List of Internet top-level domains
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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021[update], their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021[update], the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).[4]
Types
IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]
- infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
- generic top-level domains (gTLD)
- generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
- sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
- country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
- test top-level domains (tTLD)20
Original top-level domains
Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.
- Name: DNS names
- Entity: intended use
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Name | Entity | Administrator[6] | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC | SLD | IPv6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.com | commercial | Verisign | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
.org | organization | Public Interest Registry | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by non-profit organizations, and still primarily used by some. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
.net | network | Verisign | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by domains pointing to a distributed network of computers, or "umbrella" sites that act as the portal to a set of smaller websites. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
.int | international | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
.edu | education | Educause (via Verisign) | The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
.gov | U.S. national and state government agencies | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) | The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
.mil | U.S. military | United States Department of Defense | The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Infrastructure top-level domain
Infrastructure | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.arpa | "Address and Routing Parameter Area" | Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. | No | Yes |
Country code top-level domains
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022[update], the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]
Proposed internationalized ccTLDs
Internationalised domain names have been proposed for the United States, Japan and Libya.
ICANN-era generic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Target market: intended use
- Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
- Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
English
A
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.academy | Schools, military academies, online learning websites, PTAs and student portals, any site created to be educational on a particular topic | — | Identity Digital[ID 1] | Yes | Yes |
.accountant | Certified Public Accountants, tax advisors, corporate accountants, personal and business accountants, professional CPA organizations | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.accountants | accountants and accounting firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 2] | Yes | Yes |
.active | Reserved for Active Network | The Active Network | Unknown | Yes | |
.actor | Aspiring actors and their agents, theaters and movie studios, entertainment outlets, streaming video sites, movie review sites, celebrity gossip sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.ads | advertising | Reserved for Google AdSense | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | ||
.adult | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | ICM Registry | Yes | Yes |
.aero | air-transport industry | Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register. | SITA | No | No |
.africa | African and pan-African topics, African Union | — | ZA Central Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.agency | Marketing and advertising agencies, PR or communications agencies, design firms, talent agencies, travel agencies, other related agencies | — | Identity Digital[ID 3] | Yes[10] | Yes |
.airforce | Military recruiters, flight training schools, supply companies, military aircraft suppliers and repair companies, Air Force members and veterans | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.amazon | Reserved for Amazon | Amazon | |||
.analytics | Reserved for SAS Institute | Campus IP LLC[9] | |||
.apartments | Property (apartment) managers, condominium/apartment developers, college websites/centers, city guides and community centers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.app | Apps[11] | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.apple | Apple[12] | Reserved for Apple[13] | Apple | Unknown | Yes |
.archi | architects and architect firms[14] | Restricted to individuals and organizations that can verify participation in architecture industry.[15] | STARTING DOT LIMITED | Unknown | Yes |
.army | Military recruiter, army supply stores, military training schools, army members and veterans | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.art | artists, museums, art galleries, dealers, service providers and contractors | — | UK Creative Ideas | Yes | Yes |
.arte | Reserved for Arte | Yes | |||
.associates | Accountants, law firms, consulting firms, real estate agencies, health & medical groups | — | Identity Digital[ID 4] | Yes | Yes |
.attorney | Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.auction | Auction houses & online auctions, car and truck auction, B2B commodity auctions, charity auctions for non-profits and schools, buyer and seller communities | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.audible | Reserved for Audible | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.audio | stereo/sound systems, music | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.author | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.auto | vehicles | XYZ.com[9] | |||
.autos | vehicles | — | XYZ.com | Unknown | Yes |
.aws | Reserved for Amazon Web Services | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] |
B
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.baby | For selling baby products | XYZ.com[9] | |||
.band | Music venues, ticket sale/resale sites, music band & musician sites, school band sites, music review sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.bank | banks | Restricted to banks and savings associations | fTLD Registry Services, LLC | Unknown | Yes |
.bar | Bars and related industry | — | Punto 2012 | Yes | Yes |
.barefoot | Reserved for Gallo Vineyards Inc. | Gallo Vineyards, Inc.[9] | |||
.bargains | Online retailers, large and small, “sale” sections on retail websites, discount & overstock sites, bargain hunters, frugal-living bloggers | — | Identity Digital[ID 5] | Yes | Yes |
.baseball | baseball | Reserved for MLB | MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC[9] | ||
.basketball | basketball | Reserved for FIBA | Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)[9] | ||
.beauty | — | XYZ.com[9] | |||
.beer | breweries and beer aficionados | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
.best | — | BestTLD Pty Ltd | Unknown | Yes | |
.bestbuy | Reserved for Best Buy | BBY Solutions, Inc.[9] | |||
.bet | gambling | — | Identity Digital plc[9] | ||
.bible | — | American Bible Society[9] | |||
.bid | auctions | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Yes | Yes |
.bike | Bicycle & motorcycle enthusiasts, bike retailers & gear shops, bike repair shops, biking event organizers, bike or motorcycle clubs | — | Identity Digital[ID 6] | Yes[17] | Yes |
.bingo | Bingo halls, casinos, online & casual gaming sites, travel agencies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.bio | Organic agriculture[18] | Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrants who are "producers, transformers and retailers, or otherwise involved in the field of agriculture, food and farming" must comply with the Principles of Organic Agriculture.[19][20] | Identity Digital[21] | Unknown | Yes |
.biz | business | Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken. | NeuStar | Yes[10] | Yes |
.black | those who like the color black[22] | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.blackfriday | Black Friday, retail | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.blockbuster | Reserved for Blockbuster LLC | Dish DBS Corporation[9] | |||
.blog | Blogs | — | Automattic[23] | Unknown | Yes |
.blue | those who like the color blue[24] | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.boo | — | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.book | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.boots | Reserved for Boots Company Ltd | THE BOOTS COMPANY PLC[9] | |||
.boston | websites related to the city of Boston, Massachusetts USA | Boston TLD Management, LLC[9] | Unknown | Yes | |
.bot | Restricted to online "bots" using approved frameworks (Amazon Lex, Dialogflow, Gupshup, Microsoft Bot Framework, and Pandorabots) Amazon allows users to contact them if they have a bot outside of these frameworks.[25] | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.boutique | Specialty online retailers, vintage shops, designers, artists and artisans, craftspeople | — | Identity Digital[ID 7] | Yes | Yes |
.box | individuals and businesses, in order to promote personal cloud storage | — | NS1 Limited | Yes | Yes |
.broadway | Broadway theatre | Reserved for members of the Broadway League | Celebrate Broadway, Inc.[9] | ||
.broker | DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD[9] | ||||
.build | construction industry | Plan Bee LLC | Yes | Yes | |
.builders | Contractors, subcontractors, commercial/residential architects, interior designers | — | Identity Digital[ID 8] | Yes | Yes |
.business | Creative businesses & agencies, freelancers & independent consultants, any other business looking to differentiate from the competition | — | Identity Digital[ID 9] | Yes | Yes |
.buy | sales | Amazon Registry Services, INC[9] | |||
.buzz | marketing and social networking | — | DOTSTRATEGY | Yes | Yes |
C
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.cab | Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions | — | Identity Digital[ID 10] | Yes | Yes |
.cafe | Cafes, restaurants, delis, cafeterias, coffee shops & coffee stands, student lounges, mobile food/beverage vendors, cooking schools | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.call | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.cam | entertainment[26] | — | ACWebConnecting[27] | Yes | Yes |
.camera | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 11] | Yes | Yes |
.camp | Camping/RV sites, travel writers & bloggers, outdoor adventure companies, summer camps for kids, hotels, hostels, lodges, bed & breakfast lodging | — | Identity Digital[ID 12] | Yes | Yes |
.cancerresearch | Organizations, research institutes and individuals interested in ending cancer through research[28] | — | Australian Cancer Research Foundation | Unknown | Yes |
.capital | Mortgage companies, financial services professionals, investment services, venture capital investors | — | Identity Digital[ID 13] | Yes | Yes |
.car | vehicles | Cars Registry Limited[9] | |||
.cards | Occasion shoppers (holiday, birthday, bereavement), occasion-related websites, gift buyers, corporate HR departments | — | Identity Digital[ID 14] | Yes | Yes |
.care | Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, insurance providers, hospitals & clinics, medical, dental, or vision specialists, service based products or services | — | Identity Digital[ID 15] | Yes | Yes |
.career | jobs and job-searching | — | dotCareer LLC | Yes | Yes |
.careers | Career services (coaching, resume writing), job sites & recruiters, business coaches, staffing firms, HR department of any business | — | Identity Digital[ID 16] | Yes | Yes |
.cars | Automotive | — | Uniregistry | Yes | Yes |
.case | Reserved for CNH Industrial | CNH Industrial N.V.[9] | |||
.cash | Pawn shops and consignment shops, currency exchanges, other cash-based businesses, check cashing services | — | Identity Digital[ID 17] | Yes | Yes |
.casino | Casino & online gaming sites, travel agencies, local tourist sites, hotel booking sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.catering | Caterers & personal chefs, specialty food vendors, wedding planners & event planners, event spaces, wholesale suppliers | — | Identity Digital[ID 18] | Yes | Yes |
.catholic | Catholicism | Dicastery for Communication[9] | |||
.center | Community centers, business centers, shopping centers, tourist sites/city centers, tutoring & learning centers | — | Identity Digital[ID 19] | Yes | Yes |
.cern | CERN | CERN | CERN | Unknown | Yes |
.ceo | CEOs | —[29] | CEOTLD Pty Ltd | Unknown | Yes |
.cfd | clothing fashion design; originally signified contracts for difference trading when applied for by IG Group Holdings plc | DOTCFD REGISTRY LTD[9] | |||
.channel | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes | |
.chat | Online chat rooms, dating, political, religious, sports, human interest, & hobbyist forums, companies with live chat help desks, chatbot technology companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.charity | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes | |
.cheap | Online retailers, discount sites, overstock sites, businesses who sell bulk products at discounted prices, bargain hunters & frugal-living bloggers | — | Identity Digital[ID 20] | Yes | Yes |
.christmas | Christmas | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.church | Churches, youth organizations, spiritual communities, religion-based organizations, anyone who publishes spiritual or religious content | — | Identity Digital[ID 21] | Yes | Yes |
.circle | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.city | City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions, transportation businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 22] | Yes | Yes |
.claims | Insurance adjusters & claims representatives, insurance claims departments (auto, medical, homeowners), customer service departments of insurance companies, law firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 23] | Yes | Yes |
.cleaning | Contractors, commercial/home cleaning services, auto detailing/cleaning services | — | Identity Digital[ID 24] | Yes | Yes |
.click | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes | |
.clinic | Healthcare clinics, medical or healthcare specialists, sports clinics, urgent care clinics | — | Identity Digital[ID 25] | Yes | Yes |
.clothing | Online retailers, department stores, designers | — | Identity Digital[ID 26] | Yes | Yes |
.cloud | Companies involved in cloud computing | — | Aruba S.p.A. | ||
.club | groups, organizations, assemblies, communities, general | —[30] | .CLUB DOMAINS | Yes[31] | Yes |
.coach | Athletic organizations, personal trainers & coaches, business, life, & health coaches, school & community club coaches or tutors, affordable travel, airline, train, car, or other transportation companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.codes | Software and web developers, IT companies, technology R&D companies, coding enthusiasts, coding classes & camps | — | Identity Digital[ID 27] | Yes | Yes |
.coffee | Coffee shops, roasters, wholesalers & suppliers, machine & equipment suppliers and stands | — | Identity Digital[ID 28] | Yes | Yes |
.college | Educational | — | XYZ.com | Yes | Yes |
.community | City guides & community centers, online communities, neighborhood associations, churches, mosques, temples, and other spiritual communities, local writers & bloggers | — | Identity Digital[ID 29] | Yes | Yes |
.company | Small, medium, or large businesses, business that want to demonstrate authority in their field, makers, artisans, anyone who sells a niche product | — | Identity Digital[ID 30] | Yes | Yes |
.compare | — | iSelect Ltd[9] | |||
.computer | Computer manufacturers, computer repair services, computer resellers, computer training & education programs, tech companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 31] | Yes | Yes |
.condos | Real estate brokers/agents, property (condominium) managers, mortgage companies, condominium/apartment developers, condominium associations | — | Identity Digital[ID 32] | Yes | Yes |
.construction | Contractors, commercial/residential architects, wholesale and retail construction suppliers | — | Identity Digital[ID 33] | Yes | Yes |
.consulting | Consulting firms, independent consultants, specialty services, businesses that offer expert training | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.contact | Top Level Spectrum, Inc.[9] | ||||
.contractors | Construction-related businesses, contractors, subcontractors, independent contractors with unique skills and expertise, unions or other organizations promoting their people and skills | — | Identity Digital[ID 34] | Yes | Yes |
.cooking | sharing recipes | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.cool | Fashion magazines & blogs, meme aggregators, trend tracking sites, online merchants, fun publications & sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 35] | Yes | Yes |
.coop | cooperatives | The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles. | DotCooperation | No | Yes |
.country | general | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.coupon | discounts and rebates | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.coupons | Coupon pages, coupon sites, discount sites, coupon-themed blogs, bargain hunters | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.courses | education | Open Universities Australia Pty Ltd[9] | |||
.cpa | accountants and accounting firms | Restricted to licensed CPAs and CPA firms | American Institute of Certified Public Accountants | Unknown | Yes |
.credit | Credit card companies, lenders, credit unions, collection agencies, credit counselors & financial planners | — | Identity Digital[ID 36] | Yes | Yes |
.creditcard | Credit card companies, store/retailer credit card sites, credit counselors & financial planners, credit card processing services | — | Identity Digital[ID 37] | Yes | Yes |
.cruise | Cruise lines, cruise-related products or services, travel agencies & vacation services, private charter boats | Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.[9] | |||
.cricket | cricket | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.cruises | cruise businesses and travel | — | Identity Digital[ID 38] | Yes | Yes |
.cyou | For any individual or business that shares the ethical values of diversity, inclusivity, and independence[32] | — | Shortdot SA[33] | Yes |
D
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.dad | fathers | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.dance | Dance studios & instructors, nightclubs & music venues, dance teams & troupes, dance shoe, clothing & equipment manufacturers, fans of dance & live performances | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.data | Dish DBS Corporation[9] | ||||
.date | online dating | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.dating | Dating & matchmaker sites, travel sites & city guides, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, event businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 39] | Yes | Yes |
.day | general | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.deal | sales | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.deals | Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages. coupon-themed guides, directories and blogs | — | Identity Digital[ID 40] | Yes | Yes |
.degree | Brick-and-mortar schools & universities, online universities, other learning courses, other educational resources | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.delivery | Consumer delivery services, commercial shipping services, transportation services, messenger services, any business that ships their products | — | Identity Digital[ID 41] | Yes | Yes |
.democrat | Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.dental | Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care | — | Identity Digital[ID 42] | Yes | Yes |
.dentist | Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.design | graphic art and fashion | — | Top Level Design | Yes | Yes |
.dev | software development | — | Unknown | Yes | |
.diamonds | Jewelers, diamond wholesalers and retailers, jewelry appraisers and buyers, pawn shops | — | Identity Digital[ID 43] | Yes | Yes |
.diet | dieting and dietary | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.digital | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), online event, meetup & gaming sites, technology companies, e-commerce sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 44] | Yes | Yes |
.direct | Direct-to-consumer stores, bargain hunters, transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services | — | Identity Digital[ID 45] | Yes | Yes |
.directory | Listings organizations, name, phone & address directories, online business directories, clubs, groups, & other organizations directories | — | Identity Digital[ID 46] | Yes | Yes |
.discount | Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages, coupon-themed blogs | — | Identity Digital[ID 47] | Yes | Yes |
.diy | do-it-yourself | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[9] | |||
.docs | Technical Documentation | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | |||
.doctor | Doctors, any business with “doctor” in the name, other health care providers, PhD experts in any field | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes | |
.dog | Dog breeders, dog walking, grooming & sitting businesses, veterinarians, animal shelters & adoption centers, pet stores & suppliers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.domains | Any web-based service, network consultants, domain brokers, resellers and registrars, home-related products and services | — | Identity Digital[ID 48] | Yes | Yes |
.dot | Dish DBS Corporation[9] | ||||
.download | technology | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.drive | Reserved for Google Drive | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] |
E
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.earth | Individuals or businesses with a worldwide focus | — | Interlink Co., Ltd.[9] | ||
.eat | restaurants and foodies | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.eco | Sustainability minded companies, non-profits and professionals.[34] | Open to anyone pledging a commitment to sustainability action.[35] | Big Room Inc.[36] | No | Yes |
.education | Colleges & universities, public schools, PTAs & other school groups, education research organizations, any organization focused on educating its audience | — | Identity Digital[ID 49] | Yes | Yes |
Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, email marketing experts, CRM and marketing technology specialists, anyone who wants a memorable email address | — | Identity Digital[ID 50] | Yes | Yes | |
.energy | Electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear & thermal energy producers, solar, wind, hydro, bio & other sustainable alternative energy producers, battery manufacturers & oil industry R&D, energy conservation organizations, energy food & drink manufacturers | — | Identity Digital[ID 51] | Yes | Yes |
.engineer | Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.engineering | Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers | — | Identity Digital[ID 52] | Yes | Yes |
.edeka | edeka firms | — | EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V. | Yes | Yes |
.entertainment | Ticket outlets, travel sites & local tourist sites, performance halls, theaters, & music venues, anyone in the entertainment industry, celebrity news sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.enterprises | Entrepreneurs, startups, parent & holding companies, enterprise SaaS solutions & tech services | — | Identity Digital[ID 53] | Yes | Yes |
.equipment | Home improvement stores, construction equipment rentals, construction equipment sales, sporting goods stores | — | Identity Digital[ID 54] | Yes | Yes |
.esq | lawyers, law firms, legal professionals | To be restricted to verified lawyers and attorneys[37] | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.estate | Estate sale management & appraisal services, estate planners & lawyers, real estate agents & brokers | — | Identity Digital[ID 55] | Yes | Yes |
.events | Event planners, sports & gaming agencies/sites, ticket sale/resale sites, city guides & community centers, performance halls, music clubs/bars | — | Identity Digital[ID 56] | Yes | Yes |
.exchange | Foreign currency exchanges, stock brokers, investment fund traders, ETF distributors, brokers, & dealers | — | Identity Digital[ID 57] | Yes | Yes |
.expert | Home services providers, online review sites, skilled worker databases, freelanceers, consultants, & subject matter experts | — | Identity Digital[ID 58] | Yes | Yes |
.exposed | Tabloid sites, celebrity romance blog, TV spoiler sites, sites that host leaked documents, investigative journalism sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 59] | Yes | Yes |
.express | Transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services, direct-to-consumer stores | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
F
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.fail | Online meme aggregators, humor websites, video sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 60] | Yes | Yes |
.faith | religion and churches | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.family | Family-focused travel sites, blogs about family-friendly activities & games, family history sites, photo sites, obstetricians & family practice doctors | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.fan | Fan sites, current events & gossip sites, sport blogs and forums, personal & business sites about niche topics | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes | |
.fans | general | — | ZDNS International Limited | Unknown | Yes |
.farm | Real estate brokers/agents, farming services & equipment dealers, farmers & ranchers, property managers, health food distributors, cryptocurrency farmers | — | Identity Digital[ID 61] | Yes | Yes |
.fashion | clothing industry | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.fast | Reserved for Amazon | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.feedback | feedback and reviews | — | Top Level Spectrum | Unknown | Yes |
.fiat | Reserved for Stellantis (previously Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Fiat S.p.A.) | Stellantis N.V. | Unknown | Yes | |
.film | films | Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd[9] | |||
.final | final versions of anything | Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br[9] | |||
.finance | Investment services, banks & financial institutes, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders | — | Identity Digital[ID 62] | Yes | Yes |
.financial | Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders | — | Identity Digital[ID 63] | Yes | Yes |
.fire | Reserved for Amazon (promotion of Fire devices) | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.fish | Seafood markets, restaurants & suppliers, sport fishing & fly fishing enthusiasts, fishing gear, tackle, & product manufacturers, travel outfitters & fishing guide companies, aquariums, pet & fish supply stores, marine biology programs & conservation organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 64] | Yes | Yes |
.fishing | fishing businesses, sports, and interests | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.fit | Fitness and exercise | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
.fitness | Gyms, athletic clubs & family health organizations, personal trainers, weight loss, health & wellness clinics, health & exercise blogs, fitness competition & events companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 65] | Yes | Yes |
.flights | Airline-related products or services, helicopter rides, skydiving, & hang gliding, travel agencies & travel services, private pilots, airport transportation | — | Identity Digital[ID 66] | Yes | Yes |
.florist | Florists, flower delivery services, floral designers, flower seed suppliers | — | Identity Digital[ID 67] | Yes | Yes |
.flowers | florists and gardens | — | Uniregistry | Yes | Yes |
.fly | travel | To be restricted to verified airlines, travel agencies and travel resellers[38] | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.foo | web development | —[39] | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.food | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[9] | ||||
.foodnetwork | Reserved for Food Network | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[9] | |||
.football | Professional & amateur football & soccer teams, football clothing, gear & fan merchandise, football equipment manufacturers, football coaches & players | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.forsale | Individual real estate brokers and brokerages, wholesalers and retailers across many product categories, discount, flash sale and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.forum | forums | Fegistry, LLC[9] | |||
.foundation | Charitable organizations, public school foundations, other philanthropic organizations & foundations | — | Identity Digital[ID 68] | Yes | Yes |
.free | sales | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.frontdoor | Reserved for HGTV | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[9] | |||
.fun | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Unknown | |
.fund | Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, lenders | — | Identity Digital[ID 69] | Yes | Yes |
.furniture | Home décor and furnishing stores, department stores, home designers, vintage stores, antique dealers | — | Identity Digital[ID 70] | Yes | Yes |
.fyi | "for your information" | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
G
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.gallery | Galleries, professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 71] | Yes | Yes |
.game | gaming | Uniregistry, Corp.[9] | |||
.games | Gaming sites, forums & reviews, online or brick & mortar game stores/clubs, sports events, clubs—professional & recreational, casinos | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes | |
.garden | gardening | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.gay | gay individuals or supportive organisations | — | Top Level Design[n 4] | Yes | Yes |
.gdn | general | — | GDN Registry | Unknown | Unknown |
.gift | gift-giving | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.gifts | Gift buyers, discount sites, corporate HR departments, bargain hunters | — | Identity Digital[ID 72] | Yes | Yes |
.gives | Philanthropic organizations and foundations, charities, nonprofits, corporate giving initiatives, volunteer organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.glass | Glass & glass repair shops, glass departments within home supply stores, contractors, windshield repair & auto glass businesses, DIYers/artists | — | Identity Digital[ID 73] | Yes | Yes |
.gle | Google abbreviations | In use for some URL abbreviations related to Google such as forms.gle and goo.gle. | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (a Google subsidiary)[41] | Unknown | Yes |
.global | general, companies or individuals with a global focus or presence | — | Dot GLOBAL | Yes | Yes |
.gold | Jewelers, gold traders and dealers, coin sellers and traders, trophy and awards shops | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.golf | Professional & amateur golf organizations, golf courses, equipment suppliers & manufacturers, golf travel & event companies, golf players, enthusiasts & spectators, sports networks | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
In use for some websites related to Google such as blog |
Alphabet Inc. | Unknown | Yes | ||
.gop | Republican Party politics | — | Republican State Leadership Committee | Spanish[42] | Yes |
.graphics | Web design firms, freelance designers, graphic artists | — | Identity Digital[ID 74] | Yes | Yes |
.green | the environmentally-focused | "As a Registrant you may not ... use a .green name or its content in a way that negatively affects the mission, purpose of the .green TLD, or its brand."[43] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.gripe | Online complaint sites, online forums, customer service providers, feedback sites, blogs about scams | — | Identity Digital[ID 75] | Yes | Yes |
.grocery | Reserved for Walmart | Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.[9] | |||
.group | Groups based on hobbies or interests (running, crafts, gaming), group-based businesses (medical practices, law firms, financial advisors), professional associations, support groups | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.guide | City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions & guides, outdoor adventure companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 76] | Yes | Yes |
.guitars | Guitars | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.guru | Mindfulness & yoga practices, spiritual leadership sites, any training program, work-for-hire sites, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts | — | Identity Digital[ID 77] | Yes[44] | Yes |
H
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.hair | haircare products and services | XYZ.com[9] | |||
.hangout | Reserved for Google Hangouts | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | |||
.health | health and related topics | DotHealth, LLC[9] | |||
.healthcare | Primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare insurance providers & brokers, company HR/benefits departments | — | Identity Digital[ID 78] | Yes | Yes |
.help | help sites | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.here | generic geographic | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.hiphop | Hip hop culture | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.hiv | AIDS and HIV awareness | — | dotHIV | Unknown | Yes |
.hockey | Sports media, sporting goods stores & hockey equipment suppliers, professional, minor league & amateur hockey teams, hockey fans, fantasy leagues, sponsors, coaches & referees | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.holdings | Holding companies, private equity firms, real estate developers | — | Identity Digital[ID 79] | Yes | Yes |
.holiday | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, city guides & resource sites, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital[ID 80] | Yes | Yes |
.homegoods | Reserved for HomeGoods | The TJX Companies, Inc.[9] | |||
.homes | real estate professionals | — | Dominion Enterprises | Unknown | Yes |
.homesense | Reserved for HomeSense | The TJX Companies, Inc.[9] | |||
.horse | horse-related businesses and interest | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.hospital | Hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, medical, dental, or vision specialists, insurance providers | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes | |
.host | network companies | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.hosting | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes | |
.hot | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.hotels | Reserved for Booking.com | Booking.com B.V.[9] | |||
.house | Real estate brokers/agents, mortgage companies, home builders, construction/home improvement suppliers, home improvement sites & blogs | — | Identity Digital[ID 81] | Yes | Yes |
.how | how-to guides | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
I
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.ice | Reserved for Intercontinental Exchange | IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.[9] | |||
.icu | entrepreneurs and business owners | — | ShortDot SA | ||
.inc | Corporations | ||||
.industries | Machine or equipment manufacturers, manufacturers, tech or biotech companies, professional associations, businesses with “industries” in their names | — | Identity Digital[ID 82] | Yes | Yes |
.info | information | — | Identity Digital | German[10] | Yes |
.ing | Verbal suffix: e.g., "jump.ing". | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.ink | creative printing or tattooing[45] | — | Top Level Design | Yes | Yes |
.institute[46] | Educational institutions, training programs, foundations, research organizations, military schools | — | Identity Digital[ID 83] | Yes | Yes |
.insurance | insurance companies | fTLD Registry Services LLC[9] | |||
.insure | Insurance companies (life, auto, homeowners, renters), insurance divisions of larger companies (car rentals, warranties), insurance brokers & advisors | — | Identity Digital[ID 84] | Yes | Yes |
.international | Any organization with an international presence, international consultants, import/export businesses, international travel organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 85] | Yes | Yes |
.investments | Investment services (institutional, private), wealth management services, financial planners, brokerage firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 86] | Yes | Yes |
.irish | Airline-related products or services, domestic/International travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, Ireland travel guides & resource sites, seasonal opportunities (St. Patrick's Day) | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
J
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jewelry | Jewelers, jewelry buyers, online retailers, department stores | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.jobs | Employment | For websites with job opportunities and job listings.[47] | Employ Media | No | Yes |
.joy | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] |
K
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.kim | Kim (Korean surname) | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.kitchen | Restaurants, cafes, & delis, food stands & mobile vendors, meal services & personal chefs, kitchen supply stores, food blogs & recipe sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 87] | Yes | Yes |
.kosher | Kosher food certification and regulations | — | OK Kosher Certification |
L
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.land | Real estate brokers and agents, residential/commercial land developers, home builders, mortgage companies, traditional “classified” sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 88] | Yes | Yes |
.lat | Latin American communities and users | ECOM-LAC[9] | |||
.law | practitioners and educators in law | Restricted to qualified lawyers, courts of law, law schools, and legal regulators.[48] | Minds + Machines Group Limited[9] | ||
.lawyer | Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.lease | Real estate brokers/agents, property managers, condo/apartment developers, real estate law firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 89] | Yes | Yes |
.leclerc | Reserved for E.Leclerc | A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc | |||
.legal | Attorneys, lawyers & law firms, corporate legal teams, paralegals, legal advocates, committees, associations and interest groups associated with the law | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.lgbt | the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community | "Registrants are prohibited from using the .LGBT domain in a manner that is harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, or hateful with respect to the LGBT community."[49] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.life | Wellness and health experts, charities, coaches & personal development enthusiasts, lifestyle bloggers, anyone who wants to share personal stories | — | Identity Digital[ID 90] | Yes | Yes |
.lifeinsurance | life insurance | American Council of Life Insurers[9] | |||
.lighting | Lighting & lighting repair shops, lighting departments within home supply stores, contractors, commercial/residential architects, DIYers | — | Identity Digital[ID 91] | Yes | Yes |
.like | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.limited | Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products | — | Identity Digital[ID 92] | Yes | Yes |
.limo | Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, lodging, weddings, party and occasion-related services | — | Identity Digital[ID 93] | Yes | Yes |
.link | connecting to information[50] | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.live | Live streaming sites, entertainment/music venues, news sites/blogs, ticket sale/resale sites, video production companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.living | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[9] | ||||
.loan | banks and lenders | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.loans | Mortgage companies, personal loan agencies, auto loan agencies & car dealerships, credit consolidation services | — | Identity Digital[ID 94] | Yes | Yes |
.locker | Reserved for DISH DBS Corporation | Dish DBS Corporation[9] | |||
.lol | LOL: laughing out loud (humorous or comedic content) | — | Uniregistry[51] | Unknown | Yes |
.lotto | lottery | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.love | dating sites | — | Unknown | Yes | |
.ltd | Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.luxury | businesses catering to the wealthy | — | Luxury Partners | Yes | Yes |
M
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.makeup | XYZ.com[9] | ||||
.management | Property managers, wealth management firms, money management, systems & network managers, leadership teams | — | Identity Digital[ID 95] | Yes | Yes |
.map | maps and navigation | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | No | ||
.market | Online retailers, independent or chain grocery stores, buyer and seller communities, discount sites & coupon sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.marketing | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), staffing agencies, marketing consultants | — | Identity Digital[ID 96] | Yes | Yes |
.markets | Donuts[ID 97] | Unknown | Yes | ||
.mba | Colleges, universities, & graduate programs, online educational sites, job search sites, MBA candidates | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.med | medicine and related topics | Medistry LLC[9] | |||
.media | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), news outlets, media bloggers, celebrity publications, digital publishers & graphic designers | — | Identity Digital[ID 98] | Yes | Yes |
.meet | social gatherings, meeting new people | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.meme | Internet memes | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.memorial | News site obituaries, personal tribute sites, floral & funeral arrangement companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.men | men | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.menu | restaurants | — | Wedding TLD2 | Yes | Yes |
.mint | Reserved for Intuit Mint | Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.mobi | mobile devices | Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards. | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.mobile | Dish DBS Corporation[9] | ||||
.mobily | Reserved for Mobily | GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[9] | |||
.moe | Japanese otaku culture; see moe (slang) | — | Interlink | Yes | Yes |
.mom | mothers | Uniregistry, Corp.[9] | |||
.money | Lenders, financial services businesses, money blogs & news sites, investment bankers & brokers, financial planners & experts | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.monster | XYZ.com | Yes | Yes | ||
.mortgage | Mortgage brokers, real estate brokers/agents, home buyers, traditional “classified” sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.motorcycles | motorcycles | — | DERMotorcycles | Unknown | Yes |
.mov | digital video | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.movie | Streaming movie services, movie studios & distributors, movie theaters & entertainment outlets, ticket sale/resale sites, movie review sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.museum | museums | Must be verified as a legitimate museum. | Museum Domain Management Association | Latin script[10] | Yes |
.music | Music dissemination and appreciation | — | Under contention |
N
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.name | individuals, by name | Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter. | Verisign | Yes[10] | Yes |
.navy | Naval training schools, navy supply stores, military recruiters, credit unions, navy members and veterans | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.network | IT professionals, tech consultants, career sites, industry-specific professional groups, social networks | — | Identity Digital[ID 99] | Yes | Yes |
.new | Websites where people can create something | The second-level domain name must be the thing to be created immediately when a user visits the .new website. Most likely, the .new will redirect to a company's main website. | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.news | News organizations, educational publications, trade publications, neighborhood news blogs | — | Unknown | Yes | |
.ngo | Non-governmental organizations. Sold packaged with .ong. |
Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[52] | Public Interest Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.ninja | Sites promoting specialized skills, repair services (auto, appliance, etc.), gaming sites, martial arts organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.now | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.ntt | Restricted to use by NTT Japan.[53] | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation.[9] | Yes | Yes |
O
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.observer | Donuts[ID 97] | ||||
.org | general | — | Public Interest Registry | ||
.one | general | — | One Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.ong | Non-governmental organizations. Sold packaged with .ngo. |
Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[52] | Public Interest Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.onl | generic | — | I-REGISTRY | Unknown | Yes |
.online | generic | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.ooo | general | Infibeam | Yes | Yes | |
.open | private to the "Registry Operator and its qualified Affiliates and Trademark Licensees"[54] | American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.[9] | |||
.organic | organic gardeners, farmers, foods, etc. | Registrants must be verified as a member of the organic community.[55] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.origins | Reserved for Origins | The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.[9] |
P
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.page | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | ||||
.partners | Law firms, real estate agencies, investment firms, accounting firms, nonprofit organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 100] | Yes | Yes |
.parts | Appliance wholesalers & service, tool rentals & service businesses, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 101] | Yes | Yes |
.party | nightclubs and social gatherings | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.pay | electronic payments | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.pet | animals and pets | Identity Digital[9] | |||
.pharmacy | pharmacies | "All registrants within the .pharmacy gTLD are vetted prior to registration to confirm that they meet all applicable regulatory standards, including pharmacy licensure and valid prescription requirements, in the jurisdictions where they are based and where they serve patients."[56] | National Association of Boards of Pharmacy | Unknown | Yes |
.phone | telephone-related businesses | Dish DBS Corporation[9] | |||
.photo | photography and photo-sharing | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.photography | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 102] | Yes | Yes |
.photos | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 103] | Yes | Yes |
.physio | physical therapists | Must be eligible for membership within an association that is a member of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, have proper training as a physical therapist outside WCPT's reach, or otherwise supports physical therapy.[57][58] | PhysBiz | Unknown | Yes |
.pics | photography and photo-sharing | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.pictures | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 104] | Yes | Yes |
.pid | personal identification | — | Top Level Spectrum | Unknown | Yes |
.pin | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.pink | those who like the color pink | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.pizza | Pizzerias, take & bake pizza shops, Italian or Greek restaurants, pizza brands found in grocery stores | — | Identity Digital[ID 105] | Yes | Yes |
.place | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, tourist attractions, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital[ID 106] | Yes | Yes |
.plumbing | Plumbers & plumbing repair businesses, plumbing departments within home supply stores, contractors/subcontractors, DIYers | — | Identity Digital[ID 107] | Yes | Yes |
.plus | Consumer commodity stores & sites, clothing (plus, big & tall), service-based businesses, any entity wanting to show their competitive advantage | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.poker | Poker players and sites | — | Identity Digital[n 5] | Unknown | Yes |
.porn | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.post | postal services | The .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[59] | Universal Postal Union | No[60] | Yes |
.press | publishing and journalism | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.prime | Reserved for Amazon Prime | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.pro | professions/professionals | — | Registry Services Corporation | No | Yes |
.productions | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), video production services, anyone in the film industry | — | Identity Digital[ID 108] | Yes | Yes |
.prof | Professors, teachers and learning | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.promo | advertising | Identity Digital[9] | |||
.properties | Real estate brokers/agents, residential/Commercial land developers, property (condo/apartment) managers, home builders, mortgage companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 109] | Yes | Yes |
.property | real estate | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.protection | security | XYZ.COM LLC[9] | |||
.pub | Pubs, bars & nightclubs, burger joints, breweries & taphouses, beer distributors, restaurant & bar suppliers
publications |
— | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
Q
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.qpon | coupons | — | dotCOOL | Unknown | Yes |
.quebec | People and businesses in Quebec | — | — | Unknown | Yes |
R
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.racing | racing | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.radio | radio stations | European Broadcasting Union (EBU)[9] | |||
.read | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.realestate | real estate | dotRealEstate LLC[9] | |||
.realtor | realtors | To be restricted to members of the National Association of Realtors and the Canadian Real Estate Association, and related associations.[61] | Real Estate Domains | Unknown | Yes |
.realty | realty and housing | Fegistry, LLC[9] | |||
.recipes | Recipe sites, food & beverage grocery brands, health & fitness organizations, cooking enthusiasts, personal/professional chefs | — | Identity Digital[ID 110] | Yes | Yes |
.red | those who like the color red[62] Also Spanish variant of .net Also likely to be attractive for domain hacks for words that end with '-red'. |
— | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.rehab | Physical and occupational therapists and professionals, drug, alcohol and gambling addiction counselors, rehabilitation facilities and recovery centers, online health directories, physical or emotional health associations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.reit | real estate investment trusts | Restricted to REITs, as determined by national law.[63] | National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts | Unknown | Yes |
.rent | Real estate professionals and small businesses | — | xyz.xyz | Unknown | Yes |
.rentals | Real estate brokers/agents, city guides, college housing centers, & community centers, vehicle, equipment, or entertainment/event rentals, property managers, condo/apartment developers | — | Identity Digital[ID 111] | Yes | Yes |
.repair | General or specialty repair shops, construction contractors/subcontractors, DIYers, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 112] | Yes | Yes |
.report | News and current events sites, financial reporting sites, financial or business analysts, consumer product reviews, police, school, or other community report listings | — | Identity Digital[ID 113] | Yes | Yes |
.republican | Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.rest | Restaurants and related industry | — | Punto 2012 | Yes[64] | Yes |
.restaurant | Casual eateries, gourmet restaurants, suppliers, chains, review sites, reservation sites & services | — | Identity Digital[ID 114] | Yes | Yes |
.review | public reviews | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.reviews | News media, food publications, travel publications, literary publications, any product & service with online reviews | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.rich | businesses catering to the wealthy | — | I-REGISTRY | Unknown | Yes |
.rip | Loved ones seeking to memorialize the deceased, funeral homes and cemeteries, businesses that support the funeral industry, obituary websites[65] | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.rocks | Pop culture sites, niche and fan sites, musicians, gemstone & jewelry companies | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.rodeo | Rodeo interest | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.room | lodging or room design | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.rugby | rugby | World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited[9] | |||
.run | Runners, running shoe retailers, specialty running gear shops, running event organizers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
S
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.safe | security and safety | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.sale | Online and brick-and-mortar retailers and wholesalers, automotive and motorcycle dealers, discount, flash sale, and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.salon | Hair salons, nail salons, beauty product companies, beauty schools | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.save | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.sbi | State Bank of India | ||||
.scholarships | scholarship related | — | Scholarships.com[66][67] | Unknown | Unknown |
.school | Public schools, private & charter schools, specialty and trade schools, online learning sites, resource sites for teachers | — | Identity Digital[ID 115] | Yes | Yes |
.science | science-related sites | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.search | search engines | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | |||
.secure | security | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.security | XYZ.COM LLC[9] | ||||
.select | iSelect Ltd[9] | ||||
.services | Service division of any company, home services (cleaning, landscaping, plumbing, pet care), business services (tech support, interior design, translation services), community service organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 116] | Yes | Yes |
.sex | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | ICM Registry | Yes | Yes |
.sexy | adult entertainment | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.shoes | Shoe stores, department stores, online retailers, athletic shoe retailers, discount shoe stores | — | Identity Digital[ID 117] | Yes | Yes |
.shop | GMO Registry, Inc.[9] | ||||
.shopping | Online retailers, shopping centers, personal shoppers, discount sites & coupon sites, shopping blogs & product reviews | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes | |
.show | Ticket sale/resale sites, performance halls, music clubs/bars, streaming video services, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.showtime | Reserved for Showtime | CBS Domains Inc.[9] | |||
.silk | Reserved for Amazon Silk | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |||
.singles | (Tickets) Ticket sale/resale sites, gaming agencies, movie review sites, city guides, sports sites
(Dating) Dating & matchmaker sites, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, travel sites & city guides |
— | Identity Digital[ID 118] | Yes | Yes |
.site | general | — | Unknown | Yes | |
.ski | skiing | STARTING DOT LIMITED[9] | |||
.skin | XYZ.com | ||||
.sky | Sky International AG[9] | ||||
.sling | Reserved for Sling Media | Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation[9] | |||
.smile | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.sncf | Reserved to the SNCF company. | SNCF | |||
.soccer | Professional & amateur soccer clubs, soccer equipment suppliers & manufacturers, soccer & sports media networks, soccer players, enthusiasts, & spectators, soccer camps, coaches, & training organizations | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.social | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), blogs & forums, event & meetup groups, any person or organization driving awareness of their social presence | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.software | Software testing, support, & consulting companies, software product developers & manufacturers, software training & educational institutions, software resellers | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.solar | Renewable & sustainable energy producers, solar panel, roof tile, & storage producers, solar cell battery, chargers, lights, speakers, & generator manufacturers, sunglass, shades, UV clothing, sunblock & other solar protection products | — | Identity Digital[ID 119] | Yes | Yes |
.solutions | SaaS providers, people who offer do-it-yourself tips and tutorials, consultants, any business focused on providing the right solutions to their customers’ problems. | — | Identity Digital[ID 120] | Yes | Yes |
.song | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.spa | Spas | — | Asia Spa and Wellness Promotion Council Limited | ||
.space | as a creative space | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.spreadbetting | Spread betting | DOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD[9] | |||
.spot | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.sport | sport institutions | Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) | |||
.srl | Spanish/Italian/Romanian/French limited liability companies | InterNetX GmbH | |||
.storage | Self storage | Self Storage Company LLC[9] | |||
.store | stores | — | Radix Registry | Yes | Yes |
.stream | streaming media | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | |||
.studio | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, creative freelancers, other creative agencies (i.e., animation, production), dance, yoga, or fitness studios | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.study | education | OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD[9] | |||
.style | Fashion bloggers, department stores, designers, online retailers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.sucks | gripe sites | — | Vox Populi | Unknown | Yes |
.supplies | Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, home services retailers | — | Identity Digital[ID 121] | Yes | Yes |
.supply | Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 122] | Yes | Yes |
.support | IT/Tech support services, social services, customer service & support departments, independent consultants & consulting firms, staffing services | — | Identity Digital[ID 123] | Yes[68] | Yes |
.surf | surfing | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
.surgery | Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, insurance providers | — | Identity Digital[ID 124] | Yes | Yes |
.systems | IT businesses, other tech-focused businesses, businesses that sell electronics or home security systems, organizational consultants | — | Identity Digital[ID 125] | Yes | Yes |
T
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.talk | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.tattoo | tattoo aficionados | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.tax | Accounting & bookkeeping firms, tax advisors, auditors, financial experts & advisors | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.taxi | Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.team | Professional & amateur sports teams, sports equipment suppliers & manufacturers, sports media, athletes & fans, clubs, online communities & business organizations | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.tech | technology | — | Radix Registry | Yes | Yes |
.technology | Tech-focused businesses & tech startups, businesses that sell to tech companies, developers, coders, programmers, computer retailers, technology blogs, news sites, & review sites, hardware & software companies, R&D companies, tech product manufacturers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.tel | internet communication services | A contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System. | Yes[69] | Yes | |
.tennis | Tennis courts, clubs & other venues, tennis equipment suppliers and retailers, professional & amateur tennis players, sports media | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.theater | Entertainment & movie theater outlets, live performance theaters, professional performer associations, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.theatre | theatre | XYZ.COM LLC[9] | |||
.tickets | ticket resale | XYZ.COM LLC[9] | |||
.tips | Travel, hotel & hospitality companies, cooking & recipe publications, parenting & and relationship publications, manufacturers of any product with assembly instructions, publications that provide advice on gratuity practices around the world | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.tires | Tire wholesalers, tire retailers, auto repair shops | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.today | News & current event sites, websites that publish daily content, daily inspiration sites, sites with daily rotating deals or offers, anyone who wants to spur immediate action | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.tools | Tool shops, tool departments within home supply stores, contractors, subcontractors, construction-related businesses | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.top | general | — | Jiangsu Bangning | Unknown | Yes |
.tours | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, tourist attractions, outdoor adventure companies, private plane/helicopter tours & services | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.town | Travel agencies, resources & services, local business associations, city guides & resource sites, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.toys | Toy stores, online retailers, department stores, game companies, sporting goods companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.trade | businesses | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Yes | Yes |
.trading | DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD[9] | ||||
.training | Personal trainers & nutrition coaches, gyms and fitness centers, sports medicine practitioners, business that sell sports gear or apparel, or fan merchandise, animal trainers, career or vocational training centers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.travel | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, any other travel or transportation business | Must be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity. | No | Yes | |
.travelersinsurance | Reserved for Travelers Insurance | Travelers TLD, LLC[9] | |||
.trust | UNR Corp.[9] | ||||
.tube | Latin American Telecom LLC[9] | ||||
.tunes | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] |
U
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.uconnect | Not assigned[9][70] | ||||
.university | Online universities, brick-and-mortar universities, university-related clubs & organizations | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.uno | general, Spanish and Italian speakers, Uno (card game) |
V
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.vacations | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.ventures | Venture capital investment firms, business financial services, business consultants, programs & services for entrepreneurs | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.vet | Veterinarians, veterinary clinics and hospitals, wholesale suppliers for veterinary supplies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.video | Video production & media companies, videographers, video editors, script writers, & producers, streaming video sites services, creative agencies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.villas | International real estate brokers/agents, international travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, traditional “classified” sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.vin | Wineries, wine shops & wine bars, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites and apps | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.vip | Very important persons | Minds + Machines Group Limited[9] | |||
.vision | Opticians & optometry clinics, healthcare providers, insurance provider, glasses retailers, online and brick & mortar | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.vodka | vodka-related businesses and interest | — | Yes | Yes | |
.volvo | Only Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag and its Affiliates are eligible to register a Domain Name under the .volvo Domain [71] | AB Volvo | Unknown | Yes | |
.vote | democratic elections and campaign websites | Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[72] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.voting | polling sites | — | Latin and Cyrillic scripts[10] | Yes | |
.voyage | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
W
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.wang | general Wǎng is a Chinese Mandarin pinyin rendering of 网 (traditional 網) meaning "web" or "portal".[73] Wang is also a common surname in mainland China. |
— | Zodiac Registry | Yes[74] | Yes |
.watch | Watchmakers, jewelry stores, watch repair shops, neighborhood watch groups | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.watches | watches | Richemont DNS Inc.[9] | |||
.weather | Reserved for The Weather Channel | International Business Machines Corporation[9] | |||
.webcam | web cam shows and video sharing | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Yes | Yes |
.website | general | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
.wed | engaged couples and wedding-oriented businesses | This TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with large third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).[75] And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.[76] |
No | Yes | |
.wedding | wedding-oriented businesses | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.whoswho | Who's Who (general) | An open TLD, any person or entity is permitted to register. Conceived for those cited in one of the Who's Who reference titles published around the world, the registry was opened for use by private individuals, and for-profit and nonprofit entities, including those with social media aspirations. Registry policies allow for rapid takedown of non-compliant domains, for violations including imposturous registration of another's names, and proscribed uses, including pornography or adult services/applications. | Who's Who Registry | Yes | Yes |
.wiki | wikis | "An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation" | Top Level Design | Yes | Yes |
.win | games, Microsoft Windows | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[8] | Unknown | Yes |
.wine | Wineries, wine bars, wine shops, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.winners | Reserved for TJX Companies | The TJX Companies, Inc.[9] | |||
.work | general | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.works | Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, companies with solution based products or services | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.world | Brands with an international presence, nonprofits and charities, travel agencies & adventure companies, world travelers & global communities, any business with “world” in its name | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.wow | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.wtf | Bargain websites, photo & video aggregators, meme sites, news of the weird | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
X
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.xxx | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | Uniregistry | Yes | Yes |
.xyz | general | — | XYZ.com | Yes[77] | Yes |
Y
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.yachts | yachts | DERYachts, LLC | [9] | ||
.yoga | yoga | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.you | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.youtube | Reserved for YouTube | Google, LLC |
Z
Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.zero | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | ||||
.zip | digital storage information, providers, and related entities | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9] | |||
.zone | Sports fans, technology groups & followers, entertainment, fairs, destinations with a “zone”, city planners & zoning regulators, any topic with a following | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
Chinese
Name | Chinese term | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.ren | 人 rén | "people/person" in Mandarin pinyin | Restricted TLD[78] | (Cancelled)[79] | Unknown | Yes |
.shouji | 手机 shŏujī | mobile phone | QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. | |||
.tushu | 图书 túshū | books | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | |||
.wanggou | 网购 wǎnggòu | online shopping | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | |||
微博 wēibó | microblogging | Sina Corporation | ||||
.xihuan | 喜欢 xǐhuān | like | QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. | |||
.xin | 信 xìn | credit; honest | Alibaba Group |
French
Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.arte | "art" | Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. | [9] | ||
.clinique | "hospital" | The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. | [9] | ||
.luxe | "luxury" | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
.maison | "house" | — | Identity Digital[ID 126] | Yes | Yes |
.moi | "me" | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | [9] | ||
.rsvp | Invitations and replies | — | Google[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
.sarl | Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company | — | Identity Digital[ID 127] | Yes | Yes |
German
Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.epost | Deutsche Post AG | ||||
.gmbh | GmbH | Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.haus | "house" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.immobilien | "real estate" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes[10] | Yes |
.jetzt | "now" | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.kaufen | "buy" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes[10] | Yes |
.kinder | "children" | restricted .brand TLD | Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. | ||
.reise | "travel" | Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[80] | Identity Digital | Yes[10] | Yes |
.reisen | "traveling" | — | Identity Digital[ID 128] | Yes[10] | Yes |
.schule | "school" | — | Identity Digital[ID 129] | Yes | Yes |
.versicherung | "insurance" | — | Latin script[10] | Yes |
Hindi
Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.desi | देसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia See also Desi |
— | Desi Networks | Unknown | Yes |
.shiksha | शिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education". | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
.भारत |
Italian
Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.casa | "house" | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
.immo | French, German,[81] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate" | — | Identity Digital[ID 130] | Yes | Yes |
.moda | "fashion" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes[10] | Yes |
.voto | "vote", for election and campaign websites | Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[82] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[83] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
Portuguese
Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.bom | good | Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br | |||
.passagens | ticket | Travel Reservations SRL |
Spanish
Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.abogado | "lawyer" | To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[84] | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
.futbol | "Football" (soccer) | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
.gratis | "free" | — | Identity Digital[ID 131] | Yes | Yes |
.hoteles | "hotels" | Travel Reservations SRL | |||
.juegos | "games" | — | Uniregistry | Yes[16] | Yes |
.ltda | companies in South America | Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[85] | InterNetX | Unknown | Yes |
.soy | "I am" Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives |
— | Google[n 2] | Latin script, Japanese[86] | Yes |
.tienda | "shop", "store" | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
.uno | "one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers | — | Spanish | Yes | |
.viajes | "travel" or "trips" | — | Identity Digital | Spanish | Yes |
.vuelos | "flights" | Travel Reservations SRL | Yes | Yes |
Internationalized generic top-level domains
All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.
- Notes: general remarks and intended use
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Arabic script
DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--4gbrim[87] | .موقع | Arabic | Arabic | mawqiʿ | "site" or "location" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--fhbei[87] | .كوم | Arabic | kwm | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[9] | ||
xn--mgbb9fbpob[87] | .موبايلي | Arabic | mūbāylī | Mobily | Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[9] | ||
xn--mgbi4ecexp[87] | .كاثوليك | Arabic | kāthūlīk | Catholic | Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[9] | ||
xn--ngbc5azd[87] | .شبكة | Arabic | Arabic | shabaka | "network" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--ngbe9e0a[87] | .بيتك | Arabic | baytak | your home | Owned by: Kuwait Finance House[9] | ||
xn--mgbab2bd[87] | .بازار | Persian | Arabic | bâzâr | "market", "bazaar" | Open TLD | Yes |
Chinese characters
DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--3ds443g[87] | .在线 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | zàixiàn | "online" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[88] |
Yes |
xn--fiq228c5hs[87] | .中文网 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Zhōngwén wǎng | "(written) Chinese (language) network" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[88] |
Yes |
xn--ses554g[87] | .网址 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngzhǐ | "network address" or "website" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--5tzm5g[87] | .网站 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngzhàn | "website" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--io0a7i[87] | .网络 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngluò | "network" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--55qx5d[87] | .公司 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | gōngsī | "business organization" or "company" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--czru2d[87] | .商城 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | shāngchéng | "mall" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--nqv7f[87] | .机构 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | jīgòu | "agency" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--6qq986b3xl[87] | .我爱你 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǒ ài nǐ | "I love you" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--czr694b[87] | .商标 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | shāngbiāo | "trademark" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--rhqv96g[87] | .世界 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | shìjiè | "world" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--3bst00m[87] | .集团 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | jítuán | "conglomerate" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--30rr7y[87] | .慈善 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Císhàn | "philanthropy" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--45q11c[87] | .八卦 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Bāguà | "gossip" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--55qw42g[87] | .公益 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Gōngyì | "philanthropy" | Open TLD | Yes |
Cyrillic script
DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--d1acj3b[87] | .дети | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | dyeti | "kids" or "children" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--80aqecdr1a[87] | .католик | Cyrillic | Katolik | Catholic | Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[9] | ||
xn--j1aef[87] | .ком | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | kom | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl | |
xn--80asehdb[87] | .онлайн | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | onlain | "online" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--c1avg[87] | .орг | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | org | "org" or "organization" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--80aswg[87] | .сайт | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | sait | "site" | Open TLD | Yes |
Japanese characters
DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--q9jyb4c[87] | .みんな | Japanese | Hiragana | minna | everyone | Open TLD[89] | Yes |
xn--1ck2e1b[87] | .セール | Japanese | Katakana | sēru | sale | Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9] | |
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[87] | .ファッション | Japanese | Katakana | fasshon | fashion | ||
xn--cck2b3b[87] | .ストア | Japanese | Katakana | sutoa | store | ||
xn--eckvdtc9d[87] | .ポイント | Japanese | Katakana | pointo | point | ||
xn--gckr3f0f[87] | .クラウド | Japanese | Katakana | kuraudo | cloud | ||
xn--tckwe[87] | .コム | Japanese | Katakana | komu | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[9] |
Other script
DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn‑‑h2brj9c[90] | .भारत | Hindi | Devanagari | bharat | India | ||
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[87] | .संगठन | Marathi, Hindi | Devanagari | saṅgaṭhana | "organization" | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--11b4c3d[87] | .कॉम | Marathi, Hindi | Devanagari | kom | com | ||
xn--c2br7g[87] | .नेट | Marathi, Hindi | Devanagari | net | net | ||
xn--mk1bu44c[87] | .닷컴 | Korean | Hangul | datkeom / tatk'ŏm | dotcom | ||
xn--t60b56a[87] | .닷넷 | Korean | Hangul | datnet / tatnet | dotnet | ||
xn--9dbq2a[87] | .קום | Hebrew | Hebrew | qwm | com | Open TLD | Yes |
xn--42c2d9a[87] | .คอม | Thai | Thai | khom | com |
Geographic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: Target geographic area
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Africa
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.africa | Africa | [9][91] | Yes | |
.capetown | Cape Town, South Africa | [92] | Unknown | Yes |
.durban | ![]() |
[93] | Unknown | Yes |
.joburg | ![]() |
[94] | Unknown | Yes |
Asia
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.abudhabi | ![]() |
[9] | ||
.arab | ![]() |
[9] | ||
.asia | Asia-Pacific region | This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. | Chinese, Japanese, Korean[10] | Yes |
.doha | Doha | [9] | ||
.dubai | Dubai | [9] | ||
.krd | ![]() |
This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[95][96] | Kurdish | Yes |
.kyoto | ![]() |
[97] | ||
.nagoya | ![]() |
[98] | Japanese[10] | Yes |
.okinawa | ![]() |
[99] | Japanese | Yes |
.osaka | ![]() |
[9] | ||
.ryukyu | Ryukyu Islands, Japan | [100] | Unknown | Yes |
.taipei | Taipei, Taiwan | Introduced in September 2014[101] | Unknown | Yes |
.tatar | Tatar peoples and places | Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[102] | Unknown | Yes |
.tokyo | ![]() |
[103] | Yes | Yes |
.yokohama | ![]() |
[104] | Japanese | Yes |
Europe
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.alsace | ![]() |
"The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[105] | Unknown | Yes |
.bzh | ![]() |
Breizh in Breton.[106] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture | French[10] | Yes |
.corsica | ![]() |
TLD Related to Corsican Culture | Unknown | Yes |
.cat | ![]() |
This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[107] | Catalan[10] | Yes |
.eus | ![]() |
Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[108] | Unknown | Yes |
.paris | ![]() |
"Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[109] | Yes | Yes |
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.bcn | ![]() |
[9] | ||
.barcelona | Unknown | Yes | ||
.cat | ![]() |
This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[107] | Catalan[10] | Yes |
.eus | ![]() |
Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[108] | Unknown | Yes |
.gal | ![]() |
This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[110] | Unknown | Yes |
.madrid | ![]() |
[111] | Unknown | Yes |
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.bayern | ![]() |
[112] | Yes | Yes |
.berlin | ![]() |
Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.[113] | Latin and Cyrillic scripts[10] | Yes |
.cologne | ![]() |
[114] | Yes | Yes |
.koeln | [115] | Yes | Yes | |
.hamburg | ![]() |
Latin script[10] | Yes | |
.nrw | ![]() |
[116] | Yes | Yes |
.ruhr | Ruhr | [117] | German[10] | Yes |
.saarland | ![]() |
[118] | Unknown | Yes |
North America
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC | Alternatives |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.boston | ![]() |
[9] | .boston.ma.us | ||
.miami | ![]() |
[134] | Unknown | Yes | .miami.us |
.nyc | ![]() |
[135] | Spanish[10] | Yes | .new-york.ny.us |
.quebec | ![]() |
[136] | Unknown | Yes | .qc.ca |
.vegas | ![]() |
[137] | Yes | Yes | .las-vegas.nv.us |
Oceania
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.kiwi | ![]() |
[138] | Latin script[10] | Yes |
.melbourne | ![]() |
[139] | Unknown | Yes |
.sydney | ![]() |
[140] | Unknown | Yes |
South America
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.lat | ![]() |
[141] | Spanish[142] | Yes |
.rio | ![]() |
[143] | Unknown | Yes |
Internationalized geographic top-level domains
DNS name | Display name | Entity | Language | Script | Transliteration | Notes | Other TLD | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--1qqw23a[87] | .佛山 | Foshan, China | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | fat6 saan1 | [144] | Yes | Yes | |
xn--xhq521b[87] | .广东 | Guangdong, China | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | gwong2 dung1 | [9] | |||
xn--80adxhks[87] | .москва | Moscow, Russia | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | moskva | [145] | .moscow | Russian[10] | Yes |
xn--p1acf[87] | .рус | Russian language, post-Soviet states | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | rus | [9] | .su | ||
xn--mgbca7dzdo[87] | .ابوظبي | Abu Dhabi | Arabic | Arabic | Abū Ẓabī | [9] | .abudhabi | ||
xn--ngbrx[87] | .عرب | Arab | Arabic | Arabic | ‘Arab | [9] |
Brand top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: company and/or brand
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Internationalized brand top-level domains
DNS name | IDN TLD | Entity | Script | Transliteration | Comments | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--mgba3a3ejt | .ارامكو | Aramco Services Company | Arabic | [9] | ||
xn--mgbaakc7dvf | .اتصالات | Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) | Arabic | [9] | ||
xn--8y0a063a | .联通 | China United Network Communications Corporation Limited | Chinese (Simplified) | Liántōng | [9] | |
xn--6frz82g | .移动 | China Mobile Communications Corporation | Chinese (Simplified) | Yídòng | ||
xn--fiq64b | .中信 | CITIC Group | Chinese | zhōngxìn | [221] | Yes |
xn--5su34j936bgsg | .香格里拉 | Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited | Chinese | Xiānggélǐlā | [9] | |
xn--b4w605ferd | .淡马锡 | Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited | Chinese (Simplified) | Dànmǎxī | [9] | |
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a | .大众汽车 | Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. | Chinese (Simplified) | Dàzhòngqìchē | [9] | |
xn--vermgensberater-ctb | .vermögensberater | Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft | Latin | [222] | Yes | |
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb | .vermögensberatung | Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft | Latin | [223] | Yes | |
xn--qcka1pmc | .グーグル | Katakana | gūguru | [224] | Yes | |
xn--flw351e | .谷歌 | Chinese | gǔgē | [225] | Yes | |
xn--estv75g | .工行 | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited | Chinese | Gōngháng | [9] | |
xn--w4rs40l | .嘉里 | Kerry Trading Co. Limited | Chinese | Jiālǐ | [9] | |
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra | .嘉里大酒店 | Kerry Trading Co. Limited | Chinese | Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn | [9] | |
xn--kcrx77d1x4a | .飞利浦 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Chinese (Simplified) | Fēilìpǔ | [9] | |
xn--jlq61u9w7b | .诺基亚 | Nokia Corporation | Chinese (Simplified) | Nuòjīyà | [9] | |
xn--fzys8d69uvgm | .電訊盈科 | PCCW Enterprises Limited | Chinese (Traditional) | din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 | [9] | |
xn--cg4bki | .삼성 | Samsung | Hangul | samseong | [226] | Yes |
Special-Use Domains
ICANN/IANA has created some Special-Use domain names which are meant for special technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the Special-Use domain names.[227]
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.example | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example. example.com, example.net and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites. |
Unknown | ||
.invalid | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. | Unknown | ||
.local | Local network. Must be used with an mDNS server[228] | Unknown | ||
.localhost | Points back to own computer | Unknown | ||
.onion | Connection to the Tor network | Unknown | ||
.test | Meant for testing DNS software | Unknown |
Non-IANA domains
Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.
Blockchain-registered
Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Often times, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[229] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them
Name | Blockchain | Homepage | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
N/A | Handshake | https://handshake.org/ | Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. Though it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[230] |
.eth | Ethereum | https://ens.domains/ | Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[231] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made. |
.crypto, .zil | Ethereum, Zilliqa | https://unstoppabledomains.com/ | Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[232] |
.bit | Namecoin | https://namecoin.org/ | Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[233] |
Alternate roots
In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.
Name | Root | Homepage | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
N/A | Handshake | https://handshake.org/ | The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here. |
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate | OpenNIC | https://www.opennic.org/ | |
.fur | FurNIC | https://wiki.opennic.org/opennic:dot:fur | |
.lib .coin .emc .bazar | Emercoin | https://emercoin.com/2015-01-15-Emercoin_Reaches_Peering_Agreement_with_OpenNIC | |
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm | New Nations | http://new-nations.net/en/ |
See also
- Country code top-level domain
- Generic top-level domain
- IDN Test TLDs
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, the standard for two-letter country codes, which most ccTLDs are based on
- Proposed top-level domain
- Second-level domain, information about .co.jp, .co.uk, .co.kr, .co.nf, etc.
- Public Suffix List
Explanatory notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
- ^ Operating as Top Level Design
- ^ Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.
- ^ Operating as Half Oaks, LLC
- ^ Operating as Knob Town, LLC
- ^ Operating as Steel Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Hallow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Over Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Cross, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Mill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Cross, LLC
- ^ Operating as Wild Corner, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Lake, LLC
- ^ Operating as New Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Tin Mill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sand Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Holly Fields, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Sky, LLC
- ^ Operating as Black Corner, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Steel Lake, LLC
- ^ Operating as Puff Willow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine Mill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine House, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as Koko Lake, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Way, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine Fest, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Steel Station, LLC
- ^ Operating as Tin Birch, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Edge, LLC
- ^ Operating as Dash Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Trail, LLC
- ^ Operating as Extra Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Holly Hill, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC
- ^ Operating as Brice Way, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Birch, LLC
- ^ Operating as Romeo Canyon.
- ^ Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC
- ^ Operating as Corn Station, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Pass, LLC
- ^ Operating as Victor Beach, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC
- ^ Operating as Just Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Just Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Station, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Dale, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Castle, LLC
- ^ Operating as Lone Fields, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar House, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Sky, LLC
- ^ Operating as Black Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Over Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Silver Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Goose Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar Park, LLC
- ^ Operating as Outer House, LLC
- ^ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Wild Way, LLC
- ^ Operating as Holly Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pine Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Victor Trail, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC
- ^ Operating as John McCook, LLC
- ^ Operating as Big Fest, LLC
- ^ Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC
- ^ Operating as June Woods, LLC
- ^ Operating as John Goodbye, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fern Pass, LLC
- ^ a b Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Sea Corner, LLC
- ^ Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC
- ^ Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC
- ^ Operating as Magic Birch, LLC
- ^ Operating as Big Pass, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Island, LLC
- ^ Operating as Big Hollow, LLC
- ^ Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Glen, LLC
- ^ Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC
- ^ Operating as Little Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fox Castle, LLC
- ^ Operating as Binky Galley, LLC
- ^ Operating as Fern Madison, LLC
- ^ Operating as Ruby Town, LLC
- ^ Operating as Silver Cover, LLC
- ^ Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC
- ^ Operating as Half Falls, LLC
- ^ Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC
- ^ Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
- ^ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
- ^ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
- ^ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
- ^ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
- ^ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC
Citations
- ^ a b c "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ a b "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Daily TLD DNSSEC Report". icann.org. ICANN. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ "Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ "IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ Council, National Research; Sciences, Division on Engineering and Physical; Board, Computer Science and Telecommunications; Implications, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9.
{{cite book}}
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- ^ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ "About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ "「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA - .okinawa Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 August 2022.
- ^ IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ ".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ "「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Book your extension .alsace".
- ^ ".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
- ^ a b (in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ a b ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ https://cdn.paris.fr/paris/2021/09/01/d99971a614c63c3c97e99e4976154ccd.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
- ^ (in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.koeln. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
- ^ ".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .budapest Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ a b ".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ (in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
- ^ "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ^ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ ".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- ^ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
- ^ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ ".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "About". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development".
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
- ^ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
- ^ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .edka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
- ^ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
- ^ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ^ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ a b This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
- ^ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
- ^ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .nexus Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
- ^ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ ".sca". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
- ^ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
- ^ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
- ^ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
- ^ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Special-Use Domain Names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
- ^ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
- ^ "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
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