of between 22 kilometres (14 mi) and 28 kilometres (17 mi) has been suggested for the 1668 event. The same fault may have also produced a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Haicheng, 700 kilometres (430 mi) north of this event.[3] Another destructive earthquake in 1969 was also produced along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone.[7]

Impact

The powerful earthquake was felt in 379 counties, 29 of which experienced catastrophic damage. It also affected Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning, and Korea.[8] There was a 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) radial zone of damage around Tancheng, Linyi and Ju County. It is considered one of the most destructive in Chinese history.[3] The earthquake produced strong shaking assigned XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, the most destructive shaking an earthquake could achieve.[9]

In Ju County alone, more than 20,000 people were killed. Residential and official homes were destroyed. Schools, temples, warehouses and the city walls toppled. In Mashi, Wulugu, Yanjiagu, Shifengdo, Keluodo and Maqi, landslides occurred on the hills. Widespread land subsidence and collapse occurred.[10] Fissures up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide and hundreds of meters long were observed. One fissure measured 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) from Guanzhuang to Gehu along a river cliff. It ejected dust, sand and water. At three wells, water was ejected 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) into the air.[9]

In Tancheng, battlements, government buildings, homes, a watchtower, temples and storehouses were completely destroyed. Over 8,700 people died. Fissures were reportedly so wide that people were unable to walk over it. The bottom of these fissures were also too deep to be seen. Water erupted from the ground to a height of 10 metres (33 ft).[9] At Lizhuang, a town in the county, massive subsidence occurred.[11]

In Linyi, no homes, city walls and temples were left intact. There were over 6,900 reported fatalities. Black water was said to emerge from fissures. Water erupted from wells and formed a pool measuring 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) wide. Many nearby cities walls fell, and some parts flooded by overflowing rivers and wells. Fissures caused water and sand to erupt, burying homes. Many livestock also died. Heavy damage occurred in Ganyu.[9]

Death toll by location[9]
Place Fatalities
Ju County >20,000
Tancheng County >8,700
Linyi >6,900
Zhucheng >2,700
Dongying >1,000
Laiwu Most of the population was killed
Jiaoxian >90
Weifang >470
Yishui 1,725
Jimo 653
Zouxian >100
Yutai 140
Sishui >100

Tsunami

Historical records also documented a probable tsunami in the region. It was reported that coastal cities were flooded and rivers overflowed.[12]

Response

The Kangxi Emperor ordered his ministry to handle the relief efforts. In 40 prefectures and counties, tax fees were waived. Over 227,300 taels of silver were issued.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ "25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)". Global Historical Earthquake Archive. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  2. ^ Jianshe Lei; Dapeng Zhao; Xiwei Xu; Mofei Du; Qi Mi; Mingwen Lu (2020). "P-wave upper-mantle tomography of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 299 (106402): 106402. Bibcode:2020PEPI..29906402L. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106402.
  3. ^ a b c Press, Frank; Bullock, Mary; Hamilton, Robert M.; Brace, William F.; Kisslinger, Carl; Bonilla, Manuel G.; Allen, Clarence R.; Sykes, Lynn R.; Raleigh, C., Barry; Knopoff, Leon; Clough, Ray W.; Hofheinz, Roy, Jr.; Smith, Peter G. (1975). "Earthquake research in China" (PDF). Eos. 56 (11): 838–881. Bibcode:1975EOSTr..56..838.. doi:10.1029/EO056i011p00838. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2022.
  4. ^ Mian, Stein, Liu, Seth (2016). "Mid-continental earthquakes: Spatiotemporal occurrences, causes, and hazards" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 162: 364–386. Bibcode:2016ESRv..162..364L. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.016 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  5. ^ Wenliang Jiang; Jingfa Zhang; Zhujun Han; Tian Tian; Qisong Jiao; Xin Wang; Hongbo Jiang (2017). "Characteristic Slip of Strong Earthquakes Along the Yishu Fault Zone in East China Evidenced by Offset Landforms". Tectonics. 36 (10): 1947-1965. Bibcode:2017Tecto..36.1947J. doi:10.1002/2016TC004363. S2CID 133827242.
  6. ^ a b Zhou, Cuiying; Diao, Guiling; Geng, Jie; Li, Yonghong; Xu, Ping; Xu, Xinliang; Feng, Xiangdong (2010). "Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M8½ earthquake on the basis of present-day seismological data" (PDF). Earthquake Science. 23 (6): 567–576. Bibcode:2010EaSci..23..567Z. doi:10.1007/s11589-010-0756-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2022.
  7. ^ "山东郯城逾8级大地震352周年：重评地震区划助力当地发展" [The 352nd anniversary of the magnitude 8 earthquake in Tancheng, Shandong: Re-evaluation of earthquake zoning to help local development]. China News Service (in Chinese). 云桥网. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b "那年今日，郯城8.5级大地震 中国历史上最大的地震 原文網址" (in Chinese). Daily Headlines. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  10. ^ "郯城麦坡：大地震留下的岁月痕迹" [Maipo, Tancheng: Traces of Time Left by the Great Earthquake]. Qilu Evening News (in Chinese). 25 May 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  11. ^ Shaoyuan, Che; Qianyuan, Zhuang (29 December 2011). "回眸：清朝康熙年间郯城大地震" [Looking Back: The Great Tancheng Earthquake During the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty]. Dazhong Daily. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  12. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Tsunami Event Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7. Retrieved 31 March 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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