Voiceless labial–velar fricative
(Redirected from ʍ)
| Voiceless labial–velar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʍ | |||
| IPA Number | 169 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| File:Voiceless labio-velar fricative.ogg | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʍ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028D | ||
| X-SAMPA | W | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʍ⟩.
Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English /ʍ/ is an approximant [w̥], a labialized glottal fricative [hʷ] or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative,[1] though Scots /ʍ/ has been described as a velar fricative,[2] especially in older Scots, where it was [xw].[3] Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so [w̥] must be the same as [xʷ]. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.[4] They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".[5]
Features
Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Conservative Received Pronunciation[6] | whine | [ʍaɪ̯n] | 'whine' | English /ʍ/ is generally an approximant or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[1][contradictory] In General American[7] and New Zealand English[8] only some speakers maintain a distinction with /w/; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[6] See English phonology and phonological history of wh. |
| Cultivated South African[9] | |||||
| Conservative General American[7] | |||||
| Irish[9][10] | [ʍʌɪ̯n] | ||||
| Scottish[9][11][12] | |||||
| Southern American[13] | [ʍäːn] | ||||
| New Zealand[8][11][14] | [ʍɑe̯n] | ||||
| Hupa[15] | wha | [hʷa] | 'sun' | Non-velar like English wh | |
| xwe꞉y | [xʷeːj] | 'his property' | Voiceless labialized velar fricative | ||
| Kham | Gamale Kham | ह्वा | [ʍɐ] | 'tooth' | Described as an approximant.[16] |
| Scots | older pronunciation | whine | [xwaɪ̯n][3] | 'whine' | A semivowel in standard modern Scots. Northern dialects have [f] instead. |
| Slovene[17][18] | vse | [ˈʍsɛ] | 'everything' | Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[17][18] See Slovene phonology | |
| Washo | Wáʔi | [ˈxʷaʔi] or [ˈw̥aʔi] | 'he's the one who's doing it' | variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant | |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2006), p. 68.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 22.
- ^ a b Johnston (1997), pp. 499, 510.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 330–2.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 326.
- ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 432.
- ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 408.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 610.
- ^ Golla, Victor (1996). "Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition". Retrieved Oct 31, 2021.
- ^ Wilde (2016).
- ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
- ^ a b Greenberg (2006), p. 18.
References
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Johnston, Paul (1997), "Regional Variation", in Jones, Charles (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
- Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7486-1252-1
- Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52129719-2, 0-52128541-0.
- Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199
External links
Categories:
- Articles with short description
- Fricative consonants
- All self-contradictory articles
- Self-contradictory articles from December 2021
- Articles containing Hupa-language text
- Articles containing Gamale Kham-language text
- Articles containing Washo-language text
- Velar consonants
- Labialized consonants
- Co-articulated consonants
- Voiceless oral consonants
- Central consonants
- Pulmonic consonants
- Approximant-fricative consonants