Winchester College

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Winchester College
Winchester College coat of arms.png
Address
Map
College Street

Winchester, Hampshire
,
SO23 9NA

England
Coordinates51°03′29″N 01°18′46″W / 51.05806°N 1.31278°W / 51.05806; -1.31278Coordinates: 51°03′29″N 01°18′46″W / 51.05806°N 1.31278°W / 51.05806; -1.31278
Information
Type
MottoManners makyth man
Religious affiliation(s)Church of England
Established1382; 642 years ago (1382)
FounderWilliam of Wykeham
Department for Education URN116532 Tables
WardenRichard Stagg
HeadmasterTimothy Hands
Staffc. 200
GenderMale (Female at 16-18)
Age13 to 18
Enrolmentc. 690
Houses11 (10 Commoner or Old Tutor Houses plus college)
  • (X) College
  • A. Chernocke House (Furley's)
  • B. Moberly's (Toye's)
  • C. Du Boulay's (Cook's)
  • D. Fearon's (Kenny's)
  • E. Morshead's (Freddie's)
  • F. Hawkins' (Chawker's)
  • G. Sergeant's (Phil's)
  • H. Bramston's (Trant's)
  • I. Turner's (Hopper's)
  • K. Kingsgate House (Beloe's)
Colour(s)Blue, brown & red    
PublicationThe Wykehamist, Quelle, The Spirit Lamp, The Trusty Servant
Former pupilsOld Wykehamists
School songDulce Domum
Websitewww.winchestercollege.org

Winchester College is a public school (fee-charging independent day and boarding school) in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It was founded by William of Wykeham in 1382 and has existed in its present location ever since. The school is currently undergoing a transition to become co-educational and to accept day pupils, having previously been a boys' boarding school for over 600 years.

The school was founded to provide an education for 70 scholars. Gradually numbers rose, a choir of 16 "quiristers" being added alongside paying pupils known as "commoners". Numbers expanded greatly in the 1860s with the addition of ten boarding houses. The scholars continue to live in the school's medieval buildings, which consist of two courtyards, a chapel, and a cloisters. A Wren-style classroom building named "School" was added in the 17th century. An art school ("museum"), science school, and music school were added at the turn of the 20th century. A war cloister was built as a memorial in 1924.

The school has maintained traditions including its mascot, the Trusty Servant; a set of "notions" forming a sort of private language; and a school song, Domum. Its headmasters have included the bishops William Waynflete in the 15th century and George Ridding in the 19th century. Former pupils are known as Old Wykehamists.

History

King Richard II's founding charter for Winchester College, 1382

Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to both Edward III and Richard II, and the first 70 poor scholars entered the school in 1394.[1] In the early 15th century the specific requirement was that scholars come from families where the income was less than five marks sterling (£3 6s 8d) per annum; in comparison, the contemporary reasonable living for a yeoman was £5 per annum.[2] It was founded in conjunction with New College, Oxford, for which it was designed to act as a feeder:[1] the buildings of both colleges were designed by master mason William Wynford. This double foundation was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, some 50 years later.[3]

At first only a small number of pupils other than scholars were admitted; by the 15th century the school had around 100 pupils in total, nominally the 70 scholars, 16 choirboys known as "quiristers", and the rest "commoners". Demand for places for commoners was high, and though at first restricted, numbers gradually rose.[4] From the 1860s, ten boarding houses, each for up to sixty pupils, were added, greatly increasing the school's capacity.[5] By 2020, the number of pupils had risen to 690.[6]

According to its 1382 charter and final statutes (1400), the school is called in Latin Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam ("St Mary's College, near Winchester"), or Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton ("The College of the Blessed Mary of Winchester, near Winchester").[7][8] It is the oldest school of the nine considered by the Clarendon Commission, and is regarded as among the most prestigious in the world.[9]

Buildings

Main article: Architecture of Winchester College

The college consists of an assemblage of buildings from medieval times to the present day. There are 94 listed buildings, set in grounds of some 250 acres, of which 100 acres are water meadows, 52 acres are playing fields, and 11 acres are formal gardens.[10] The medieval buildings, representing most of the original foundation from the school's opening in 1394, include Outer Gate and Outer Court, Chamber Court, the chapel, and the Cloisters. These are built in flint with limestone facings and slate roofs.[11][10] The chapel retains its original wooden fan-vaulted ceiling, designed by Hugh Herland, carpenter to Richard II. Little of the original medieval glass, designed by Thomas Glazier, survives, as it was scattered in the 1820s, but some is now housed in Thurburn's Chantry, at the back of the chapel, and in Fromond's Chantry, inside the Cloisters.[12] The "School" building was constructed in 1683–1687 in Wren style,[10] with a statue of the founder above the door by C. G. Cibber.[13] The school was greatly extended in the 19th century with the addition of boarding houses for "commoners", paying pupils, as opposed to the scholars who continued to live in the medieval College.[14] At the turn of the 20th century, a Music School, "Museum" (art school), and Science School, all architect-designed, were added.[13][10] A hall big enough for the enlarged school, New Hall, was opened in 1961, accommodating the oak panelling removed from the Chapel in the 1874 refurbishment.[15] In 1924, a War Cloister was constructed; it now serves as a memorial of the Wykehamists killed in the two World Wars.[16]

  • Medieval architecture: Chamber Court, 1394, looking through Middle Gate to Outer Court and Outer Gate

    Medieval architecture: Chamber Court, 1394, looking through Middle Gate to Outer Court and Outer Gate

  • Chapel, south side, cloisters on right

    Chapel, south side, cloisters on right

  • The building called "School" in Wren style, 1683–1687

    The building called "School" in Wren style, 1683–1687

  • Sergeant's House by G. E. Street, one of the 1869 boarding houses[17]

    Sergeant's House by G. E. Street, one of the 1869 boarding houses[17]

  • Science School in Queen Anne style by Henry Hill, 1904

    Science School in Queen Anne style by Henry Hill, 1904

Accommodation

College

The seventy scholars live in the original buildings, known as "College". The scholars are known as "Collegemen", and the schoolmaster in charge of them is called the Master in College. Collegemen wear black gowns, following the founding traditions of the school. Collegemen enjoy certain privileges compared to the Commoners, such as having open fires and being allowed to walk across Meads, the field outside School.[18]

Boarding houses

Every pupil at Winchester, apart from the Scholars, lives in a boarding house, chosen or allocated when applying to Winchester. It is here that he studies, eats and sleeps. Each house is presided over by a housemaster (who takes on the role in addition to teaching duties), assisted by house tutors. Houses compete against each other in school sports. Each house has an official name, usually based on the family name of the first housemaster, which is used mainly as a postal address. Each house also has an informal name, usually based on the name or nickname of an early housemaster. Each house also has a letter, in the order of their founding, to act as an abbreviation, especially on laundry tags. A member of a house is described by the informal name of the house with "-ite" suffixed, as "a Furleyite", "a Toyeite", "a Cookite" and so on. College does not have an informal name, although the abbreviation Coll is sometimes used; "X" (meaning, not one of the boarding houses) was originally used only on laundry tags.[19]

Academic

Admission

Winchester has its own entrance examination, and does not use Common Entrance like other major public schools. Those wishing to enter a Commoner House make their arrangements with the relevant housemaster some two years before sitting the exam, usually sitting a test set by the housemaster and an interview. Those applying to College do not take the normal entrance examination but instead sit a separate, harder, exam called "Election": successful candidates may obtain, according to their performance, a scholarship, an exhibition or a Headmaster's nomination to join a Commoner House.[20] Admission to College was historically coupled to remission of fees, but this has ceased;[21] instead, means-tested bursaries of from 5% to 100% of the school fee are provided, according to need.[22] From 2022, Winchester is admitting girls into the 6th form (year 12) as day pupils, with girls boarding from 2024.[23] For 2022/23, the fee is £45,936 per annum (£15,312 per term) for boarding pupils and £33,990 per annum (£11,330 per term) for day pupils.[24]

Structure

In addition to normal lessons, all boys throughout the school are required to attend a class called Division (known as "Div") which explores parts of history, literature, and politics that do not lead to external examinations; its purpose is to ensure a broad education.[25]

From year 9, pupils study for at least nine GCSE and IGCSEs. Every pupil studies English, mathematics, Latin, French or German, and at least two sciences at this level, as well as "Div". Pupils then study three A-levels, "Div", and an Extended Project Qualification.[26]

Results

Winchester College is particularly known for its academic rigour, where, despite the small number of pupils, it has been referred to as "the finest foundation in Europe."[27][28]

At A-Level, 41.7% of grades achieved were graded A*, and 76.3% of grades achieved were graded A* or A in 2022.[29] 80.3% of GCSEs were graded 8 or 9 (A* equivalent), and 91.2% of grades achieved were graded 7, 8 or 9 (A*/A equivalent).[30] Between 2010 and 2018, an average of 33% of leavers obtained places at Oxford or Cambridge.[31]

Activities

Sport

Further information: Winchester College football
Winchester College football: a "hot" between OTH (brown and white) and College (blue and white) on Meads in 2006

Winchester College has its own game, Winchester College football (also known as "Win: Co: Fo:" or "Winkies"), played only at Winchester.[32] It is played in the spring term with a competition between the school's houses; it is largely managed by the boys.[33]

A distinctive Winchester version of Fives resembles Rugby Fives but with a buttress on the court. The buttress enables a skilful player to cause the ball to ricochet in an unexpected direction.[34]

Winchester College Boat Club, on the River Itchen

The school has an active rowing club called the Winchester College Boat Club which is based on the River Itchen. The club is affiliated to British Rowing (boat code WIN)[35] and was twice winner of the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup (in 1949 and 1954) at the Henley Royal Regatta.[36]

Rivalry - particularly sporting - between Winchester and Eton has existed for centuries.[37]

Combined Cadet Force

Pupils of the school in their second year are currently required to serve in the college's Combined Cadet Force.[38]

The organisation was founded in 1860 as "The Winchester College Rifle Volunteer Corps" by various boys in their top year as a result of the perceived threat of Napoleon III after the Orsini plot, and remained entirely autonomous until it was taken over by the Second Master in 1868. It was enrolled as a Cadet Corps in the 1st Hants Volunteer Battalion. In 1908, the Officer Training Corps was established, and by 1914, through the request of the War Office that Senior Cadets be given appropriate training for the war effort, almost every student became involved in the Corps, though it was never explicitly compulsory. In the Second World War, it was renamed as "The Junior Training Corps", though its function was still to prepare boys for Officer responsibilities. Montgomery remarked on inspecting the Corps in 1946 that there was "latent leadership in all ranks". In 1948, the "Junior Training Corps" became known as the "Combined Cadet Force" (CCF) which incorporated RAF and RN sections. In 1963, "Alternative Service Activities" were introduced for boys who did not want to join the CCF. Pupils were made eligible to opt out of the CCF at the end of their second year after starting at the beginning of the year: this is still the school's policy.[39]

Traditions

The Trusty Servant: the School Mascot

The Trusty Servant: 19th-century print
Main article: The Trusty Servant

The Trusty Servant is an emblematic figure in a painting at Winchester College, that serves as the school's unofficial mascot and the name of its alumni magazine.[40] A painting of The Trusty Servant and accompanying verses both devised by the poet John Hoskins in 1579 hangs outside the college kitchen. The current version was painted by William Cave the Younger in 1809. The painting depicts a mythical creature with the body of a man, the head of a pig, with its snout closed with a padlock, the ears of an ass, the feet of a stag, and tools in his left hand.[41] The verses are on the virtues that pupils of the college were supposed to have. The college arms are shown in the background of the painting.[42]

Notions: the School Language

Main article: Notions (Winchester College)

A notion is a specialised term peculiar to Winchester College. The word notion is also used to describe traditions unique to the school. An example of a notion is "toytime", meaning homework, from the notion "toys", a wooden cubicle that serves as a pupil's workspace in a communal room, known as "mugging hall" in Commoner Houses or a "chamber" in College.[43]

Domum: the School Song

Not to be confused with Dulce Domum.
It is said that the pupil who wrote "Domum" threw himself into the River Itchen, which runs through the school grounds.

The school song is entitled "Domum" and is sung at the end of the summer term, known as Cloister Time. The origin of the song is unknown; it was described as "an old tradition" in the 1773 History and Antiquities of Winchester.[44] The traditional tune was composed by John Reading.[45][46] A new tune, by Malcolm Archer, was officially adopted by the school in about 2007.[47]

According to legend, the text was written in the 17th century by a pupil who was confined for misconduct during the Whitsun holidays.[48] (In one account, he was tied to a pillar.) It is said that he carved the words on the bark of a tree, which was thereafter called "Domum Tree", and cast himself into Logie (the river running through the school grounds).[44][49] There is still a "Domum Cottage" in that area. The author of the text apparently wrongly treated domum as a neuter noun.[50]

A "Domum Dinner" is held at the end of the summer term for leavers. It was formerly restricted to those former scholars of Winchester who were also scholars of New College, and distinguished guests. Until the reforms of the 19th century, there were three successive Election Dinners held during Election Week, culminating in a Domum Ball. Originally these festivities occurred around Whitsun, as suggested by references in the song to early summer such as "See the year, the meadow, smiling" and "Now the swallow seeks her dwelling".[45]

Southern Railway V (Schools) Class Locomotive No. 901

As with other prominent public schools, a locomotive of the Southern Railway V Class was named after Winchester College. The second of the class, No. 901 Winchester was constructed by Southern at the nearby Eastleigh Works; it entered service in 1930. It was selected by the railway's new chief mechanical engineer Oliver Bulleid for rebuilding with a Lemaître multiple-jet blastpipe and wide-diameter chimney from 1939 onwards. Upon passing into British Railways ownership in 1948, it was renumbered 30901. It was withdrawn from service in 1962.[51]

Headmasters

The headmasters of Winchester College from the 14th century onwards are:[52]

Former pupils

Main article: List of Old Wykehamists

Current pupils of Winchester College are known as Wykehamists, in memory of the school's founder, William of Wykeham; former pupils are known as Old Wykehamists,[58] or amongst themselves as Old Woks.[59]

Controversy

Bash camps

The college knew in 1982 of allegations of sadomasochistic abuse of boys and young men attending summer camps run by the Iwerne Trust in the 1970s, "to ensure that future members of the establishment were committed Christians". These were known as "Bash camps" after the nickname of their founder, E. J. H. Nash. Neither the college nor the Trust reported these bare-buttocks beatings to the police.[60] The perpetrator, John Smyth QC, now deceased, was warned off and moved to Zimbabwe and then South Africa where abuse continued.[61] An independent review into the abuse, commissioned by the college, was published in January 2022.[62]

Price-fixing

In 2005, Winchester College was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found guilty of running an unlawful price-fixing cartel by the Office of Fair Trading ("OFT").[63] All of the schools involved agreed to make penalty payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in which fee information was shared.[64] The OFT offered both Winchester College and Eton a fifty percent reduction in their penalties in return for their full cooperation with the investigation.[65] However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."[66]

Examination fraud

In 2017 Winchester College suspended a member of the staff for providing students with information about questions on an upcoming public exam.[67] The headmaster of Winchester confirmed that the school had treated the matter "very seriously" and that no boy was responsible for the "exam irregularity". The information was widely distributed, resulting in their papers being disallowed.[68][69]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Winchester College: Heritage". Winchester College. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  2. ^ Harwood, Winifred A. (2004). "The Household of Winchester College in the later Middle Ages 1400-1560" (PDF). Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society. 59: 163–179. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  3. ^ Clutton-Brock, A. (1900). Eton. George Bell and Sons. pp. 3–5.
  4. ^ Turner, David (2014). The Old Boys: the decline and rise of the public school. Yale University Press. pp. 2–9. ISBN 978-0-300-18992-6.
  5. ^ "Houses: Why is it so important to belong?". Winchester College. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Winchester College". SchoolSearch.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  7. ^ Hebron, Malcolm (2019). "The statutes of Winchester College, 1400". In Foster, Richard (ed.). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. p. 55. ISBN 978-1785512209.
  8. ^ Foster, Richard, ed. (2019). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. pp. 9, 45–47. ISBN 978-1785512209.
  9. ^ "Winchester College: College Street, Winchester, Hampshire, SO23 9NA, United Kingdom". Best Schools. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d "Buildings and Grounds". Winchester College. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  11. ^ Sabben-Clare 1981, pp. 1–3.
  12. ^ "Chapel". Winchester College. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Winchester College, Hampshire: Late 14th century". Astoft. Retrieved 28 October 2022. (3 pages) partly consisting of text from Pevsner, Nikolaus; Lloyd, David (1967). Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Yale University Press.
  14. ^ Sabben-Clare 1981, pp. 13–17.
  15. ^ Sabben-Clare 1981, pp. 24–26.
  16. ^ "The War Cloister, Winchester College". Historic England. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  17. ^ "House from Home: Sergeant's (Phil's)". Winchester College. 9 March 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  18. ^ "Winchester College". The City of Winchester. 1990. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  19. ^ "Houses". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Timeline for Entry". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  21. ^ Scholarships for College Archived 8 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Winchester College. Retrieved on 13 August 2013.
  22. ^ "Bursaries". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  23. ^ "Winchester College in the 21st Century". Winchester College. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  24. ^ "Winchester College | Fees".
  25. ^ "Div". Winchester College. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Curriculum". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  27. ^ "Winchester College Review". Which School Advisor. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  28. ^ Leach, Arthur Francis (1899). A history of Winchester College. English public schools. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
  29. ^ "Winchester College Exam Results and Universities". winchestercollege.org. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  30. ^ "Winchester College Exam Results and Universities". winchestercollege.org. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  31. ^ "Winchester College Leavers' Destinations" (PDF). winchestercollege.org. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  32. ^ "Arcane public school games explained: Anyone for Rugby Fives, The Field Game or Winkies?". The Independent. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  33. ^ "Sport: Winchester College Football". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  34. ^ "Get Active: Why Winchester Fives is better than squash". Southern Daily Echo. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Club details". British Rowing.
  36. ^ "Results". Friends of Rowing History. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  37. ^ Sherwood, H. (16 February 2020). "Winchester College v Eton feud comes to Downing Street". UK Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2022. [Eton and Winchester] have been rivals for centuries
  38. ^ "Combined Cadet Force". Winchester College. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  39. ^ "Armoury" (PDF). Winchester College. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2022. Further history of the CCF is given in Sabben-Clare 1981, pp. 169–176
  40. ^ "Publications". Winchester College. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  41. ^ Skull, Joseph (30 January 2019). "Dr Collegio Wintoniensi, 1640s". In Foster, Richard (ed.). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. p. 86. ISBN 9781785512209.
  42. ^ Burnett, Mark Thornton (2002). Constructing "monsters" in Shakespearean drama and early modern culture. Macmillan. p. 139.
  43. ^ Lawson, W.H., Hope, J.R. and Cripps, A.H.S., Winchester College Notions, by Three Beetleites: Winchester 1901, pp. 81, 126–127
  44. ^ a b Adams, Henry Cadwallader (1878). Wykehamica: A History of Winchester College and Commoners, from the Foundation to the Present Day. J. Parker and Company. pp. 407–.
  45. ^ a b The British Minstrel, and Musical and Literary Miscellany: A Selection of Standard Music, Songs, Duets, Glees, Choruses, Etc. and Articles in Musical and General Literature. W. Hamilton. 1843. pp. 131–.
  46. ^ William of Wykeham and his Colleges. D. Nutt. 1852. p. i.
  47. ^ "Winchester College - The School Song: Domum". www.winchestercollege.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  48. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine, 1796, vol. 66, pp. 208–210.
  49. ^ Charles Dickens, All the Year Round 29 June 1872 p 160.
  50. ^ Robert Townsend Warner, Winchester (1900) p 168.
  51. ^ Russell, J. H. A Pictorial History of Southern Locomotives, Haynes Publishing, 1991, p. 306
  52. ^ Sabben-Clare 1981, pp. 198–199.
  53. ^ "James Sabben-Clare, gifted headmaster of Winchester – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  54. ^ "Nicholas Tate". IBO.org. 27 April 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  55. ^ "Former Headmaster Tommy Cookson MBE Honoured". Winchester College. 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  56. ^ "The long view". The Guardian. 29 November 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  57. ^ "Winchester College - Meet the Headmaster". www.winchestercollege.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  58. ^ Spicer, Paul (2014). Sir George Dyson: His Life and Music. Boydell & Brewer. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-84383-903-3.
  59. ^ Adams, Michael (2012). Slang: The People's Poetry. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-998653-8.
  60. ^ Laville, Sandra; Sherwood, Harriet (2 February 2017). "Public school defends role in alleged cover up of abuse at Christian camps". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  61. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (13 August 2019). "Welby in spotlight over sadistic abuse claims at Christian camps". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  62. ^ "Review of Abuse in The 1970s and 1980s by John Smyth QC of Pupils from Winchester College". www.winchestercollege.org. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  63. ^ [The Schools Competition Act Settlement Trust "History". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2011.]
  64. ^ "The Office of Fair Trading: OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement". oft.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  65. ^ "Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees - Times Online". Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2015. The Times Online
  66. ^ "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 January 2004. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  67. ^ Adams, Callum (28 August 2017). "Exam fraud scandal at Winchester College". The Times. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  68. ^ Adams, Richard (30 August 2017). "Eton pupils' marks disallowed over second exam paper leak". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  69. ^ Miranda Green (1 September 2017), The rigged crapshoot of top exam grades, The Financial Times, archived from the original on 10 October 2017

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winchester College.
  1. ^ Ackermann, Rudolph; Combe, William (1816). "The History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, and Westminster: With the Charter-House, the Schools of St. Paul's, Merchant Taylors, Harrow, and Rugby, and the Free-school of Christ's Hospital". Google Books.
  2. ^ "OFT issues statement of objections against 50 independent schools". The Office of Fair Trading. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
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