White House COVID-19 outbreak
White House COVID-19 outbreak | |
---|---|
Disease | COVID-19 |
Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
Location | White House, Washington, D.C., United States |
First reported | October 1, 2020 |
Index case | September 30, 2020 |
Arrival date | September 26, 2020 |
Confirmed cases | |
Hospitalized cases | At least one, by October 15[4] |
| ||
---|---|---|
Business and personal 45th President of the United States Tenure Impeachments Interactions involving Russia |
||
The White House COVID-19 outbreak was a cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infections that began in September 2020 and ended in January 2021 that spread among people, including many U.S. government officials, who were in close contact during the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C. Numerous high-profile individuals were infected, including President Donald Trump, who was hospitalized for three days.[5] At least 48 White House staff members or associates, closely working with White House personnel, tested positive for the virus.[2][3][6] The White House resisted efforts to engage in contact tracing, leaving it unclear how many people were infected in total and what the origins of the spread were.[7]
Many of the infections appeared to be related to a ceremony held on September 26 in the Rose Garden for the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court, where seating was not socially distanced and participants were mostly unmasked. His chief of staff recalled that Trump looked "a little tired" and was suspected of having a "slight cold".[8]
Hours after the ceremony, Trump tested positive for COVID-19, although the public would not learn of this result until one year later, in October 2021.[8] Trump himself may have been infectious at that point, but he and his entourage attended several subsequent events unmasked, including the first presidential debate against Joe Biden in Cleveland, Ohio on September 29.[9] The next day, Presidential Counselor Hope Hicks was placed in quarantine aboard Air Force One while returning with Trump from a campaign event in Minnesota. Following that, the president proceeded on schedule to an October 1 New Jersey fundraiser where he mingled, unmasked, with donors.[10] More infections were reported in late October among Vice President Mike Pence's staff,[11] and a second large outbreak occurred after Election Day, after Trump held a watch party in the East Room.[12]
Other infections included First Lady Melania Trump; Republican Senators Thom Tillis, Mike Lee, and Ron Johnson; Republican Representative Matt Gaetz; Trump campaign manager Bill Stepien; RNC Chair Ronna McDaniel; former White House counselor Kellyanne Conway; former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie; Notre Dame president John I. Jenkins; Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany; presidential advisor Stephen Miller; Chief of Staff Mark Meadows; and Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson. As of November 11, at least 48 people had tested positive.[2][3] At least one person, White House security office head Crede Bailey, was reported as "gravely ill,"[13] having fallen sick in September prior to the Rose Garden event.
The Rose Garden cluster emerged in the final weeks of Trump's campaign for the 2020 presidential election, a little more than a month before the last day of voting, November 3. Commentators were critical of the White House for providing conflicting information about Trump's condition and the timeline of his infection, as well as delaying the disclosure of the initial diagnoses of White House staffers.[14] According to public health experts such as Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and a member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, the outbreak could have been prevented.[15][16][17]
Timeline of viral transmission
Background
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Donald Trump and William Barr discouraged officials and staff from wearing masks. Those in the West Wing who did use them often faced ridicule from others.[18] In April, the White House became one of the first locations to gain access to rapid-turnaround COVID-19 tests.[19] The White House relied upon rapid-tests which lacked FDA-approval for use in asymptomatic individuals.[20]
Throughout the spring, there had been sporadic cases of COVID-19 reported at the White House. On March 20, it was announced that a staffer for Vice President Mike Pence had tested positive and was experiencing very mild symptoms, though neither Trump nor Pence had been in close contact with the staffer.[21] On May 7, an unnamed personal valet to the president tested positive, and the following day, Pence spokesperson Katie Miller tested positive for COVID-19. Miller's positive test result caused several other Pence staffers who were in close contact with her to be removed from Air Force Two before Pence's trip to Iowa, but neither Trump nor Pence had been in recent close contact with Miller.[22]
In June, the White House scaled back the screening regime, but still required screening and testing for anyone coming into contact with the president or vice president.[23]
Campaign events, Crede Bailey diagnosed
A Stanford preprint study concluded that likely over 30,000 cases and 700 deaths could be attributed to Trump rallies held between June 20 and September 22.[24][25] On June 20, Trump held a campaign rally in Tulsa, the first since the start of the pandemic.[26] Attendees who tested positive include two Secret Service agents, two staffers, the girlfriend of the President's eldest son, Kimberly Guilfoyle and politician Herman Cain,[27][28][29][30][31] the latter of whom ultimately died from the disease.[32] Tulsa experienced a significant increase in cases after the rally.[33]
From August 17–20, Trump held rallies at Mankato, Minnesota and Lackawanna, Pennsylvania. About 500 attended Mankato, and masks and social distancing were not used.[34] Several hundred attended the event in Lackawanna, masks were mostly used but social distancing was not.[35] Both communities experienced surges of COVID-19 in the wake of the rallies.[36]
Over Labor Day Weekend (Sept 5–7), Crede Bailey, the head of the White House security office, became sick with COVID-19. He was hospitalized sometime in September, becoming gravely ill. The White House kept his condition secret and declined to comment when his condition was reported in the news on October 7.[37]
On September 13, Trump held a 5,000 person rally in Henderson, Nevada, violating of the state's ban on gatherings larger than 50 people and resulting in a fine.[38] One case was later traced to "a political rally".[38]
On September 16, it was reported that at least one unnamed staffer had tested positive.[39][40] After Trump's hospitalization, it was revealed that two members of the residence staff had tested positive that week.[41] On September 17, Trump held a rally at an airport in Mosinee, Wisconsin; Thousands attended, few masks were worn and social distancing was not observed.[42][43] The county experienced a surge in COVID-19.[36]
Trump held a rally in Bemidji, Minnesota on September 18. Thousand attended in violation of the Minnesota ban on gatherings of more than 250, few attendees wore face masks, and there was no social distancing.[38] 16 cases were linked to the rally, including two who were hospitalized.[44][45][46][36] The county saw a spike of COVID-19 after the rally.[36] On September 24, Mike Pence and Ivanka Trump held event at a Minneapolis hotel. Three attendees would later test positive.[47]
Trump campaign fundraiser, September 25
Trump met Republican National Committee chairwoman Ronna McDaniel, McEnany, and others at a September 25 fundraiser at the Trump International Hotel.[48][49][50] On October 1, McDaniel appeared on Fox News and made no mention of her health,[51] despite receiving confirmation of her positive test result on the afternoon of September 30.[52][53] Two days later, an RNC spokesperson announced that McDaniel had tested positive.[49][54]
Amy Coney Barrett nomination events, September 26
On September 26, 2020, an event was held in the White House Rose Garden announcing Amy Coney Barrett's nomination to the Supreme Court following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[55] More than 150 people attended; they were told they did not need to wear masks if they had tested negative that day. Chairs for the outdoor ceremony were placed side by side, and there were two crowded indoor receptions.[50][56] At least seven attendees tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the following week, including[57] President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, Senators Mike Lee and Thom Tillis, University of Notre Dame president John I. Jenkins, former Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway, and former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie.[58][59] Barrett had suffered infection in the summer before recovering and testing negative.[60][61] Michael D. Shear, a White House correspondent for The New York Times, first tested positive for the virus October 2, as did many others. He was not present at the Rose Garden event, but had visited the White House on September 27 for a COVID-19 test, required before traveling with the President to a rally in Pennsylvania.[62]
Kellyanne Conway's daughter Claudia revealed on social media on the evening of October 2 that her mother had tested positive for COVID-19.[63] The same day, Senators Lee and Tillis were revealed to have tested positive.[64][49][52] Christie confirmed on October 3 that he had tested positive for COVID-19. Christie had been present at debate preparation for Trump as well as the nomination ceremony for Barrett.[65][66] Later that day, Christie announced he was hospitalized after his condition worsened; Christie received an experimental antibody cocktail from Eli Lilly as well as remdesivir.[67][68] Lee was filmed hugging other attendees while not wearing a mask.[58] Five of the infected were seated in the front three rows at the event, in close contact with Republican senior officials.[69] Christie was released from the Morristown Medical Center in New Jersey on October 10.[70] Jenkins later issued a statement saying: "I regret my error of judgment in not wearing a mask during the ceremony and by shaking hands with a number of people in the Rose Garden."[58]
Infectious disease physician Robert L. Murphy said that if the infections are traced to the Rose Garden ceremony, they may have been started by a superspreader (a highly contagious person), and that they could have been avoided if face masks were worn and social distancing was practiced. He said, "Whoever got this thing going is a superspreader".[71] The outdoor portion of the event was less likely to be a super-spreader event than the indoor portion.[72] At least 10 members of the Notre Dame faculty besides Jenkins attended the event, but as of October 7, none had tested positive.[73] On November 10, it was announced that one attendee, Harry R. Jackson Jr., had died; no cause of death was given.[74]
The White House did not do contact tracing to minimize the spread of the outbreak, limiting any effort to notify those who have been exposed to Trump.[75][76][77] The Centers for Disease Control made several offers to assist the White House with contact tracing, but they were repeatedly declined.[78][76] On October 6, the White House announced that it had completed contact tracing, but several reporters who had tested positive for the virus said the White House had not reached out to them.[79]
Trump tests positive, September 26
Hours after the ceremony, Trump tested positive for COVID-19, although the public would not learn of this result until late 2021.[8] His chief of staff recalled that Trump looked "a little tired" and was suspected of having a "slight cold".[8]
Despite testing positive, Trump traveled in Air Force One to a rally at the Harrisburg International Airport in Pennsylvania, which was attended by thousands.[80] The governor opposed the rally, arguing: "It is gravely concerning that the president would insist on holding this event with blatant disregard for social distancing and masking requirements. His decision to bring thousands of people together in a tight space in the midst of a global pandemic caused by an airborne virus is flat out wrong."[81] After Trump's diagnosis was made public, Pennsylvania health officials advised attendees to participate in the state's contact tracing program.[82] In the wake of the rally, the county saw a surge in COVID-19.[36]
Gold Star families reception, September 27
Trump hosted Gold Star families and Pentagon leaders in the East Room of the White House. Attendees were photographed seated in close proximity and not wearing masks. Defense Secretary Mark Esper and General Mark Milley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the event.[83]
Admiral Charles Ray, vice commandant of the Coast Guard, attended the event, later tested positive and entered isolation on Oct 6. On October 2, Ray attended meetings at the Pentagon with members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. On Oct 6 all but one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff – Gen. David H. Berger, Commandant of the Marine Corps – went into isolation, including Milley, Vice chairman John E. Hyten, Chief of Naval Operations Michael M. Gilday, Chief of Staff of the Army James C. McConville, Air Force Chief of Staff Charles Q. Brown Jr., Chief of Space Operations John W. Raymond, Chief the National Guard Bureau Daniel Hokanson, and Commander of U.S. Cyber Command Paul Nakasone.[84][85][86] Of those quarantined, General Nakasone is a combatant commander, part of the direct chain of command from the president to the military, and also the Director of the National Security Agency.[87] General Gary L. Thomas, assistant commandant of the Marine Corps, stood in for Gen. Berger at the meeting and later tested positive with symptoms.[88]
First presidential debate, September 26–29
Multiple White House personnel attended the September 29 debate at the Cleveland Clinic.[89] Trump, Melania, and senior advisor Hope Hicks attended the debate and later tested positive.[90] Senior advisor Stephen Miller was also on Air Force One for the trip[91] and later tested positive.[92] Also in attendance were Ivanka Trump and her siblings, Donald Jr., Eric, Lara and Tiffany Trump.[93]
Trump prepared for the debate between September 26 and September 29 in the Map Room of the White House.[94] His debate preparation team included Chris Christie, Hope Hicks, Kellyanne Conway, Rudy Giuliani, Jason Miller, Mark Meadows, Jared Kushner, Kayleigh McEnany, Alyssa Farah,[95] and Stephen Miller.[96] Christie stated that no masks were worn.[97] Five of the 10 debate prep team members tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within a week after the debate. The City of Cleveland said that at least 11 people who "were either members of the media or were scheduled to work logistics/set-up the days prior to the event" later tested positive.[98] A year later, Christie—who had spent four days in the room with Trump, roleplaying Joe Biden—recalled that there had been seven people in the debate preparation room, and "six of the seven of us in that room got [COVID-19]." Those six included Trump, Christie, Hicks, Stepien, Conway, and Miller. Christie, who eventually required intensive care for his COVID-19, said "I think it's undeniable" that Trump was the source of the infection, given that Trump was "the only person [about whom] I didn't know his testing regimen." Christie complained that neither Trump nor White House chief of staff Mark Meadows had revealed the president's positive test result before or during the debate preparations.[99]
Prior to the debate, both the Biden and Trump campaigns agreed with the Commission on Presidential Debates that all attendees would be masked, with the exception of the two presidential candidates and debate moderator Chris Wallace.[100] Masking was enforced at the door, but several of Trump's guests in the audience, including his wife Melania, his family members, and senior staff, removed their masks after entering the hall. When Trump's guests were personally offered masks by Cleveland Clinic staff, they declined.[101][102][103][104]
All attendees were supposed to be tested for coronavirus before admission. After the outbreak was public, Wallace revealed that Trump and his personnel arrived too late to be tested, and were instead admitted to the debate hall under "an honor system".[105] In the coming days, the White House repeatedly declined to say when Trump last tested negative, raising speculation that he may have gone untested or even tested positive prior to the debate.[106][107] On October 6, the New York Times broke news that, despite public impressions to the contrary, Donald Trump was not actually being tested daily.[108] The timeline raised the possibility that Trump "might have tested positive before the Sept. 29 debate, failed to disclose it and showed up at the debate anyway."[109]
Hope Hicks diagnosed
On Wednesday, Trump went to suburban Minneapolis for a private fundraiser at the home of Marty Davis, CEO of kitchen counter-top manufacturer Cambria.[110] Thirteen members of the catering staff were quarantined after their exposure.[110] That fundraiser was followed by a rally in Duluth.[111] Hope Hicks, one of his closest advisors, accompanied Trump aboard Air Force One. The rally ended around 10 p.m. EDT.[112] The Minnesota Department of Health later traced four cases to the Duluth rally.[47]
During the Minnesota rally, Hicks stayed aboard the plane because she was not feeling well, and she quarantined herself at the back of the plane for the flight home.[113] A test confirmed her diagnosis as COVID-positive.[114][115] Aides sensed that Trump was not feeling well during the Wednesday trip.[116]
The White House initially sought to keep Hicks' diagnosis secret, and as of the morning of Thursday, October 1, only a very small group of senior White House officials knew of Hicks' diagnosis. No mention of her diagnosis was made in press secretary Kayleigh McEnany's news briefing that day.[117][116] McEnany later tested positive.[118] After learning of Hicks's positive test, CNN reporter Kaitlan Collins said, "Why did the press secretary still hold a briefing despite knowing she had come into contact with somebody who had just tested positive for coronavirus? She didn't even tell us. Didn't even tell reporters who were on the plane. Didn't disclose any of that."[119] McEnany later said she did not learn about Hicks until later that day.[113]
Hicks' diagnosis was first reported by Jennifer Jacobs and Jordan Fabian of Bloomberg at 8:07 p.m. on October 1.[120][121][122]
Bedminster fundraiser, October 1
At least five of Trump's closest associates cancelled their scheduled travel to a fundraiser at Bedminster: daughter Ivanka Trump, son-in-law Jared Kushner, body man Nick Luna, Trump's deputy chief of staff for communications Dan Scavino, and press secretary Kayleigh McEnany.[123] Despite his exposure, Trump proceeded with the event, flying aboard Air Force One.[124][123] The event had an indoor roundtable, an indoor VIP reception, and an outdoor reception.[125] Trump spoke without a mask to over 200 supporters, most of whom also didn't wear a mask.[126][127] Attendees noted that Trump seemed "lethargic" and "not himself".[115][128] He showed symptoms of a mild cough, some nasal congestion, and fatigue.[129] Jayna McCarron, Coast Guard aide to President Trump, was assigned to accompany Trump to the Bedminster fundraiser. She later tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.[130]
Trump announces positive test result
After returning from Bedminster, Trump received a positive test result[123] on a rapid test and was waiting to get results of a PCR test when he did a live phone interview on Hannity.[131] Sean Hannity of Fox News brought up Bloomberg's report about Hicks and asked for an update, whereupon Trump publicly mentioned Hicks' diagnosis for the first time, saying, "I just heard about this. She tested positive."[132][133] Trump stated, "It is very, very hard when you are with people from the military, or from law enforcement, and they come over to you, and they want to hug you, and they want to kiss you because we really have done a good job for them."[134][135] Without disclosing that he had already tested positive, he announced that he and the first lady were being tested for SARS-CoV-2.[136][102][137] He repeated this via Twitter after the interview. Later that night, the result of the PCR test also came in positive.[136] Trump was hospitalized the next day, October 2.[138]
Further outbreak
On October 2, it was announced that Trump 2020 campaign manager Bill Stepien tested positive,[139] as did Wisconsin U.S. Senator Ron Johnson, who had been exposed to someone who tested positive when he returned to Washington D.C. on September 29.[140] When he announced his test on October 3, Johnson said he had been with Trump over the last several weeks.[141] Three White House press room journalists, including Michael D. Shear, also tested positive on October 2, as did a White House staffer who works with the press.[142] On October 9, Representative Mike Bost was announced to have tested positive and developed symptoms after interacting with Sen. Mike Lee.[143]
Trump's personal attendant Nick Luna's positive test results were announced on October 3. Luna had been at the debate and on the flight to Minnesota.[144] Claudia Conway, the daughter of Kellyanne Conway, announced on October 4 that she had tested positive as well.[145] Also on October 4, Attorney General Barr reversed his previous stance and announced he would be entering quarantine.[146] On October 5, White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany announced she had also tested positive.[147] Two other White House press room staffers, Chad Gilmartin and Karoline Leavitt, were also reported to have tested positive on October 5.[148] On October 6, new announced infections included: assistant press secretary Jalen Drummond, presidential military aide Jayna McCarron, and an unidentified military aide.[149][150]
On October 7, 2020, Bloomberg News cited four people who reported that head of the White House Security Officer Crede Bailey was "gravely ill" with COVID-19 and had been in hospital since September.[151] Bailey had been ill even before the September 26 Rose Garden event.[151][13]
Presidential hospitalization and early release
Airlift to Walter Reed and experimental treatments, October 2
Donald Trump @realDonaldTrump Tonight, @FLOTUS and I tested positive for COVID-19. We will begin our quarantine and recovery process immediately. We will get through this TOGETHER!
October 2, 2020[152]
At 12:54 a.m. EDT on October 2, Trump announced via Twitter that both he and the first lady had tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus that night.[153][154] The afternoon of the same day, the White House announced that Trump would be hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland "for the next few days" "out of an abundance of caution", on the recommendation of the medical team headed by Sean Conley, a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine who had been the Physician to the President since 2018. Because he was a Navy commander, Conley was obliged to follow the orders of his commander-in-chief.[155] Trump, who was wearing a mask, was briefly filmed walking unassisted from the White House to the Marine One helicopter outside to transport him to Walter Reed.[138] According to White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, Trump was hospitalized because he "had a fever and his blood oxygen level had dropped rapidly".[156] The Associated Press reported that "a person familiar with Trump's condition confirmed that Trump was given oxygen at the White House" in the morning before arriving at Walter Reed, although Trump's doctors refused to say whether he had ever been given supplemental oxygen.[157]
Trump had Walter Reed personnel sign non-disclosure agreements in 2019 before they could be involved in treating him. Two doctors refused to sign the NDAs and were not allowed to have any involvement in his care. Medical personnel are already prohibited by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) from releasing personal health information without consent. Medical ethics professor Arthur Caplan called the NDAs redundant.[158]
On Friday afternoon, physicians revealed Trump had been given an experimental course of monoclonal antibodies from drug maker Regeneron Pharmaceuticals,[159] which further confirmed that Trump had received an "8 gram dose of REGN-COV2".[160] The drug was immediately provided in response to a "compassionate use" request from the medical team.[161] That night, Trump received his first infusion of remdesivir, an antiviral drug that disrupts virus replication. Remdesivir has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, but has been used as an emergency treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients.[162] The extremely aggressive combination was described as "uncharted territory"; Trump is believed to be the first individual to ever undergo both treatments simultaneously.[163]
Steroid treatment, October 3
At an 11 a.m. press conference on October 3, Conley stated that Trump was not currently on oxygen, that he had not had a fever for the past 24 hours, and that he was "doing very well".[164][165][166] Conley described Trump as being "just 72 hours into the diagnosis now", raising questions among journalists about when the diagnosis had actually been made, since it had been publicly announced only 36 hours previously. A 72-hour timeline would suggest that Trump actually knew he had the infection on September 30, but proceeded with his plans for a public rally that evening and a fundraiser on October 1.[167] Conley later clarified that he had meant "day three" instead of "72 hours", referring to the then-current time of Saturday morning compared to the diagnosis time of Thursday night (about 36 hours). Doctors also revealed that he had exhibited symptoms on October 1, including a "mild cough, and some nasal congestion and fatigue".[129] When Conley was asked if Trump was on steroids, Conley ended the briefing.[168][169]
Minutes after the press conference, an anonymous source – later identified as Meadows[171] – contradicted the assessment from the doctors, saying "The president's vitals over the last 24 hours were very concerning and the next 48 hours will be critical in terms of his care", adding "We're still not on a clear path yet to a full recovery."[172][173] Shortly thereafter, Meadows stated on the record the president was "doing very well".[174] That night, Conley warned that Trump was "not yet out of the woods" with regard to his condition.[175] The White House released two photos which showed Trump working at the hospital, according to their captions. White House reporter Andrew Feinberg noted that in one of the photos the president was signing documents that appeared to be blank.[170]
Motorcade excursion, October 4
In an October 4 press conference, Trump's medical team said that he was "doing really well" after his oxygen level dipped the day before and after he was given the steroid dexamethasone, which works by reducing inflammation in the lungs.[176] Asked if CT scans showed pneumonia or lung damage, Conley said, "There's some expected findings, but nothing of any major clinical concern." He declined to say what was found.[177] When asked why he was reluctant to disclose that Trump had been given oxygen during the October 3 briefing, Conley stated that he did not want to "give any information that might steer the course of illness in another direction" and "it came off that we're trying to hide something, which wasn't necessarily true."[178] White House Director of Strategic Communications Alyssa Farah later stated that it was "a common medical practice that you want to convey confidence, and you want to raise the spirits of the person you're treating," while also asserting that Meadows' anonymous statement to reporters was intended to "give you guys more information just to try to be as transparent as we can," effectively conceding Conley was addressing the president on television, rather than the public.[179][180] The president was reported to be angry about Meadows' off-the-record assessment.[181]
Later in the day, Trump briefly departed the hospital to ride past a gathering of supporters at the medical center, waving from the back seat of an SUV, before returning.[182] Medical experts stated that the short outing endangered the Secret Service agents accompanying Trump inside the vehicle due to his infection.[183][184] James Phillips, doctor of emergency medicine at George Washington University and an attending physician at Walter Reed, sharply criticized the drive-by as "insanity" for "political theater" and wrote that Trump had endangered the Secret Service agents in the presidential SUV by potentially exposing them to COVID-19.[185][186]
Within the Secret Service, some agents expressed outrage or frustration with Trump's behavior.[183][187][188] One anonymous agent told journalists, "He's not even pretending to care now."[187] Joseph Petro, a former veteran Secret Service agent and senior official, wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that Trump's behavior was part of a longstanding pattern of endangering others; he also criticized Secret Service management for an "inexcusable lack of concern" for the health of agents and their families.[189]
Return to White House, October 5
At 2:37 p.m. EDT on October 5, Trump tweeted that he would be discharged from the hospital at 6:30 p.m. that day.[190] However, doctors said in an afternoon news briefing that Trump continued to be treated with dexamethasone and remdesivir.[191] The prospect of Trump's early release astonished infectious disease experts, who noted that Trump planned to be discharged in a period when COVID-19 patients are particularly vulnerable (7–10 days after symptoms first appear) to unpredictable and rapid declines in condition.[192] Outside physicians stated that the depiction of Trump's illness as relatively mild was inconsistent with the aggressive treatment he was receiving.[192] Trump's medical team made cryptic remarks about his status and declined to say whether Trump's CT scans contained indications of pneumonia or lung damage.[192] Trump made phone calls in which he shared the idea of him leaving the hospital feigning frailty, but would then rip open his dress shirt to reveal a Superman T-shirt underneath, as reported by The New York Times.[193]
After reportedly pressuring his doctors to release him,[194] he was discharged and arrived at the White House shortly before 7:00 p.m. He stood for a photo op at the South Portico balcony, where he removed his mask despite being potentially contagious.[195][196] Having climbed two flights of stairs to the balcony, Trump appeared to breathe heavily as he steadied himself. He then gave a salute before walking inside.[191][194] He later went back outside with a camera crew to reshoot his entrance.[197]
Within an hour of his arrival Trump released a video message and a promotional video, set to dramatic orchestral music, showing Marine One's flight and landing and his saluting pose from the balcony.[198][199][200] In the video message he said, "We're going back to work. We're going to be out front. As your leader, I had to do that. I knew there's danger to it, but I had to do it. I stood out front. I led. Nobody that's a leader would not do what I did. And I know there's a risk, there's a danger, but that's OK. And now I'm better and maybe I'm immune, I don't know. But don't let it dominate your lives." The message was widely criticized. The New York Times commented, "Trump's statement was meant to cast his illness as an act of courage rather than the predictable outcome of recklessness."[201] He also echoed a message he had earlier tweeted: "Don't be afraid of Covid. Don't let it dominate your life" – a message which reportedly angered many survivors of the virus or people who had lost loved ones to the disease.[202] The New York Times tabulated that Trump's tests, treatments, airlifts, and hospital stay, if given to an average American, would have cost more than $100,000. The helicopter rides alone would have cost $40,000 after insurance.[203]
Return to the West Wing, October 6–7
On October 6 and 7, Trump made no public appearances and had an empty public schedule, although he made more than 50 Twitter posts.[204] In the tweets, Trump compared SARS-CoV-2 to the flu and falsely claimed that the flu had higher death rates: "Are we going to close down our Country (because of the flu)? No, we have learned to live with it, just like we are learning to live with Covid, in most populations far less lethal!!!"[205] Many doctors expressed alarm at the notion that the public should "learn to live with" the pandemic. Twitter tagged the post with a "misleading and potentially harmful information" flag, and Facebook removed a similar post by Trump.[206] Four hours after the tweet, and after it was flagged by Twitter's staff, Trump tweeted "REPEAL SECTION 230", an attack against Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which protects online platforms from litigation surrounding the content their users post.[207]
Trump's behavior on October 6 caused some White House staffers to wonder if he was being influenced by the cocktail of drugs he had been taking. Aides said that Trump still sometimes sounded as if he was trying to catch his breath;[108] Trump continued to receive remdesivir treatment inside the White House and conducted business without wearing a mask.[208] Dr. Conley said in a memo that Trump has "no symptoms" and is doing "extremely well."[209]
On October 7, Trump insisted on conducting business in the Oval Office, although he was supposed to be quarantined in the residential portion of the White House and rooms had been set up there where he could work. He reportedly entered the Oval Office through an outdoor entrance so as not to encounter staff. Only two aides – Mark Meadows and Dan Scavino – spent time with him there, fully dressed in personal protective equipment.[210][211]
Return to public events, October 8–12
Trump suggested that he could have contracted COVID-19 from family members of fallen soldiers who were at the September 27 reception for Gold Star Families. He said on a Fox Business interview on October 8 that the family members "come within an inch of my face" and that "They want to hug me, and they want to kiss me."[212] Trump did not wear a mask during the event. The White House later clarified that "based on contact tracing, the data we have, we don't think it arose from that event" while defending holding such events indoors with few or no masks.[213] Trump also said in the interview that he remains on dexamethasone.[214]
Dr. Conley issued a memo that day saying that Trump's condition was stable and he was "devoid of symptoms". He added that "Saturday (October 10) will be day 10 since Thursday's diagnosis, and based on the trajectory of advanced diagnostics the team has been conducting, I fully anticipate the president's safe return to public engagements at that time."[215] Ten to 20 days is the CDC's recommendation for how long people should isolate themselves after having COVID-19.[216] In an interview that night, Trump said he would like to hold a rally in Florida on October 10 and one in Pennsylvania on the 11th.[216]
On October 10, Trump held his first public event since being diagnosed with the virus, speaking briefly from the South Lawn portico to hundreds of guests.[217] Conley said on October 12 that Trump tested negative on "consecutive days" using rapid antigen tests and that the results of a PCR test, along with CDC guidelines for mild to moderate cases, indicate that he is not infectious.[218][219] The CDC says it "does not recommend using antigen tests to make decisions about discontinuing isolation" and that negative tests should be confirmed with a PCR test.[220] Later that day, Trump held his first rally since being diagnosed, in Sanford, Florida.[221] The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and other news outlets did not send reporters to travel with Trump, citing concerns over basic precautions.[222]
Subsequent outbreaks
Pence staff
In late October, ABC News learned an unidentified staffer in the vice president's office had tested positive.[223] Days later, it was announced that five close advisers to Pence had tested positive: Marc Short, Chief of Staff to the Vice President; Marty Obst, one of the Vice President's closest advisors; Zach Bauer, the Vice President's "body man;" as well as two unnamed members of Pence's staff.[224][225][226]
After initially trying to keep the outbreak quiet, the White House announced that Pence would continue with his schedule, including political rallies, despite having been in "close contact with Mr. Short".[227][223]
Election Night party
On November 3, 2020, Election Day, Donald Trump held a party for staffers and campaign officials in the East Room of the White House. The party was unprecedented in its size and scope.[228] Similarly to the Barrett nomination, few people wore masks or practiced social distancing.[229] On November 6, White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows' positive COVID-19 test was made public.[230] Meadows had been diagnosed on the 4th, but tried to keep his results secret, a move that concerned officials.[231][232] Diagnoses for Cassidy Hutchinson, an aide to Meadows,[233] Nick Trainor, a director for the Trump campaign, and five White House staffers[230] were also made public on the 6th. The following day, Jared Kushner aide Charlton Boyd[234] was reported to be infected, and Florida Representative Matt Gaetz announced he had developed antibodies for the virus.[235]
On November 9, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson and Citizens United head David Bossie tested positive for COVID-19. According to his brother, Carson was "in good spirits".[12] Two days later, Brian Jack, White House political director, and 2016 campaign spokesperson Healy Baumgardner were diagnosed.[236] On November 12, it was revealed that party attendees Corey Lewandowski, a Trump campaign advisor, and Republican strategist and lobbyist Jeff Miller tested positive for coronavirus.[232]
On November 13, media outlets reported that over 130 Secret Service officers had been forced to self-isolate because they tested positive for the coronavirus or had been in close contact with infected individuals.[237]
Effects on election and congressional activities
Vice presidential debate
Two days before the debate between Pence and Sen. Kamala Harris, the Commission on Presidential Debates announced that the stage at the University of Utah would feature plexiglass barriers separating Pence, Harris, and the moderator Susan Page of USA Today.[238][239][240]
At the Rose Garden ceremony on September 26, Pence had sat one row away from Mike Lee, five seats away from Thom Tillis, and three rows away from Kayleigh McEnany.[238] Pence was also with Trump and Melania at the reception for Gold Star Families and was with Trump in the Oval Office the day of the first presidential debate.[241] Pence's physician said that Pence, who tested negative, was not a close contact with anyone who had tested positive and did not need to quarantine.[238][242] The night before the debate, the Trump White House released a letter from Robert Redfield, the director of the CDC, to Pence's chief of staff Marc Short, in which Redfield declared that, based on his negative test results and discussions with Pence's physician, "the CDC concludes from a public health standpoint" that it was safe for Pence to debate.[243] Redfield's letter, which was possibly unprecedented in CDC's history, sparked an outcry from public health experts inside and outside the CDC (such as Angela Rasmussen) because the agency had not conducted an investigation into Pence's contacts; some within the CDC also objected to the letter on the grounds that it constituted a use of Pence's "special privileged access to the nation's top public health official" for a political purpose.[243] Some outside observers also raised continuity-of-government concerns with Pence declining to quarantine.[244]
Despite his known exposure, Pence initially asked to not have a plexiglass barrier on his side of the stage. His spokesperson, Katie Miller, argued that the twelve feet of distance between the participants made the precaution unnecessary,[238] and mocked Harris for using the barrier.[245] The day before the debate, Pence dropped his objections and agreed to the barrier.[246] A number of experts noted that a plexiglass barrier would not prevent airborne transmission, which given the stage setup was the biggest hazard.[247] Though the Biden-Harris campaign sought to have the candidates stand, the Commission opted for the debate participants to be seated, which was the preference of the Trump-Pence.[248]
Despite her known exposure, Karen Pence appeared unmasked, violating prior agreements that all attendees would be masked except for the moderator and candidates.[249]
Second presidential debate
On October 8, the Commission on Presidential Debates made plans to have the second debate on October 15 be held in a virtual format due to Trump's COVID diagnosis. Trump declined to take part in a virtual debate, while Biden was willing to participate. Following Trump's refusal to participate, the Biden campaign announced that he would instead take questions from voters directly on October 15 via a town hall event hosted by ABC News in Philadelphia.[250] The commission then canceled the debate altogether.[251]
Supreme Court nomination hearings
The outbreak among senators caused the Senate to delay its session by two weeks to October 19, but the Judiciary Committee began Judge Amy Coney Barrett's nomination hearings on October 12.[252][253] Democrats tried unsuccessfully to delay the fast-track proceedings by raising safety concerns in light of infections among members.[254] Committee members Mike Lee and Thom Tillis, had already tested positive, both having attended the Rose Garden event in September; member Ted Cruz had been quarantining after coming into contact with the former.[255] While the Capitol's mask requirements were generally enforced, Mike Lee, who had been cleared by the attending physician, gave his opening statement without a mask, though he wore a mask at other times.[256][252] Sens. Cruz and Tillis appeared remotely on the first day of hearings,[257][258] and participated in person the other days.[259][260] Committee chairman Sen. Lindsey Graham, who was at the Rose Garden event and had brief contact with Sen. Lee, said he tested negative on October 2. He did not wear a mask at his seat, but put it on when Lee approached.[261][262] Congressional safety officials said that the hearing met CDC guidelines, and the chamber was set up with air ventilation systems and distancing between senators.[256][254]
Concerns
Risk to the public
Epidemiologists and public health experts said that the outbreak had put many people at risk in many places. Those infected carried the virus across the country and attended events in places such as Atlanta, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota. At least 6,000 people attended gatherings where they mingled closely with those infected within a week of the Supreme Court nomination ceremony on September 26.[263]
In the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, the outbreaks at the White House and Capitol Hill (where masks are required on the House floor, but not the Senate floor) also presented a risk.[264] The city had made substantial progress in reducing virus transmission through stringent public health laws and a population that largely followed these laws, but the clusters began a reversal and raised concerns that the city's overall infection rate would be affected.[264] As a federal property, the White House is exempt from the District of Columbia's public health rules, and has disregarded local mandates. The Trump White House also did not share positive test results with state or local health agencies.[264]
Date of Trump's last negative test
After President Trump was hospitalized, it was revealed that he was not being tested daily, and the White House was unwilling to reveal the date of his last negative test.[265] In previous months, Trump had twice claimed to test negative: in March, Trump physician Sean Conley had announced that the president had tested negative after he was exposed to COVID-positive individuals at his Mar-a-Lago resort.[266] After one of Trump's personal valets tested positive in May,[267] Trump told reporters "I tested very positively in another sense so – this morning. Yeah. I tested positively toward negative, right. So. I tested perfectly this morning. Meaning I tested negative."[268] At an October 16 event, Trump reported being unable to remember whether he had taken a test in the hours prior to the presidential debate.[269]
Continuity of government implications
As of October 3, 2020[update], a White House spokesperson confirmed that Trump remained active as president and that there had been no transfer of presidential power to Vice President Pence.[270][271] On October 2, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, next in line for the presidency after Pence, said that the White House had not contacted her about continuity of government.[272]
Military
Some national security analysts said the president's diagnosis put the United States into "uncharted territory" and "deep into the danger zone".[273] Former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said that Trump's hospitalization raises serious national security concerns and that adversaries should be expected to exploit any vulnerabilities of the United States.[274] However, several former defense officials downplayed concerns of foreign opportunism and argued that the U.S. national security apparatus including the nuclear command-and-control elements of that system is resilient enough to withstand the impact of an ill or incapacitated president. Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East Mick Mulroy said, "Unless symptoms are severe enough for the commander-in-chief to be incapacitated, it would not require a change of the chain of command," and that it was unlikely an adversary would use the situation to "test" the U.S.[273]
On October 2, the Pentagon issued a statement saying, "There's no change to the readiness or capability of our armed forces. Our national command and control structure is in no way affected" by Trump's diagnosis.[275]
Mental fitness concerns
According to a large study of COVID-19 survivors, one in five of those infected develops a mental illness within three months.[276][277]
There was some concern that Trump's steroid treatment could affect his mental state. One expert commented: "Some patients may develop psychiatric symptoms after being treated with steroids including euphoria, mood instability, rage or psychosis. It is rare, but occurs often enough that we recognize them as undesirable side effects of steroid therapy."[278] Professor of Emergency Medicine Esther Choo warned "we tell people that it can make them feel really hyper. It can make them behave very strangely."[279][280] Among patients administered dexamethasone, about 30% develop "moderate psychiatric symptoms like anxiety, insomnia, mania, or delirium". About 6% develop psychosis.[281]
After Trump left the hospital for a motorcade excursion and posted over a dozen all-caps tweets, it was speculated that the president was suffering from "steroid-induced psychosis".[282] Megan Ranney, an emergency physician and professor at Brown University, told CNN's Wolf Blitzer: "I would never want to say the president is experiencing steroid-induced psychosis, but it is certainly concerning to see some of his actions today in the wake of this potentially deadly diagnosis and infectious disease."[283]
According to reporting by Gabriel Sherman of Vanity Fair, Donald Trump Jr. expressed concerns on October 4 that the president was "acting crazy".[284] Privately, White House aides had concerns about the effects of medications causing Trump's "animated mood".[281] On October 5, Trump tweeted that he was "Feeling really good" and felt "better than I did 20 years ago", contributing to some speculation that his mental state was a side effect of medication.[194]
On October 3, Trump issued an all-caps tweet calling for passage of a coronavirus stimulus bill.[285] On October 4, it was publicly announced that Trump had been administered dexamethasone the previous day.[286] On October 6, Trump unexpectedly announced on Twitter that he was halting negotiations on a stimulus bill. The announcement caused another sudden drop in the stock market, and Speaker Pelosi questioned if his steroid use was affecting his decision-making.[287][288] Trump reversed this decision in another tweet sent seven hours later.[289]
Commenting on the tweets, Dr. Choo observed: "Anytime he's doing a Twitter storm in all caps, it looks a little manic." Choo described Trump as a "presidential guinea pig" since "He's on all these medications, he's on that monoclonal antibody cocktail that we don't even know the side effects to, because it hasn't been well studied. Then he's on the Remdesivir, which is really a brand new medication in the context of COVID, which itself can cause alterations to your brain and your behaviour. And then add on the steroids."[279]
On October 8, Speaker Pelosi announced plans for a meeting the following day to discuss the 25th Amendment.[290]
Reactions
The White House infections could have been prevented, according to Anthony Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director and White House Coronavirus Task Force member.[15] Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, has stated that the outbreak and specifically Trump's diagnosis would lead to more calls for transparency about Trump's health as well as conspiracy theories about how he was infected.[291] Dr. Megan Ranney, a leading voice on personal protective equipment, said that Trump's infection was a "preventable but predictable national security risk".[16] Julie Pryde, head of the Champaign-Urbana health district, said that the White House outbreak was preventable with basic infection-control measures.[17]
Some medical experts noted that dexamethasone is typically administered in severe and critical cases of infection, to suppress an immune system overreaction that attacks vital organs which can lead to death. Dexamethasone has not been shown to be effective in milder cases of the disease.[292] Others noted that such steroids can have mood-altering side effects ranging from depression to mania, even delirium and psychosis. There was also a risk of harmful drug interactions by administering several therapeutics at once. Some experts noted a so-called "VIP syndrome," in which a prominent patient insists on directing his own medical care, suggesting the president may have sought aggressive treatment without understanding the potential risks. As a Navy doctor, Conley is obliged to follow orders of the commander in chief. After Trump extensively promoted hydroxychloroquine as a defense against infection in spring 2020, Conley administered him a two-week regimen of the drug, despite no studies finding it was effective and it had potentially dangerous side effects.[293][294]
United States public
The response from the U.S. public was mixed, and often split along ideological lines.[295] Some supporters of Joe Biden said they were not surprised at the outbreak, due to a lack of precautions taken by Trump and other Republicans.[296][297] Some people said they did not believe the diagnosis: some liberal doubters said they could not believe Trump due to the volume of false and misleading information that Trump had spread in the past,[297] while some QAnon followers posited conspiracy theories asserting that Trump's diagnosis was "part of an elaborate plan to isolate the leader while violent retribution is taken against believed evil-doers."[298] Comedian Michael Che wished Trump "a very lengthy recovery" on the Saturday Night Live news satire sketch Weekend Update.[299]
An October 2–3 Reuters/Ipsos poll found that American disapproval of Trump's handling of the pandemic had increased from the previous week, with 65% of registered voters agreeing with the statement "if President Trump had taken coronavirus more seriously, he probably would not have been infected."[300] Another poll on October 6 revealed that 21% of respondents were more likely to wear a mask due to the news of Trump acquiring the disease.[301]
Twitter announced that any posts wishing for Trump's death would be removed for violating the platform's terms of service. Congresswomen Rashida Tlaib, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, and Ayanna Pressley criticized Twitter for not taking threats against them seriously, pointing to longstanding posts calling for their deaths that had not been removed.[302] Facebook and TikTok announced similar policies.[303]
United States politicians
On October 2, Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden said that he and Jill Biden send their "prayers for the health and safety" of Donald and Melania Trump.[304] He took all of his negative political ads off the air following the announcement of Trump's diagnosis.[305] His running mate Sen. Kamala Harris said that she and her husband Doug are sharing their "deepest prayers for the health and recovery of the president and the first lady."[306] Former president Barack Obama extended his "best wishes" to Trump and said that he and Michelle Obama hope for a speedy recovery for the Trumps.[307] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said, "I always pray for the president and his family that they're safe" and said that she received the news with "great sadness".[308] Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer wished Donald and Melania Trump and White House staffers a "speedy recovery".[309]
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell revealed he had not visited the White House since August 6 because of his private concerns that safety protocols were not being observed.[281]
International politicians and leaders
Many politicians around the world expressed wishes for a quick recovery; others commented on the lack of response to the pandemic and the downplaying of the virus. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, Russian President Vladimir Putin, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and others issued statements of support over the outbreak through social media.[310] Others were more critical of the outbreak; French government spokesman Gabriel Attal warned that the virus spared no one, even those skeptical about its reality and seriousness. Radoslaw Sikorski, a European Parliament member and former Polish foreign minister, tweeted[310] that Trump should not try to treat himself with bleach, referring to Trump's earlier suggestion to try using disinfectants as a COVID-19 treatment "by injection inside or almost a cleaning."[311]
Misinformation and conspiracy theories
Shortly after the announcement that Trump had tested positive, misinformation and conspiracy theories began proliferating social media.[312] Many of the conspiracy theories were politically motivated, aided by conflicting and contradictory information announced to the public by the White House, the presidential medical team, and Trump himself (through his tweets).[313][314]
Michael Moore promoted the conspiracy theory that Trump might be faking his diagnosis.[315][316] Similar theories were posted on social media, postulating that Trump was feigning the illness so he could quickly recover and downplay the threat of COVID-19, delay the 2020 presidential election, or to distract the public from the reporting about his tax returns.[314] Conversely, the vice presidential debate on October 7 triggered "a wave of speculation" that Pence might be symptomatic.[317][318]
Some theories were spread by supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory, who believe that COVID-19 is a narrative constructed by a Democratic Party deep state to seize power in the United States, and that Trump's positive diagnosis was tactical, as part of a larger plan to arrest Hillary Clinton.[319]
List of COVID-19 infections and notable exposures
White House personnel held multiple events in the days prior to the outbreak. On Sep 26, a nomination event for Judge Barrett was held. The following day, Gold Star families attended an event. White House personnel traveled to Ohio to attend the first presidential debate, as well as campaign events in Duluth and Bedminster, New Jersey.[320] On Nov 3, prior to the second outbreak, a watch party was held in the East Room of the White House.[12]
People who tested positive for COVID-19
Was event attended by the patient? | Severity | Diagnosis first reported publicly | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location and event: | Barrett nomination | Gold Star Day | Ohio debate | Duluth rally | Bedminster fundraiser | Election Night party | |||
Patient | Position | Sep 26 | Sep 27 | Sep 29 | Sep 30 | Oct 1 | Nov 3 | ||
Unidentified staffers | White House staffers | Exact presence unknown | Positive | Sep 16[39] | |||||
Donald Trump | President of the United States | Symptomatic and COVID-positive on Sept 26 | Hospitalized; discharged | Oct 2[321] | |||||
Crede Bailey | Head of White House Security Office | Became ill over Labor Day weekend (Sep 5–7),[322] diagnosed before Barrett nomination event, hospitalized in late September[323] | Hospitalized; permanently disabled[324][325] | Oct 6[151] | |||||
Hope Hicks | Senior Counselor to the President | Isolating[123][326] | Unknown | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 1[327] | ||||
Mike Lee | US Senator from Utah | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[328] | ||||||
Thom Tillis | US Senator from North Carolina | Positive and symptomatic[329] | Oct 2[330] | ||||||
Melania Trump | First Lady | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[331] | ||||||
Kellyanne Conway | Fmr. Counselor to the President | Unknown | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[59] | |||||
Ronna McDaniel | Chair of the RNC | Attended D.C. fundraiser with Trump on Sep 25[2] | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[332] | |||||
Michael D. Shear & wife[333] | The New York Times correspondent | Visited the White House on Sep 26 before a trip to Pennsylvania aboard Air Force One, which he then took with the president.[62] | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[334] | |||||
Bill Stepien | Trump campaign manager | Traveled to Cleveland debate aboard Air Force One with President, First Lady, Hope Hicks, and Steven Miller | Unknown | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[335] | ||||
Al Drago | White House press room photojournalist | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 2[336] | ||||||
One unidentified journalist | White House press room journalist | Unknown | Positive | Oct 2[337] | |||||
11 unidentified persons | Debate preparation staff or media | Positive | Oct 2[98] | ||||||
Nick Luna | Body man to Donald Trump | Canceled[123][144] | Unknown | Positive | Oct 3[144] | ||||
Chris Christie | Former Governor of New Jersey | Also in close contact with Trump at a Sep 26 meeting, debate prep meetings, and a Sep 27 press conference | Hospitalized; discharged | Oct 3[338][339] | |||||
John I. Jenkins | University of Notre Dame President | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 3[340] | ||||||
Ron Johnson | US Senator from Wisconsin | Exposed to unnamed individual on Sep 14[341] | Positive but asymptomatic | Oct 3[342] | |||||
Claudia Conway | Daughter of Kellyanne Conway | Exposed to Kellyanne Conway | Positive and symptomatic[343] | Oct 4[145] | |||||
Kayleigh McEnany | White House press secretary | Canceled[123] | Unknown | Positive but asymptomatic | Oct 5[118] | ||||
Greg Laurie | Pastor of Harvest Christian Fellowship | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 5[344] | ||||||
Chad Gilmartin | Principal assistant press secretary | Positive | Oct 5[345] | ||||||
Karoline Leavitt | Assistant press secretary | Positive and symptomatic[346] | Oct 5[345] | ||||||
Two unidentified staffers | White House residence staff | Regularly exposed to First Family | Positive | Oct 5[347] | |||||
Jayna McCarron | U.S. Coast Guard aide to the president | Regularly exposed to Trump | Positive | Oct 6[348] | |||||
Unidentified military personnel | President's valet[349] | Regularly exposed to Trump | Positive | Oct 6[350] | |||||
Adm. Charles Ray | Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 6[2] | ||||||
Jalen Drummond | Assistant White House Press Secretary | Positive | Oct 6[351] | ||||||
Stephen Miller | Senior Advisor to the President | Unknown | Positive | Oct 6[92] | |||||
Salud Carbajal | U.S. Representative from CA-24 | Reportedly exposed to Sen. Mike Lee | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 6[352] | |||||
Harrison W. Fields | Assistant press secretary | Regularly exposed to Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany | Positive | Oct 7[353] | |||||
Gen. Gary Thomas | Marine Corps assistant commandant | Exposed to Admiral Charles Ray | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 7[354][355] | |||||
Mike Bost | US Representative from IL-12 | Exposed to Mike Lee | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 9[143] | |||||
Trish Scalia | Wife of Labor Secretary Eugene Scalia | Positive and symptomatic | Oct 14[356] | ||||||
Barron Trump | Son of Donald & Melania Trump | Announced Oct 14, diagnosed on Oct 1 along with parents | Positive | Oct 14[357][358] | |||||
Marc Short | Pence Chief of Staff | Regularly in close contact with VP Mike Pence | Isolating[359] | Positive | Oct 24[360] | ||||
Marty Obst | Pence advisor | Regularly in close contact with VP Mike Pence | Positive | Oct 24[360] | |||||
Zach Bauer | Body man to Pence | Regularly in close contact with VP Mike Pence | Unknown | Positive | Oct 24[361][226] | ||||
Two unidentified staffers | Members of Pence's staff | Regularly in contact with VP Mike Pence | Positive | Oct 24[362][361] | |||||
Mark Meadows | White House Chief of Staff | Travels with Trump on "almost every trip" | Positive | Nov 6[363][234][230] | |||||
Cassidy Hutchinson | Aide to Mark Meadows | Regularly in contact with Chief of Staff Mark Meadows | Positive | Nov 6[233] | |||||
Five unidentified staffers | Members of Trump's staff | Regularly in contact with President Trump | Positive | Nov 6[364][230] | |||||
Nick Trainor | Trump campaign battleground director | Regularly in contact with President Trump | Positive | Nov 6[230] | |||||
Unknown campaign staffer | Member of Trump campaign staff | Regularly in contact with President Trump | Positive | Nov 6[230] | |||||
Charlton Boyd | Aide to Jared Kushner | Regularly in contact with Jared Kushner | Positive | Nov 7[234] | |||||
Matt Gaetz | US Representative from FL-01 | Present at Trump rallies on Oct 16, Oct 19, and Oct 23. Unmasked in close contact with Trump campaign on Nov 3 | Asymptomatic, positive for antibodies | Nov 7[235] | |||||
Ben Carson | HUD secretary | Exposed to Trump at campaign event in Atlanta on Sep 25.[336] | "Desperately ill"[365] | Nov 9[366] | |||||
Several staffers | White House staffers | Many were presumably attendees at Trump's Election Night party on Nov 3. | Positive | Nov 9[367] | |||||
David Bossie | Head of Citizens United | Positive | Nov 9[368][369] | ||||||
Brian Jack | White House Political Director | Positive | Nov 11[236] | ||||||
Healy Baumgardner | 2016 Trump campaign spokesperson | Positive | Nov 11[236] | ||||||
Corey Lewandowski | 2016 Trump campaign manager | Attended Four Seasons Total Landscaping event on Nov 7 | [370] | Positive | Nov 12[370] | ||||
Jeff Miller | Republican strategist | Positive | Nov 12[371] | ||||||
Richard Walters | RNC Chief of staff | Positive | Nov 12[232] | ||||||
≥30 Secret Service officers[372] | Officers assigned the president's detail | Regularly exposed to President Trump | Positive | Nov 13[237] | |||||
Chuck Grassley | US Senator from Iowa | Attended Trump rally on Nov 1 in Dubuque, Iowa | Positive but asymptomatic[373] | Nov 17[374] | |||||
Andrew Giuliani | White House aide, Rudy's son | Golfs with Trump, attended Rudy Giuliani press conference on November 19 | Positive | Nov 20[375][376] | |||||
Rick Scott | US Senator from Florida | Attended Trump rally on November 2 | Positive and symptomatic | Nov 20[377][378] | |||||
Donald Trump Jr. | Son of Donald Trump | Attended Nov 1 rally in Dubuque[379] | Positive but asymptomatic | Nov 20[380] | |||||
Regular contact with Donald Trump and Kimberly Guilfoyle | |||||||||
Kelly Loeffler | US Senator from Georgia | Attended rally with Rick Scott and David Perdue on November 13 | Positive | Nov 21[381] | |||||
Boris Epshteyn | 2020 Trump campaign strategic advisor | Attended Rudy Giuliani press conference on November 19 | Positive and symptomatic | Nov 25[382] | |||||
Rudy Giuliani | Fmr. NYC mayor; Trump's personal attorney | Exposed to Andrew Giuliani and others. Appeared unmasked before Michigan lawmakers on Dec 2 and Georgia lawmakers on Dec 3 | Hospitalized; discharged[383][384] | Dec 6[385] | |||||
Jenna Ellis | Trump campaign attorney | Regularly exposed to Rudy Giuliani. Attended Christmas party for Senior White House staff unmasked on December 4. | Positive | Dec 8[386] | |||||
Devin Nunes | US Representative from CA-22 | Asymptomatic, positive for antibodies | Dec 11[387] | ||||||
David Bernhardt | Interior secretary | Regularly in close contact with others in White House. May have attended Christmas parties in White House. | Positive | Dec 17[388] |
Notable exposures
Did the exposed individual attend the event? | Current status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location and event: | Barrett nomination | Gold Star Day | Ohio debate | Duluth rally | Bedminster fundraiser | Election Night party | ||
Exposed Individual | Position | Sep 26 | Sep 27 | Sep 29 | Sep 30 | Oct 1 | Nov 3 | |
Jared Kushner | Trump advisor, son-in-law | Canceled[123] | Unknown | Negative[389] | ||||
Ivanka Trump | Trump advisor, daughter | Canceled[123] | Negative[389] | |||||
Eric Trump | Son of Donald Trump | Negative[390] | ||||||
Lara Trump | Wife of Eric Trump | Negative[390] | ||||||
Dan Scavino | Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications | Canceled[123] | Unknown | Negative[389] | ||||
Mike Pence | Vice President of the United States | Reportedly negative[391][392] | ||||||
Karen Pence | Second Lady of the United States | Negative[2] | ||||||
William Barr | Attorney General | Negative, quarantined[393][394] | ||||||
Amy Coney Barrett | Federal appellate judge, Supreme Court nominee | Negative (previously infected)[395] | ||||||
Alex Azar | Secretary of Health and Human Services | [I] | Also exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at an event announcing a COVID-19 testing initiative. | [396] | Negative[2] | |||
Joe Biden | Former Vice President | Negative[397] | ||||||
Jill Biden | Former Second Lady | Negative[397] | ||||||
Eugene Scalia | Secretary of Labor | Negative[398] | ||||||
Ben Sasse | US Senator from Nebraska | Negative[2] | ||||||
Deb Fischer | US Senator from Nebraska | Negative[399] | ||||||
Kelly Loeffler | US Senator from Georgia | Negative[2] | ||||||
Josh Hawley | US Senator from Missouri | Negative[2] | ||||||
Harry R. Jackson Jr. | Pentecostal bishop | Attended Trump events on Oct 6 in Cleveland Heights, on Oct 15 in Miami, and on Oct 23 in Raleigh[400][401][402] | Deceased by Nov 9[74] | |||||
Jim Jordan | US Representative from OH-04 | Negative[2] | ||||||
Chris Coons | US Senator from Delaware | Negative[403] | ||||||
Lisa Blunt Rochester | US Representative from DE-AL | Negative[403] | ||||||
Chris Wallace | Fox News anchor, debate moderator | Negative[404] | ||||||
Tiffany Trump | Daughter of Donald Trump | Unknown[2] | ||||||
Kimberly Guilfoyle | Trump advisor, partner of Donald Trump Jr. | Unknown (previously infected)[2][405] | ||||||
Pat Cipollone | White House Counsel | Unknown[2] | ||||||
Rudy Giuliani | Former Mayor of New York City, Trump advisor | Unknown[I] | Underwent prophylactic treatment[406] | |||||
Giuliani participated in debate prep with Trump and Christie[407] and later exhibited a cough.[408] In a later interview, Giuliani reported undergoing prophylactic treatment.[409] | ||||||||
Mike Crapo | US Senator from Idaho | Unknown[2] | ||||||
Marsha Blackburn | US Senator from Tennessee | Unknown[2] | ||||||
Mark Esper | Secretary of Defense | Unknown[410] | ||||||
Gen. Mark Milley | Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff | Unknown[410] | ||||||
Joni Ernst | US Senator from Iowa | Exposed to Sen. Mike Lee on Oct 1 at Judiciary Committee meeting.[411] | Negative[411] | |||||
Tate Reeves | Governor of Mississippi | Exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at an event announcing a COVID-19 testing initiative[412] | Negative[2] | |||||
Mike Turner | US Representative from OH-10 | Exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at event featuring Lordstown Motors[413] | Negative[2] | |||||
Robert B. Ford | CEO of Abbott Laboratories | Exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at an event announcing a COVID-19 testing initiative | Negative[2] | |||||
Betsy DeVos | Secretary of Education | Exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at an event announcing a COVID-19 testing initiative | Negative[2] | |||||
Steven Mnuchin | Secretary of the Treasury | Exposed to Trump on Sep 30 at an Oval Office meeting | [414] | Negative[2] | ||||
Jason Miller | Trump re-election campaign senior advisor | Traveled to Cleveland for the Presidential Debate aboard Air Force One | Unknown | Negative[2] | ||||
Paula Reid | CBS News White House correspondent | Exposed to Kayleigh McEnany and another staffer at press briefing on Oct 1 | Awaiting results[415] | |||||
Rob Portman | US Senator from Ohio | Exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at event featuring Lordstown Motors[416] | Unknown[2] | |||||
Peter Navarro | Director of the OTMP | Exposed to Trump on Sep 28 at event featuring Lordstown Motors | Unknown[2] | |||||
Gen. John E. Hyten | Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff | Quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Gen. James C. McConville | Chief of Staff of the Army | Suspected quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Gen. David H. Berger | Commandant of the Marine Corps | Suspected quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr. | Chief of Staff of the Air Force | Quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Gen. John W. Raymond | Chief of Space Operations | Quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Gen. Daniel R. Hokanson | Chief of the National Guard Bureau | Suspected to be quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Adm. Mike Gilday | Chief of Naval Operations | Suspected to be quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Gen. Paul Nakasone | Director of the NSA | Suspected to be quarantined after exposure to Adm. Charles Ray. | Unknown[410] | |||||
Robert C. O'Brien | National Security Advisor | Traveled to Cleveland for the Presidential Debate aboard Air Force One | Unknown (previously infected)[2][417] | |||||
Todd Ricketts | Co-owner of Chicago Cubs, RNC finance chair | Exposed to Trump and McDaniel at the Sep 25 fundraiser | Unknown[2] | |||||
Thomas O. Hicks Jr. | Co-chair of the RNC | Exposed to Trump and McDaniel at the Sep 25 fundraiser | Unknown[2] | |||||
Michael Boulos | Business executive, partner of Tiffany Trump | [418] | Unknown |
Timeline of events
June–September 2020
- June 20: Trump rally in Tulsa attended by over 6,000. Hicks, Cain, two Secret Service agents, two staffers, and a journalist later test positive.[419]
- July 30: Death of Herman Cain[citation needed]
- August 17: Trump rally at Mankato, Minnesota attended by 500[36]
- August 20: Trump rally at Lackawanna, Pennsylvania attended by several hundred[36]
- September 5–7: Crede Bailey, head of the White House Security Office, fell ill with COVID-19.[322]
- September 13: Trump rally at Henderson, Nevada attended by 5,000.[38]
- September 16: At least one unnamed staffer tests positive[39]
- September 17: Trump rally at Mosinee, Wisconsin attended by thousands[citation needed]
- September 18: Trump rally at Bemidji, Montana attended by thousands, 16 attendees test positive, two hospitalized[36][420]
- September 24: Pence and Ivanka Trump attend event at Minnesota hotel; three attendees test positive
- September 26:
- 150 guests attend Rose Garden ceremony nominating Amy Coney Barrett; a reception follows. At least 18 attendees tested positive.[421]
- Trump exhibits symptoms and tests positive for COVID-19.
- Trump rally at Middletown, Pennsylvania attended by thousands[320][36]
- Debate prep team meets at the White House. At least seven team members later tested positive[422]
- September 27:
- September 28:
- September 29:
- September 30:
October 2020
October 1–15
- October 1, three known cases:
- Kayleigh McEnany holds press briefing despite knowledge of exposure; she later tested positive.[119]
- Fundraiser at Bedminster golf club in New Jersey is attended by 200; two White House team members in attendance later test positive[320]
- Trump tests positive[136]
- Hope Hicks diagnosis revealed by Bloomberg News[120]
- Sean Hannity appearance[136]
- Stephen Miller begins self-quarantine.[424]
- Eric Trump holds rally in Rothschild, Wisconsin[36][425]
- October 2 , 25+ known cases:
- October 3 , 28+ known cases: Trump in hospital[182]
- Chris Christie hospitalized
- October 4 , 28+ known cases: Trump in hospital, motorcade excursion[182]
- Barr enters quarantine[146]
- Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump photographed exercising while masked; the two are not publicly seen in the coming days.[citation needed]
- October 5 , 32+ known cases: Trump returns to White House
- Giuliani interviewed while exhibiting cough[426]
- October 6 , 35+ known cases:
- Admiral Charles Ray, Coast Guard aide to the President Jayna McCarron, and an unnamed military person who serves as valet to the President test positive
- Joint Chiefs of Staff self-quarantine due to exposure via Admiral Ray
- White House aide Stephen Miller and Assistant Press Secretary Jalen Drummond's positive test is announced[92]
- October 7 , 36+ known cases:
- October 8
- October 10:
- White House holds event on the South Lawn where Trump appears on balcony to address hundreds of attendees.[431]
- Pence returns to campaign with events in Orlando and at The Villages .[432]
- October 12
- White House physician reports Trump has tested negative for COVID-19.[433]
- Trump attends campaign rally at Orlando Sanford International Airport in Sanford, Florida .[434]
- October 13: Trump rally at John Murtha Johnstown-Cambria County Airport in Cambria County, Pennsylvania .[435]
- October 14: Trump rally at Des Moines International Airport in Des Moines, Iowa .[436]
- October 15: Trump rally at Pitt–Greenville Airport in Greenville, North Carolina .[437]
October 16–31
- October 16
- Trump rally at Ocala International Airport in Marion County, Florida .[438] Rep. Matt Gaetz, who would later test positive for antibodies, was in attendance.[439]
- Trump rally at Middle Georgia Regional Airport in Bibb County, Georgia .[440]
- October 18: Trump rally at Carson City Airport in Carson City, Nevada .[441]
- October 19
- Trump rally at Prescott Regional Airport in Prescott, Arizona .[442]
- Trump rally at Tucson International Airport in Tucson, Arizona .[443]
- October 20:
- Trump rally at Erie International Airport in Erie, Pennsylvania .[444]
- Melania Trump cancelled her first schedule appearance since developing symptoms, citing a "lingering cough".[445]
- October 21: Trump rally at Gastonia Municipal Airport in Gaston County, North Carolina .[446]
- October 22: Final presidential debate in Nashville, Tennessee[447]
- October 23:
- Trump rally at The Villages Polo Club in Sumter County, Florida .[citation needed]
- Trump rally at Pensacola International Airport in Escambia County, Florida . Rep Matt Gaetz spoke and signed autographs; He would later develop antibodies.[448]
- October 24:
- Trump rally at Pickaway Agriculture and Event Center in Pickaway County, Ohio .[citation needed]
- Trump rally at Waukesha County Airport in Waukesha County, Wisconsin .[citation needed]
- Five aides to Pence test positive.[6]
- October 25:
- Trump rally at Manchester–Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire .[citation needed]
- October 26:
- Trump rally at Lancaster Airport in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania .[citation needed]
- Trump rally at Altoona–Blair County Airport in Blair County, Pennsylvania .[citation needed]
- October 27:
- Trump rally at Capital Region International Airport in Clinton County, Michigan .[citation needed]
- Trump rally at La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway in West Salem, Wisconsin .[citation needed]
- Trump rally at Eppley Airfield in Douglas County, Nebraska .[449]
- October 28:
- Trump rally at Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport in Mohave County, Arizona .[450]
- Trump rally at Phoenix Goodyear Airport in Maricopa County, Arizona .[450]
November 2020
- November 1:
- Thousands gather at Dubuque Regional Airport, Iowa for a Trump rally.[451] Chuck Grassley and Donald Trump Jr. would later test positive.[374][452][379]
- Tightly packed Trump rally at Rome, Georgia draws 30,000.[453] Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler attended;[454] Loeffler would later test positive.
- Rally at Opa-Locka Airport in Miami draws thousands.[455] Two attendees, Sen. Rick Scott and Carlos Gimenez, would later test positive.[456]
- November 2: Thousands attend Trump Rally at Kenosha Airport in Wisconsin. Donald Trump Jr. would later test positive.[457]
- November 3: About 200 attended election night event in the White House East Room; Mark Meadows, David Bossie, Ben Carson, Brian Jack, Corey Lewandowski and Donald Trump Jr. would later test positive.[458][459][460]
- November 5: Trump rally at Republican headquarters in Atlanta; Donald Trump Jr. would later test positive.[461]
- November 6: Mark Meadows tests positive for coronavirus.[462]
- November 7:
- Florida's house representative Matt Gaetz tests positive for coronavirus antibody but not the live virus, indicating that he was infected with coronavirus at some point in the past.[463]
- The Trump Campaign holds an event at Four Seasons Total Landscaping. Corey Lewandoski would later test positive.[464]
- Joe Biden projected winner of the 2020 presidential election
- November 8: Trump campaign advisor David Bossie tests positive for COVID-19.[465] Bossie had been placed in charge of the Trump campaign post-election strategy the week prior when Mark Meadows' COVID-19 status was made public.[466]
- November 9: Secretary of HUD Ben Carson tests positive for coronavirus. He had been in attendance at the November 3 election night event at the White House.[459]
- November 11:White House political director Brian Jack is revealed to have tested positive for coronavirus over the previous weekend. Jack was also at the White House election night event.[467]
- November 12: Corey Lewandowski, a Trump campaign advisor working on the post-election legal team, is revealed to have tested positive for coronavirus on Wed Nov 11. Lewandowski was present at the election night party following which several other White House staff and Trump campaign workers have received a COVID-19 diagnosis.[468]
- November 13: Rick Scott attends packed event for Loeffler and Perdue at Black Diamond Grill in Cummings, Georgia.[469][470][471] Scott reportedly entered quarantine after returning to Florida.[472] Loeffler would later test positive.[381]
- November 15: Donald Trump Jr. tests positive "at the start of the week".[452]
- November 17: Chuck Grassley reports testing positive.[473]
- November 19: Giuliani holds press conference. Three attendees, Andrew Giuliani, Boris Epshteyn, and Christianné Allen would later test positive.[474][382][475]
- November 20:
- November 21: Senate candidate Kelly Loeffler reports testing positive.[381]
- November 25: Boris Epshteyn reported to have tested positive for COVID-19.[382] After hosting a public meeting in Gettysburg, Mastriano attends White House meeting where he receives news of positive test results.[478]
- November 27: Florida member-elect of the US House Carlos Gimenez reported to have tested positive.[479]
- November 29: Pennsylvania state senator Doug Mastriano reported to have tested positive.[478]
- November 30: Giuliani meets, unmasked, with Arizona lawmakers.[480]
December 2020
- December 2: Giuliani appears unmasked before Michigan lawmakers.[481]
- December 3: Giuliani appears unmasked before Georgia lawmakers.[481]
- December 5: Trump, Perdue, and Loeffler attend a rally in Valdosta, Georgia.[482]
- December 6: Giuliani reported to have tested positive.[481]
See also
- 2020 Trump Tulsa rally
- List of 2020 Donald Trump campaign rallies
- List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump since September 2020
- COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
- October surprise, a news event that may influence the outcome of an upcoming election
- Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
- Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, a previous event in which a sitting President's health was at risk
- Luke Letlow, U.S. Representative–elect (LA-5) who died of COVID-19 in December 2020 before taking office
- U.S. Representative Ron Wright, first sitting member of Congress to die of COVID-19[483]
References
- ^ @GeoffRBennett (December 6, 2020). "By NBC's count, at least 53 people in Trump's orbit have tested positive for COVID-19. That number includes administration officials, campaign staffers and close contacts. (The count starts with Hope Hicks' diagnosis in October and includes the Giuliani announcement today.)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Buchanan, Larry; Gamio, Lazaro; Leatherby, Lauren; Keefe, John; Koettl, Christoph; Walker, Amy Schoenfeld (October 2, 2020). "Tracking the White House Coronavirus Outbreak". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Walker, Amy Schoenfeld; Conlen, Matthew (November 21, 2020). "White House Outbreaks Persist, as Cases Now Span Three Months". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ^ Rosenberg, Benjamin; Williams, Tim Ryan; Collins, Sean (October 7, 2020). "Everyone in the White House cluster who has reportedly tested positive for the coronavirus". Vox. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ Gross, Elana Lyn (October 4, 2020). "White House Outbreak: Chris Christie, Campaign Chief Among Those Near President Trump Who Have Tested Positive For Covid-19". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Collins, Kaitlan; Diamond, Jeremy; Acosta, Jim; Diaz, Daniella; Liptak, Kevin; Klein, Betsy (October 24, 2020). "At least 5 of Vice President Pence's aides test positive for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ^ "White House could have traced and contained its covid-19 outbreak. It chose not to". The Washington Post. 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Trump tested positive for Covid few days before Biden debate, chief of staff says in new book". TheGuardian.com. December 2021.
- ^ Yong, Ed (October 2, 2020). "Biden's Negative Test Result Isn't Enough to Say He's in the Clear". The Atlantic.
- ^ Russ Choma (October 2, 2020). "Donald Trump Mingled Without a Mask at a New Jersey Fundraiser". Mother Jones.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 25, 2020). "Members of Pence's Inner Circle Test Positive for Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Trump election party draws scrutiny as guests test positive". AP NEWS. November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Folley, Aris (October 7, 2020). "White House security official reported to be gravely ill with COVID-19". The Hill. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (October 5, 2020). "As Trump Seeks to Project Strength, Doctors Disclose Alarming Episodes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ a b Reuters Staff (October 7, 2020). "Fauci says White House COVID-19 infections could have been prevented". Reuters. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Perry, Jack; Miller, G. Wayne (October 2, 2020). "Brown Health dean Jha: Trump's COVID-19 infection 'total failure' by White House". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Pressey, Debra (October 9, 2020). "Coronavirus response | Ask the Admin: President's tweets 'astonishing and very damaging'". The News-Gazette.
- ^ Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (October 3, 2020). "A White House Long in Denial Confronts Reality". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Nakamura, David (April 7, 2020). "To Protect Trump, White House among first to use rapid coronavirus test sought by communities". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Wu, Katherine J. (October 6, 2020). "The White House Bet on Abbott's Rapid Tests. It Didn't Work Out". The New York Times.
- ^ Carvajal, Nikki; Kelly, Caroline (March 21, 2020). "Staff member in Vice President Mike Pence's office tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Diamond, Dan; Ward, Myah (May 9, 2020). "Katie Miller, Pence spokeswoman, tests positive for coronavirus". Politico. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Karni, Annie (June 22, 2020). "White House Eases Virus Restrictions Except for Those Around Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Lovelace, Berkeley Jr. (October 31, 2020). "Trump campaign rallies led to more than 30,000 coronavirus cases, Stanford researchers say". CNBC. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Bernheim, B. Douglas; Buchmann, Nina; Freitas-Groff, Zach; Otero, Sebastian (October 30, 2020). "The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies" (PDF). Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Porterfield, Carlie. "Here's What Trump's Tulsa Rally – The First Since Coronavirus – Looks Like". Forbes.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 13, 2020). "Kimberly Guilfoyle, Top Fund-Raising Official for Trump Campaign, Tests Positive for Coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (October 8, 2020). "Trump Tests Positive for the Coronavirus". The New York Times.
- ^ "Two more Trump staffers test positive for coronavirus after Tulsa rally". CNN. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ Casiano, Louis (June 26, 2020). "Oklahoma reporter who covered Trump's Tulsa rally tests positive for coronavirus". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ "Secret Service staff quarantined after Trump rally". BBC News. June 25, 2020. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ Breuninger, Kevin (July 30, 2020). "Former GOP presidential candidate Herman Cain dies after battle with coronavirus". CNBC.
- ^ Santucci, Jeanine. "Trump's Tulsa rally, protests 'likely' contributed to a surge in coronavirus cases, local health official says". USA TODAY. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ Dwilson, Stephanie Dube (August 17, 2020). "About 500 Attended Trump's Mankato, Minnesota Rally: See Crowd Photos".
- ^ Press, JONATHAN LEMIRE, Associated (August 20, 2020). "Bidding for Pennsylvania, Trump trolls Biden in old backyard". WBMA.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pulver, Erin Mansfield, Josh Salman and Dinah Voyles. "Trump's campaign made stops nationwide. Coronavirus cases surged in his wake in at least five places". USA TODAY.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (October 7, 2020). "White House Security Official Contracted Covid-19 in September". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Waldrop, Thomas; Gee, Emily (October 26, 2020). "Trump Rallies Are Often Followed by Increases in Local COVID-19 Cases". Center for American Progress. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c "White House Staff Members Reportedly Test Positive For COVID Less Than 48 Hours After President Donald Trump Visited Sacramento". KMAX-TV. September 17, 2020. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Gan, Nectar; Renton, Adam; Wagner, Meg; Macaya, Melissa; Upright, Ed; Guy, Jack (September 17, 2020). "Trump confirms a White House staff member tested positive for coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 5, 2020). "Two White House residence employees, who do not have contact with the president, tested positive weeks ago". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Mentzer, Rob (September 17, 2020). "Trump Announces Aid To Farmers At Mosinee Rally". Wisconsin Public Radio.
- ^ Koran, Mario (September 18, 2020). "'He's paying attention to people like us': Trump's message finds fans in Wisconsin" – via www.theguardian.com.
- ^ September 18, 2020 – 8pm, Hannah Olson (September 19, 2020). "Trump delivers sprawling speech to thousands at Bemidji rally". Duluth News Tribune.
- ^ Walsh, Joe (October 9, 2020). "Nine People Test Positive For Covid After Attending Minnesota Trump Rally". Forbes. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ Rao, Maya (September 21, 2020). "Trump's 'good genes' comment at Bemidji rally draws condemnation". Star Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Nadia Kounang. "Minnesota reports three Covid-19 outbreaks related to Trump campaign events in September". CNN. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Dawsey, Josh; Parker, Ashley; Itkowitz, Colby; Olorunnipa, Toluse (October 2, 2020). "Trump goes to Walter Reed hospital for coronavirus treatment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c Collins, Kaitlin; Stracqualursi, Veronica (October 2, 2020). "RNC chairwoman Ronna McDaniel tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Rucker, Philip; Dawsey, Josh; Parker, Ashley; Costa, Robert (October 2, 2020). "Invincibility punctured by infection: How the coronavirus spread in Trump's White House". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "GOP's McDaniel tests positive for coronavirus". Detroit News.
- ^ a b Woodward, Alex (October 2, 2020). "RNC chair Ronna McDaniel and Senator Mike Lee test positive for coronavirus following Trump diagnosis". The Independent. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Ronna McDaniel, chairwoman of the R.N.C., tests positive for the coronavirus". The New York Times.
- ^ "RNC: Chair McDaniel tested positive for Covid-19". Politico.
- ^ Kim, Seung Min; Itkowitz, Colby (September 26, 2020). "Trump announces Judge Amy Coney Barrett is his pick for the Supreme Court". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Bash, Dana; Bohn, Kevin (October 5, 2020). "Inside Amy Coney Barrett's White House reception". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Gringlas, Sam (October 3, 2020). "At Least 8 People Test Positive For Coronavirus After Rose Garden Event For Barrett". NPR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c O'Connell, Oliver (October 2, 2020). "White House SCOTUS announcement is suspected as Covid super-spreader event as video shows infected senator hugging attendees". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ a b "The Latest: Trump campaign manager tests positive for COVID". Associated Press. October 3, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Amy Coney Barrett Had COVID-19 Symptoms in Recent Months, Friends of Supreme Court Pick Say". Time. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Acosta, Jim; Brown, Pam (October 2, 2020). "Amy Coney Barrett has tested negative for coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Stelter, Brian (October 5, 2020). "New York Times reporter infected with Covid-19 says the White House is not doing contact tracing". CNN Business. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ Kiefer, Halle (October 3, 2020). "Kellyanne Conway Says She Has COVID; Her Daughter Announces It On TikTok First". Vulture. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "Trump's Covid contact: Who he met and who's tested positive". BBC News. October 3, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (October 3, 2020). "Chris Christie tests positive for Covid-19". CNN. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Former NJ Governor Chris Christie Tests Positive for COVID-19". WNBC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Christie Says He Was 'Wrong' Not to Wear Masks at White House". The New York Times. October 15, 2020. Archived from the original on October 15, 2020.
- ^ Egan, Lauren (October 3, 2020). "Chris Christie hospitalized after being diagnosed with Covid". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b "Where Trump went (and who he was with) leading up to his coronavirus diagnosis". Politico. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (October 10, 2020). "Chris Christie released from hospital after Covid-19 treatment". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Chase, Brett (October 2, 2020). "Notre Dame president tests positive for COVID-19 days after not wearing mask at White House ceremony". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Resnick, Brian (October 3, 2020). "Was the White House reception for Amy Coney Barrett a superspreading event?". Vox. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Gray, Kathleen; Hubler, Shawn (October 7, 2020). "Notre Dame's President Faces an Angry Campus After Getting the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ a b "Bishop Harry Jackson Jr., Trump evangelical adviser, has died". Religion News Service. November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ Thomas, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Rabin, Roni Caryn (October 5, 2020). "Trump's Physician Says the President's Oxygen Levels Dropped and He Took Steroid Treatment". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Mandavilli, Apoorva; Tully, Tracey (October 5, 2020). "White House Is Not Contact Tracing 'Super-Spreader' Rose Garden Event". The New York Times.
- ^ Dawsey, Josh (October 3, 2020). "Little evidence that White House has offered contact tracing, guidance to hundreds potentially exposed". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Nick Valencia. "White House declines offers from CDC to help with contact tracing". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Vivian Salama. "White House email says 'all contact tracing' is complete". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ "Under drizzle and before a big crowd, Trump bashes Biden at rally outside Harrisburg". pennlive. September 27, 2020.
- ^ "Gov. Tom Wolf blasts President Trump for Saturday's Harrisburg airport rally". pennlive. September 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Health Department asks Trump rally attendees to use contact tracing app". October 2, 2020.
- ^ Bruggeman, Lucien (October 2, 2020). "Tracing Trump's movements: A timeline of the days leading up to his COVID diagnosis". ABC News. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan; Ryan, Missy (October 6, 2020). "Joint Chiefs in isolation after Coast Guard admiral tests positive for coronavirus, Pentagon says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Irby, Sarah. "Coast Guard vice commandant tests positive for COVID-19". WDBJ. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Starr, Barbara; Cohen, Zachary (October 6, 2020). "Senior Pentagon leadership quarantining after exposure to coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Kaplan, Fred (October 7, 2020). "Does It Matter That the Top Level of the U.S. Military Is in Quarantine?". Slate. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Castronuovo, Celine (October 7, 2020). "No. 2 Marine general tests positive for COVID-19". The Hill. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Li, David K. (October 2, 2020). "11 positive coronavirus tests traced to presidential debate, Cleveland officials say". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ "President Trump, First Lady and Hope Hicks may have spread coronavirus at Cleveland presidential debate". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. October 2, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (October 2, 2020). "On Monday, Trump Updated the Nation on Virus Strategy. By Friday, He Tested Positive". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c Collins, Kaitlan (October 6, 2020). "Top White House aide Stephen Miller tests positive for Covid-19". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Ivanka Trump, Don Jr., Eric don't think mask rules at debate applied to them". The Mercury News. September 30, 2020. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "Trump's reckless return met with a dramatically changed White House". CNN.
- ^ Desk, Brianna Chambers, Cox Media Group National Content. "Chris Christie tests positive for COVID-19". KIRO.
- ^ "White House COVID outbreak grows as Midwest hospital cases surge". Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy: U of MN.
- ^ Cummings, William. "'No one was wearing masks' during debate prep, Chris Christie says after president contracts coronavirus". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Staff (October 2, 2020). "City of Cleveland announces 11 positive cases of COVID-19 stemming from preparations for presidential debate". WKYC Cleveland. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Chris Christie: 'Undeniable' that Trump gave me Covid last year - CNN Video, retrieved December 13, 2021
- ^ Garrison, Joey; King, Ledyard (October 2, 2020). "Future of presidential debates unclear after Trump tests positive; Trump family largely ignored mask rules Tuesday". USA Today. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Davis, Aaron C.; Boburg, Shawn; Dawsey, Josh (October 2, 2020). "Trump's debate guests refused to wear masks, flouting rules". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b "Timeline of Trump's activities in week coronavirus hit home". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Rossman, Sean; Cummings, William; Fritze, John; Jackson, David; Subramanian, Courtney (October 2, 2020). "Trump tweets video before going to Walter Reed hospital with COVID-19: live updates". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Anderson, Chris (September 30, 2020). "Some guests on President Trump's side of debate room reportedly refused masks when asked by Cleveland Clinic doctor". WOIO. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Vella, Lauren (October 2, 2020). "Chris Wallace: Trump arrived too late to be tested in Ohio before debate, relied on 'honor system'". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Bump, Philip (October 5, 2020). "Why it matters that we don't know when Trump last tested negative". The Washington Post.
- ^ Scocca, Tom (October 6, 2020). "Here's a Theory: Maybe Trump Wasn't Getting Tested for COVID At All". Slate. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Haberman, Maggie; Karni, Annie (October 6, 2020). "Trump's Return Leaves White House in Disarray as Infections Jolt West Wing". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Sargent, Greg. "Opinion: How can we hold the next debate without full transparency on Trump's health?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ a b "Restaurant quarantines 13 who worked Trump event, political leaders test negative". KSTP. Associated Press. October 5, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Bosman, Julie (October 3, 2020). "They Cheered Trump in Minnesota, at the Last Big Rally Before His Virus Test". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Stunson, Mike (October 2, 2020). "Where was Donald Trump in the days and hours leading up to coronavirus diagnosis?". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Lippman, Daniel; Cook, Nancy; McGraw, Meredith (October 2, 2020). "When did the virus breach the Trump bubble? Inside a big Trump mystery". Politico. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ "Hope Hicks, one of Trump's closest advisers, tests positive for coronavirus, president to quarantine". ABC News. October 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Regan, Helen; Renton, Adam; George, Steve; Yeung, Jessie; John, Tara; Upright, Ed (October 2, 2020). "White House officials knew Hicks tested positive – but Trump still traveled for a fundraiser". CNN. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Moreno, J. Edward (October 2, 2020). "White House wanted to keep Hope Hicks's positive COVID-19 test private: report". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Regan, Helen (October 2, 2020). "White House officials knew Hicks tested positive – but Trump still for a fundraiser". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Jason. "White House press secretary tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ a b Feldman, Josh (October 3, 2020). "CNN's Kaitlan Collins Reports 'A Small Group of Officials' in White House Knew Thursday Morning Hope Hicks Tested Positive". Mediaite. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Calia, Mike; Macias, Amanda (October 1, 2020). "Trump quarantines after top aide Hope Hicks tests positive for coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer; Fabian, Jordan (October 1, 2020). "Trump Says He Will Quarantine After Aid Falls Ill With Virus". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Crump, James (October 2, 2020). "Video shows covid-positive Hope Hicks touching Air Force One railing ahead of top aides like Kushner". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rubin, Olivia; Mosk, Matthew; Faulders, Katherine; Cohen, Miles (October 4, 2020). "For some high-dollar Trump donors, Bedminster hobnobbing now means COVID tests". ABC News. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "White House Knew of Trump's Exposure Before He Traveled to New Jersey". WNBC. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Rocha, Veronica; Macaya, Melissa; Mahtani, Melissa; Alfonso, Fernando, III (October 3, 2020). "Attendees at Trump's fundraiser in New Jersey didn't wear masks and took photos with him". CNN.
- ^ Grumbach, Gary; Ruhle, Stephani; Schapiro, Rich (October 6, 2020). "Trump's 'reckless' New Jersey fundraiser is under state review". NBC. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Murphy, Paul P. (October 4, 2020). "Trump took photos, had roundtable with donors at Bedminster fundraiser hours before announcing Covid diagnosis". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Friedman, Matt (October 2, 2020). "New Jersey officials fear Trump fundraiser in Bedminster could turn into super spreader". Politico. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Hanson, Hilary (October 3, 2020). "Trump's Doctors Reveal President Is Further Into COVID-19 Diagnosis Than Previously Announced". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Two of Trump's Security Detail Test Positive for COVID-19". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Ballhaus, Rebecca; Bender, Michael C. (October 4, 2020). "Trump Didn't Disclose First Positive Covid-19 Test While Awaiting a Second Test on Thursday". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Stelter, Brian (October 2, 2020). "Trump downplayed Hope Hicks' Covid diagnosis on Fox hours before announcing he also tested positive". CNN. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "Trump coronavirus: Timeline of US president's movements with wife Melania before testing positive for COVID-19". Sky News. October 2, 2020. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Schmidt, Michael S. (October 2, 2020). "Trump's Secret Service Has Struggled With Outbreak at Training Center". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Alemany, Jacqueline (October 2, 2020). "Power Up: With campaign in final stretch, Trump contracts coronavirus and upends campaign". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Ballhaus, Rebecca; Bender, Michael C. (October 4, 2020). "Trump Didn't Disclose First Positive Covid-19 Test While Awaiting a Second Test on Thursday". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Calia, Mike; Macias, Amanda (October 3, 2020). "Trump quarantines after top aide Hope Hicks tests positive for coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Liptak, Kevin (October 2, 2020). "Trump taken to Walter Reed medical center and will be hospitalized 'for the next few days'". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Isenstadt, Alex (October 2, 2020). "Trump campaign manager tests positive for Covid-19". Politico. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Olding, Rachel (October 3, 2020). "GOP Senator Ron Johnson Tests Positive for Coronavirus". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Senator Ron Johnson tests positive for COVID-19". WKOW. October 3, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Farhi, Paul (October 3, 2020). "Three White House journalists test positive for coronavirus after closely covering Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Williams, Jordan (October 9, 2020). "GOP Rep. Mike Bost tests positive for COVID-19". The Hill. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Trump aide Nick Luna tests positive for the coronavirus". Los Angeles Times. Bloomberg. October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Matthews, David (October 4, 2020). "Claudia Conway announces coronavirus diagnosis on TikTok". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b "The Latest: Campaign says Biden tests negative for virus". Associated Press. October 5, 2020. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
- ^ "White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany Tests Positive For Coronavirus". NPR.
- ^ Wong (now), Julia Carrie; Gambino, Lauren; Belam (earlier), Martin (October 5, 2020). "Donald Trump leaves hospital as Covid-19 treatment continues – live". The Guardian.
- ^ Powell, Tori B. (October 6, 2020). "Two of Trump's Security Detail Test Positive for COVID-19". The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ "Factbox: White House staff, top Republicans who have tested positive for COVID-19". Reuters. October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c Jacobs, Jennifer (October 7, 2020). "White House Security Official Contracted Covid-19 in September". Bloomberg.
- ^ Donald Trump [@realDonaldTrump] (October 2, 2020). "Tonight, @FLOTUS and I tested positive for COVID-19. We will begin our quarantine and recovery process immediately. We will get through this TOGETHER!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 2, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b c Liptak, Kevin (October 2, 2020). "Timeline: President Donald Trump's activities this week". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Herman, Steve (October 2, 2020). "Trump, First Lady Test Positive for COVID-19". Voice of America. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 4, 2020). "Trump's doctor delivers confusion instead of reassurance, experts say". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Mark Meadows: Trump's blood oxygen level "dropped rapidly", but he's doing well". Axios. October 4, 2020. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Lemire, Jonathan; Colvin, Jill; Miller, Zeke (October 3, 2020). "Trump was given oxygen before his admission to hospital". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Carol E.; Kube, Courtney (October 8, 2020). "Trump asked Walter Reed doctors to sign nondisclosure agreements in 2019". NBC News. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ Thomas, Katie; Kolata, Gina (October 3, 2020). "President Trump Received Experimental Antibody Treatment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Hackett DW (October 3, 2020). "8-Gram Dose of COVID-19 Antibody Cocktail Provided to President Trump". Precision Vaccinations. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020.
- ^ Thomas K (October 2, 2020). "President Trump Received Experimental Antibody Treatment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ "Trump Is Taking Remdesivir. Here's How It Works To Control The Coronavirus". NPR. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Kolata, Gina; Mandavilli, Apoorva. "'Uncharted territory': Trump's COVID-19 treatments – the antiviral drug remdesivir and an experimental antibody therapy – suggest a serious condition". The Baltimore Sun.
- ^ "Covid-19: Trump 'doing very well' in hospital". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Segers, Grace. "Trump's physician says president is fever-free and not on oxygen". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Timm, Jane C. (October 3, 2020). "Trump tells nation he's feeling better as physicians await 'critical' days ahead". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Pasquini, Maria (October 3, 2020). "Trump's Doctor Says 'We Are 72 Hours Into This Diagnosis,' Evades Questions on President's Fever". People. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Voght, Kara (October 3, 2020). "WH Physician's Briefing Leaves Serious Questions About When Trump Tested Positive for COVID-19". Mother Jones. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ van Wagtendonk, Anya (October 3, 2020). "Trump's Covid-19 diagnosis may have come earlier than we thought". Vox. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Ng, Kate (October 4, 2020). "Trump mocked for signing blank paper in 'staged' photos at Walter Reed". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Coleman, Justine (October 4, 2020). "Trump furious at Meadows for contradicting doctor: reports". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Lemire, Jonathan; Colvin, Jill; Miller, Zeke (October 3, 2020). "Official: Next 48 hours 'critical' for Trump in virus fight". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Reston, Maeve; Krieg, Gregory (October 3, 2020). "White House sows confusion about Trump's condition as source tells reporters next 48 hours will be critical". CNN. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (October 3, 2020). "Trump's Symptoms Described as 'Very Concerning' Even as Doctors Offer Rosier Picture". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "The Latest: Doctor says Trump 'not yet out of the woods'". Associated Press. October 4, 2020. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Egan, Lauren (October 4, 2020). "Doctors say Trump on steroid therapy, health improving after brief 'episodes'". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Eunjung Cha, Ariana; Goldstein, Amy (October 4, 2020). "Prospect of Trump's early hospital discharge mystifies doctors". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Sprunt, Barbara (October 4, 2020). "Doctors: Trump Being Treated With Steroid But Could Be Discharged As Early As Monday". NPR. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "White House aide says physician withheld health specifics to lift Trump's spirits". Axios. October 4, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (October 6, 2020). "As Trump Seeks to Project Strength, Doctors Disclose Alarming Episodes". The New York Times.
- ^ Coleman, Justine (October 4, 2020). "Trump furious at Meadows for contradicting doctor: reports". The Hill.
- ^ a b c Jackson, David; Subramanian, Courtney (October 4, 2020). "'Interesting journey:' Donald Trump drives by supporters outside Walter Reed, claims progress in another video". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Schmidt, Michael S. (October 5, 2020). "For the Secret Service, a New Question: Who Will Protect Them From Trump?". Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ^ Davey, Alba (October 5, 2020). "Far Right Sees 'Miracle' in Trump's Outing. Medical Experts See Recklessness". Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ^ Luscombe, Richard (October 5, 2020). "'This is insanity': Walter Reed physician among critics of Donald Trump drive-by visit". The Guardian.
- ^ Seipel, Brooke (October 4, 2020). "Walter Reed attending physician swipes at Trump for motorcade visit to supporters". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Leonnig, Carol D. (October 4, 2020). "Secret Service agents outraged by Trump's drive outside hospital". The Washington Post.
- ^ Martin Kaste, Secret Service Agents Frustrated With Trump's Unnecessary Coronavirus Risks, NPR (October 6, 2020).
- ^ Joseph Petro, I'm a former Secret Service executive. The willingness to put agents in danger is inexcusable., The Washington Post (October 6, 2020).
- ^ Trump, Donald J. [@realDonaldTrump] (October 5, 2020). "I will be leaving the great Walter Reed Medical Center today at 6:30 P.M. Feeling really good! Don't be afraid of Covid. Don't let it dominate your life. We have developed, under the Trump Administration, some really great drugs & knowledge. I feel better than I did 20 years ago!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 8, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Olorunnipa, Toluse; Dawsey, Josh (October 5, 2020). "Trump returns to White House downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c Cha, Ariana Eunjung; Goldstein, Amy (October 4, 2020). "Prospect of Trump's early hospital discharge mystifies doctors". The Washington Post.
- ^ Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (October 10, 2020). "Trump Makes First Public Appearance Since Leaving Walter Reed". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (October 5, 2020). "Trump Leaves Hospital, Minimizing Virus and Urging Americans 'Not to Let It Dominate Your Life'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ "As Trump dismisses the virus again, Biden stands with a cautious majority". NBC News. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "Trump releases incoherent video with dangerous messages about Covid". The Guardian. October 5, 2020.
- ^ Burnett, Erin (October 5, 2020). "Infected Trump re-shoots entrance into White House with camera crew". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Phelps, Jordan= (October 6, 2020). "White House: Trump looking to 'project image of strength' even as recovers from virus". ABC News. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ @realDonaldTrump (October 5, 2020). "Untitled" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ @realDonaldTrump (October 5, 2020). "Untitled" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Trump Leaves Hospital, Minimizing Virus and Urging Americans 'Don't Let It Dominate Your Lives'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, Gene; Prengaman, Peter (October 6, 2020). "'An embarrassment': Trump tweet angers pandemic survivors". Associated Press. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Kliff, Sarah (October 7, 2020). "How Much Would Trump's Coronavirus Treatment Cost Most Americans?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Brett Samuels, Trump fires off dozens of tweets while recuperating at White House, The Hill (October 7, 2020).
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (October 6, 2020). "Fresh out of Walter Reed, Trump compares Covid to the flu. Experts say he's flat wrong". NBC News. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Edwards, Erika (October 6, 2020). "'Morally reprehensible': Doctors react to Trump's tweet comparing Covid-19 to flu". NBC News. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Goldsmith, Jill (October 6, 2020). "President Trump Calls For Section 230 Repeal As Facebook Yanks, Twitter Tags His COVID Posts". Deadline. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Willingham, A.J. (October 6, 2020). "5 things to know for October 6: Trump, Covid-19, SCOTUS, police violence, Kyrgyzstan". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ "Live updates: White House doctor says Trump "reports no symptoms" of COVID-19". CBS News. October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Phelps, Jordyn (October 7, 2020). "Trump returns to Oval Office despite isolation rules, infection risks". ABC News. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ "WH chief of staff Mark Meadows, decked out in PPE, is with POTUS in the Oval Office, with Dan Scavino popping in an out today, I'm told. Those are the only two senior aides that have been with POTUS. A table with PPE is set up outside the West Wing". Twitter. October 7, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ Foirgey, Quint (October 8, 2020). "Trump says Gold Star families could have given him Covid-19". Politico. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ Lawrence, Quil (October 8, 2020). "New Scrutiny On Trump's Gold Star Family Event After Covid Outbreak". NPR. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ Becket, Stefan (October 9, 2020). "2nd presidential debate in doubt after Trump objects to virtual format". CBS News. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 8, 2020). "Trump's doctor says he's completed his Covid-19 treatments and can return to 'public engagements' on Saturday". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Haberman, Maggie; Astor, Maggie (October 9, 2020). "Trump says he wants to hold a rally on Saturday after his doctor cleared him to resume public events". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ Egan, Lauren (October 10, 2020). "Trump makes brief first public appearance since returning from hospital". NBC News. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Watson, Kathryn (October 12, 2020). "Trump's physician says president tested negative for COVID-19". CBS News. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
- ^ Palus, Shannon (October 13, 2020). "How Likely Is It That Trump Is Still Contagious?". Slate. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Stephanie M. (October 12, 2020). "Doctors Are Questioning Trump's COVID-19 Test After His Physician Said He Tested Negative". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Singh, Maanvi (October 12, 2020). "Trump holds packed rally after Covid diagnosis as he struggles in polls". The Guardian. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (October 13, 2020). "As Trump flouts safety protocols, news outlets balk at close coverage". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ a b "Mike Pence's chief of staff Marc Short, 4 others test positive for COVID-19". ABC News.
- ^ Allen, Jonathan Swan,Mike (October 25, 2020). "Pence to continue traveling despite aides testing positive for COVID-19". Axios.
- ^ Freiman, Jordan (October 24, 2020). "5 Pence aides, including chief of staff Marc Short, test positive for COVID-19". CBS.
- ^ a b Coleman, Justine (October 25, 2020). "Pence's 'body man' among aides who tested positive for coronavirus: report". The Hill.
- ^ Crowley, Michael; Astor, Maggie (October 26, 2020). "Trump's chief of staff defends the White House's attempt to keep the outbreak in Pence's circle quiet". The New York Times.
- ^ "US election 2020: Beer and angst as White House party defies another protocol". BBC News. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ "Trump's election night party adds to coronavirus scrutiny". The Independent. November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "White House chief of staff Mark Meadows tests positive for COVID-19". ABC. November 6, 2020.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D. (November 7, 2020). "Mark Meadows, Trump's Chief of Staff, Has the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c Klein, Charlotte (November 9, 2020). "There's a New Trump Administration Coronavirus Outbreak". Intelligencer. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Bhardwaj, Naina. "White House officials were aware of chief of staff Mark Meadows' COVID-19 diagnosis earlier this week, despite him being seen without a mask". Business Insider. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Trump Aides Frustrated After Meadows's Silence on Infection". Bloomberg.com. November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Castronuovo, Celine (November 7, 2020). "Gaetz says he has coronavirus antibodies". TheHill. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c Mangan, Dan (November 11, 2020). "Two more people from Trump's Election Night party at White House test positive for coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Leonnig, Carol D.; Dawsey, Josh (November 13, 2020). "More than 130 Secret Service officers are said to be infected with coronavirus or quarantining in wake of Trump's campaign travel". Washington Post. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Scherer, Michael; Dawsey, Josh. "Pence, Harris teams at odds over plexiglass at debate". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Janes, Chelsea; Dawsey, Josh; Viser, Matt. "VP debate to feature plexiglass barriers to increase safety". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Goldmacher, Shane; Nagourney, Adam (October 6, 2020). "Kamala Harris and Mike Pence Debate: What to Watch For". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Pence tests negative and continues campaigning despite Trump diagnosis". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Crowley, Michael; Karni, Annie (October 2, 2020). "Pence Tests Negative for Virus and Will Debate With Harris Next Week". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Lena H. Sun & Yasmeen Abutaleb, CDC chief's letter greenlighting Pence for debate draws criticism, The Washington Post (October 7, 2020).
- ^ Chris Cillizza, Why is Mike Pence not quarantining?, CNN (October 5, 2020).
- ^ Nicole Via y Rada & Ali Vitali, Pence spokesperson mocks Harris for requesting plexiglass partitions, NBC News (October 6, 2020).
- ^ Scherer, Michael; Dawsey, Josh. "Pence team agrees to plexiglass barrier on his side of debate stage". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Apoorva Mandavilli, Plexiglass Barriers Won't Stop the Virus at the Debate, Experts Warn, The New York Times (October 7, 2020).
- ^ "Debate commission accedes to Biden campaign's 'health and safety' objections for VP debate". POLITICO. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Murray, Warren (October 8, 2020). "Thursday briefing: A civil debate – now on with the show". The Guardian.
- ^ "Trump Says He Won't Participate In Virtual Debate As Commission Changes Format". NPR.
- ^ Merica, Dan; Bohn, Kevin (October 9, 2020). "Commission cancels second debate between Trump and Biden". CNN. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Grisales, Claudia (October 13, 2020). "Despite Outbreak, Congress Takes Its Chances Without Widespread Coronavirus Testing". NPR. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Grisales, Claudia; Carlsen, Audrey (October 13, 2020). "How The Coronavirus Has Affected Individual Members Of Congress". WAMU. NPR. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Sherman, Mark; Mascaro, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clare; Balsamo, Mike (October 11, 2020). "Senators weigh COVID risk for Barrett Supreme Court hearing". The Associated Press. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Harkins, Peighten (October 5, 2020). "Several senators are in quarantine after being near Utah's Mike Lee". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Kane, Paul (October 12, 2020). "Sen. Lee, recently infected with coronavirus, speaks without a mask at Barrett hearing". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (October 13, 2020). "Cruz participating in hearing remotely". NBC News. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ Castronuovo, Celine (October 13, 2020). "Second GOP senator attends Barrett hearings in person after COVID-19 diagnosis". TheHill. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ Wagner, Meg; Hayes, Mike; Rocha, Veronica; Macaya, Melissa (October 13, 2020). "Ted Cruz talked about a number of political issues, then asked Barrett about her hobbies and children". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (October 13, 2020). "Tillis delivers opening statement remotely after testing positive for the coronavirus". NBC News. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ Leibovich, Mark (October 12, 2020). "Showtime in a Potential Petri Dish". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Kellman, Laurie (October 12, 2020). "Takeaways: Coronavirus at center of Supreme Court hearings". The Associated Press. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Salman, Josh; Voyles Pulvar, Dinah (October 7, 2020). "White House coronavirus outbreak may have exposed thousands from Atlanta to Minnesota". USA Today. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
- ^ a b c Jennifer Steinhauer, White House Ignores Local Mandates, Giving Virus a New Hold in D.C., The New York Times (October 6, 2020).
- ^ "Why won't White House say when Trump last tested negative?". Associated Press. October 9, 2020.
- ^ Luthi, Susannah (March 15, 2020). "Trump tested negative for coronavirus, White House physician says". Politico.
- ^ Kaitlan Collins; Peter Morris. "One of Trump's personal valets has tested positive for coronavirus". CNN.
- ^ Bump, Philip (October 5, 2020). "Why it matters that we don't know when Trump last tested negative". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ "Trump says he can't remember if he took a coronavirus test before debating Biden". The Week. October 15, 2020.
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (October 2, 2020). "White House says no transfer of power despite Trump being flown to hospital". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "The 25th Amendment: What happens if the president can't work?". CBS News. October 2, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Cathey, Libby (October 2, 2020). "What happens if Trump becomes incapacitated? The 25th Amendment could kick in". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Williams, Katie Bo (October 2, 2020). "Pentagon Downplays National Security Concerns From Trump's Diagnosis". Defense One. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Vanden Brook, Tom (October 2, 2020). "Former Defense Sec. Panetta: Trump's COVID-19 diagnosis raises national security concerns". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Cohen, Zachary; Marquardt, Alex (October 2, 2020). "Trump's illness raises national security concerns as Pentagon looks to reassure public". CNN. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Kelland, Kate (November 9, 2020). "One in five COVID-19 patients develop mental illness within 90 days – study". Reuters.
- ^ Taquet, Maxime (November 9, 2020). "Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA". The Launcet.
- ^ Bruggeman, Lucien; Abdelmalek, Mark (October 5, 2020). "In information vacuum, experts say Trump's steroid treatment may hold clues to health status". ABC News. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ a b Palus, Shannon (October 8, 2020). "A Doctor Weighs In on What Steroids Might Be Doing to Trump's Brain". Slate.
- ^ Thomas, Katie; Rabin, Roni Caryn (October 8, 2020). "Use of Dexamethasone to Treat Trump Suggests Severe Covid-19, Experts Say". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Baker, Peter (October 8, 2020). "Trump Lashes Out at His Cabinet With Calls to Indict Political Rivals". The New York Times.
- ^ Levin, Bess. ""Steroid-Induced Psychosis": Trump Follows Up Sunday Night Joyride With Extra-Crazy Monday (Even for Him)". Vanity Fair.
- ^ Guzman, Joseph (October 5, 2020). "What are the side effects of Trump's coronavirus treatment regimen?". The Hill.
- ^ Sherman, Gabriel (October 5, 2020). ""Don Jr. Thinks Trump Is Acting Crazy": The President's COVID Joyride Has the Family Divided". Vanity Fair. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Franck, Thomas (October 6, 2020). "Trump joined in a call with top lawmakers to discuss coronavirus stimulus". CNBC.
- ^ "How will Trump's COVID-19 treatments work together?". October 5, 2020.
- ^ Pound, Fred Imbert,Jesse (October 5, 2020). "Dow closes more than 300 points lower after Trump calls off stimulus, causing sudden drop in stocks". CNBC. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Wu, Nicholas; Hayes, Christal. "Pelosi questions whether Trump taking steroids for COVID-19 impacted decision to halt coronavirus stimulus bill". USA Today. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Trump, Donald J. [@realDonaldTrump] (October 6, 2020). "If I am sent a Stand Alone Bill for Stimulus Checks ($1,200), they will go out to our great people IMMEDIATELY. I am ready to sign right now. Are you listening Nancy? @MarkMeadows @senatemajldr @kevinomccarthy @SpeakerPelosi @SenSchumer" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 7, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ Axelrod, Tal (October 8, 2020). "Pelosi: 'We're going to be talking about the 25th Amendment'". The Hill. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ^ Lewis, Tanya (October 2, 2020). "How Trump's COVID Diagnosis Could Affect Public Perceptions". Scientific American. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "CNN's Dr. Gupta Questions Trump Medications: 'Steroids in Particular' are 'Typically Given to Severely or Critically Ill Patients'". October 6, 2020.
- ^ Thomas, Katie; Rabin, Roni Caryn (October 4, 2020). "Use of Dexamethasone to Treat Trump Suggests Severe Covid-19, Experts Say". The New York Times.
- ^ Nikki Carvajal; Kevin Liptak. "Trump says he is taking hydroxychloroquine though health experts question its effectiveness". CNN.
- ^ Medina, Jennifer; Gabriel, Trip (October 3, 2020). "The President's Illness Is Yet Another Dividing Line in the Trump Era". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ McCammon, Sarah; McDaniel, Piper (October 2, 2020). "'Too Obnoxious' To Be Stopped By The Virus: People React To Trump's Coronavirus Test". NPR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Alba, Davey (October 2, 2020). "Liberals cast doubt on Trump's coronavirus diagnosis on social media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Zadrozny, Brandy; Collins, Ben (October 2, 2020). "QAnon followers elated at Trump Covid news". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ McCarthy, Tyler (October 4, 2020). "'Weekend Update' mocks Donald Trump's coronavirus diagnosis: 'I wish him a very lengthy recovery'". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Kahn, Chris (October 4, 2020). "Biden leads by 10 points as majority of Americans say Trump could have avoided coronavirus: Reuters/Ipsos poll". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Jagannathan, Meera. "1 in 5 Americans say they're more likely to wear masks and practice social distancing after Trump's COVID-19 diagnosis". MarketWatch. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Donie; Elassar, Alaa (October 3, 2020). "Twitter bans posts wishing for Trump death. The Squad wonders where that policy was for them". Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Allyn, Bobby. "Facebook, Twitter And TikTok Say Wishing Trump's Death From COVID-19 Is Not Allowed". Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Bradner, Eric; Mucha, Sarah; Sullivan, Kate (October 2, 2020). "Biden calls Trump's positive test a 'bracing reminder' of seriousness of coronavirus pandemic". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "Biden removing negative political ads following Trump COVID-19 diagnosis". PBS News Hour. Associated Press. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Mason, Jeff; Hunnicutt, Trevor (October 2, 2020). "After Trump's COVID-19 diagnosis, Biden says masks not about being a 'tough guy'". Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Peoples, Steve (October 2, 2020). "Biden taking down attack ads, Obama extends 'best wishes' to COVID-19-positive Trump". WTTG. Associated Press. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ McShane, Larry (October 2, 2020). "Biden, Harris and top Democrats send best wishes to White House after President Trump, First Lady contract COVID-19". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Sundstrom, Mark (October 2, 2020). "The world reacts to President Trump, first lady COVID-19 infection news". WPIX 11. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Hassan, Jennifer; Noack, Rick; O'Grady, Siobhán (October 2, 2020). "'The virus spares no one': World reacts to Trump's positive coronavirus test". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant". BBC News. April 24, 2020.
- ^ Daly, Sara; Fischer, Kyle (October 5, 2020). "Conspiracy theories surge around Trump's COVID diagnosis". Axios. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "False coronavirus claims and rumours about Trump". BBC. October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ a b Mahdawi, Arwa (October 3, 2020). "The most unhinged Trump conspiracy theory comes from – who else? – QAnon followers". The Guardian. United Kingdom. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Graziosi, Graig (October 2, 2020). "Michael Moore claims Trump might be faking Covid diagnosis". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Pullman, Laura. "Conspiracy theories fill Trump‑sized void". Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Guzman, Joseph (October 8, 2020). "The medical facts about Mike Pence's debate red eye". TheHill. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Bruce Y. "Does Vice President Pence Have Pink Eye? Here's What You May Have Seen During The Debate". Forbes. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Jenkins, Simon (October 5, 2020). "People don't trust the facts about Trump's coronavirus. Is it any wonder?". The Guardian. United Kingdom. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g Petras, George; Loehrke, Janet; Borresen, Jennifer; Zarracina, Javier; Baratz, David; Padilla, Ramon; Sullivan, Shawn J. (October 5, 2020). "President Trump has COVID-19: A timeline of his travels leading up to a positive coronavirus test". USA Today. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ "Concerning signs in Trump's care despite word he's doing OK". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Jacobs, Jennifer (November 1, 2020). "Trump's dismissal of Covid risk paved way to White House outbreak". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Haberman, Maggie; Cooper, Helene (October 8, 2020). "The head of the White House security office is critically ill with Covid-19". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
The security office head, Crede Bailey, [...] was taken to the hospital in late September, the administration official said.
- ^ McEvoy, Jemima (December 14, 2020). "White House Security Director Suffers Amputations, Three-Month Hospital Stay For Covid-19". Forbes.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (December 14, 2020). "White House Official Recovers From Severe Covid-19, Friend Says". Bloomberg.
- ^ Collins, David Jackson and Michael. "Trump went ahead with campaign events in New Jersey after Hope Hicks tested positive for COVID". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Vella, Lauren (October 1, 2020). "Trump, first lady to quarantine after top aide tests positive for coronavirus". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Edmondson, Catie (October 2, 2020). "Senators Thom Tillis and Mike Lee test positive for the virus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Sen. Thom Tillis spokesperson says he has mild symptoms of COVID-19, no fever and is in great spirits". WTVD. October 3, 2020.
- ^ Carney, Jordain (October 2, 2020). "GOP Sen. Thom Tillis tests positive for coronavirus". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19 Live Updates: Trump Is Hospitalized as More Aides Test Positive". The New York Times. October 3, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Rummler, Orion (October 3, 2020). "RNC chair Ronna McDaniel tested positive for coronavirus". Axios. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Allen, Mike; Treene, Alayna; McCammond, Alexi (October 6, 2020). ""This place is a cesspool": With Trump's return, risks rise in the West Wing". Axios. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter (October 3, 2020). "Trump Hospitalized With Coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Isenstadt, Alex. "Trump campaign manager tests positive for COVID-19". Politico. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b "Tracking the White House Coronavirus Outbreak". The New York Times.
- ^ Farhi, Paul. "Three White House journalists test positive for coronavirus after closely covering Trump". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Newburger, Emma (October 3, 2020). "Chris Christie tests positive for coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Landergan, Katherine (October 10, 2020). "Christie exits hospital after bout with coronavirus". Politico. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Romero, Simon (October 2, 2020). "The president of Notre Dame tests positive, less than a week after a White House visit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ "Republican Senator Ron Johnson tests positive for COVID-19". WBAY. Associated Press. October 3, 2020.
- ^ Reilly, Briana. "After testing positive for COVID-19, Ron Johnson says he's still against mask mandates". madison.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Garger, Kenneth. "Claudia Conway announces she has coronavirus on TikTok". Fox News. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Hartmann, Margaret; Stieb, Matt; Danner, Chas (October 5, 2020). "White House Outbreak Continues to Grow: Live Updates". New York Magazine The Intelligencer. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Jason. "White House press secretary and two aides have tested positive for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Alper, Jeff Mason, Alexandra (October 15, 2020). "Trump's 'lucky' aides recovering from coronavirus, again spurning masks". Reuters. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 4, 2020). "Two White House residence employees, who do not have contact with the president, tested positive weeks ago". The New York Times.
- ^ Rawlinson, Kevin; Farrer, Martin; Sullivan, Helen; Holmes, Oliver; Murray, Jessica; Elliott, Larry (October 6, 2020). "Coronavirus live news: Italy considers mandatory outdoor masks; Chinese vaccines to be assessed". The Guardian. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Factbox: White House Staff, Top Republicans Who Have Tested Positive for Coronavirus".
- ^ Liptak, Kevin; Collins, Kaitlan; Zeleny, Jeff (October 5, 2020). "Trump's reckless return met with a dramatically changed White House". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Fourth White House press aide tests positive for COVID-19". The Hill.
- ^ Hearon, Liza (October 6, 2020). "Trump Coronavirus Update: The Latest On The President's Health And The GOP COVID-19 Outbreak". HuffPost. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking the White House Coronavirus Outbreak – The New York Times". The New York Times. October 7, 2020. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Ali, Phil Stewart, Idrees (October 8, 2020). "Pentagon risk grows as Marine Corps' No. 2 officer tests positive for coronavirus". Reuters.
- ^ "Marine general has COVID after Pentagon meeting". Associated Press.
- ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: Another Attendee Of Trump's Rose Garden SCOTUS Event Tests Positive". HuffPost. October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ "Barron Trump Had COVID-19, Now Negative, Melania Trump Says in Family Health Update". KNTV. October 14, 2020.
- ^ "First Lady Melania Trump: "My personal experience with COVID-19". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.
- ^ Swan, Jonathan; Allen, Mike (October 25, 2020). "Pence to continue traveling despite aides testing positive for COVID-19". Axios. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Allen, Jonathan Swan,Mike (October 25, 2020). "Pence to continue traveling despite aides testing positive for COVID-19". Axios.
- ^ a b Reston, Maeve (October 25, 2020). "2020 Election: Trump and Pence ignore Covid-19 risk even as it spreads among inner circle". CNN.
- ^ Freiman, Jordan (October 24, 2020). "5 Pence aides, including chief of staff Marc Short, test positive for COVID-19". CBS.
- ^ "Jennifer Jacobs, Twitter". Twitter. November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "White House chief of staff tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. November 7, 2020.
- ^ Jones, Dustin (November 20, 2020). "Ben Carson Says He Was 'Desperately Ill' With The Coronavirus". NPR.org.
- ^ "Ben Carson tests positive for Covid after attending White House election party". The Independent. November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "Trump Election Night Party Draws Scrutiny as Carson Tests Positive". AP. November 9, 2020.
- ^ "David Bossie, who was named to lead Trump effort to challenge election results, tests positive for coronavirus". CNBC. November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Gross, Elana Lyn. "David Bossie, Head Of Trump's Election Challenge Effort, Tests Positive For Covid-19". Forbes. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Haberman, Maggie [@maggienyt] (November 12, 2020). "NEW – Corey Lewandowski, Trump adviser who's been working on efforts to bring lawsuits alleging illegal election activity in specific states, tested positive for COVID yesterday per a person briefed. Lewandowski had been in Philly for days and believes he contracted it there" (Tweet). Retrieved November 13, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer [@jenniferjjacobs] (November 12, 2020). "Longtime GOP strategist and lobbyist Jeff Miller, who was also at the election night party, has tested positive for coronavirus, two sources tell me. But it's unclear if @JeffMillerCA2TX contracted it at the White House, one person said. But it's possible/likely" (Tweet). Retrieved November 13, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (November 13, 2020). "At least 30 Secret Service officers test positive for the virus as others are asked to isolate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- ^ Pfannenstiel, Brianne. "Sen. Chuck Grassley says he's planning to return to work next week after COVID-19 diagnosis". Des Moines Register. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Gruber-Miller, Stephen. "Chuck Grassley, the Senate's oldest Republican, tests positive for coronavirus". Des Moines Register.
- ^ Mangan, Dan (November 20, 2020). "Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani's son Andrew tests positive for Covid after attending press conference". CNBC.
- ^ King, Ledyard. "Rudy Giuliani's son, Andrew, positive with COVID a day after attending news conference with father on election fraud claims". USA TODAY.
- ^ Geske, Dawn (November 2, 2020). "Rick Scott's Trump Rally Speech Draws Comparisons To Peggy Hill From 'King Of The Hill' [Video]". International Business Times.
- ^ "Rick Scott tests positive for coronavirus". POLITICO.
- ^ a b Gruber-Miller, Brianne Pfannenstiel and Stephen. "Donald Trump brings closing message to Dubuque two days before Election Day: 'We're very happy with Iowa'". Des Moines Register.
- ^ Santucci, John (November 20, 2020). "Donald Trump Jr. tests positive for COVID-19". ABC News. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Williams, Jordan (November 21, 2020). "Loeffler isolating after possible COVID-19 infection". TheHill.
- ^ a b c Lejeune, Tristan (November 25, 2020). "Trump campaign adviser tests positive after attending legal team's press conference". TheHill.
- ^ Hodjat, Arya; Connor, Tracy; Suebsaeng, Asawin (December 6, 2020). "Rudy Giuliani Hospitalized With Coronavirus". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Wagner, John (December 10, 2020). "Giuliani thanks doctors and nurses after leaving hospital, says he had 'serious symptoms'". The Washington Post.
- ^ Smith, Allan (December 6, 2020). "Trump announces that Rudy Giuliani has Covid". NBC News.
- ^ Bowdon, Ebony (December 8, 2020). "Trump lawyer Jenna Ellis reportedly tests positive for COVID-19". New York Post. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- ^ "Devin Nunes says he's tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies". Axios. December 11, 2020.
- ^ Quinn, Melissa (December 17, 2020). "Top Trump officials sidelined after exposure to coronavirus". CBS News. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- ^ a b c Swanson, Ian (October 2, 2020). "Kushner, Ivanka Trump test negative for COVID-19". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Caldwell, Sean (October 3, 2020). "Eric Trump tests negative for COVID-19 after Rothschild rally". WSAW-TV. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (October 2, 2020). "Doctor: Pence not close enough to Trump to require quarantine". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Groth, Leah (October 7, 2020). "Mike Pence's Red Eye a Concern at VP Debate". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Moreno, J. Edward (October 2, 2020). "Barr tests negative for COVID-19". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Bowden, John (October 4, 2020). "Barr reverses, will quarantine for several days after potential coronavirus exposure". The Hill.
- ^ Kim, Seung Min; Dawsey, Josh; Barnes, Robert (October 3, 2020). "Supreme Court nominee tested positive for coronavirus this summer, has since recovered". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ "Donald Trump's election night party adds to coronavirus scrutiny". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
Carson was there, along with Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar – who did wear a mask.
- ^ a b Wilkie, Christina (October 2, 2020). "Democratic nominee Joe Biden campaigns in Michigan after testing negative for coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, Carrie. "Justice Scalia's Son Apologizes To His Parish For Not Wearing Mask At White House". NPR. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Morton, Joseph. "Deb Fischer, who attended White House ceremony last weekend, tests negative for COVID-19". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ "Evangelicals for Trump: Praise, Prayer and Patriotism with Eric Trump and Special Guest Pastor Paula White – Raleigh, NC | Events | Donald J. Trump for President". webcache.googleusercontent.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Clay, Jarrod (October 1, 2020). "Eric Trump to host Evangelicals for Trump event in Cleveland Heights on October 6". WSYX. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ "Evangelicals for Trump: Praise, Prayer, and Patriotism with Special Guests Pastor Paula White and Eric Trump – Miami, FL | Events | Donald J. Trump for President". webcache.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved November 13, 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Stamm, Dan (October 2, 2020). "2 Del. Congress Members Test Negative for Coronavirus After Attending Debate". WCAU.
- ^ Joyella, Mark (October 5, 2020). "Chris Wallace Tests Negative For Covid-19 After Moderating Debate". Forbes. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ LeBlanc, Paul. "Kimberly Guilfoyle 'feeling really pretty good' after coronavirus diagnosis". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ Noor, Poppy (October 6, 2020). "Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani coughs his way through anti-mask interview". The Guardian.
- ^ Zilbermints, Regina (September 27, 2020). "Trump says Christie, Giuliani assisting debate prep". The Hill.
- ^ Baragona, Justin (October 6, 2020). "Rudy Giuliani Coughs Through Attack on Biden's Mask Advocacy". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Villarreal, Daniel (October 7, 2020). "Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani taking Hydroxychloroquine after testing negative for COVID twice". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cox, Matthew; Harkins, Gina; Pawlyk, Oriana (October 2, 2020). "At Least 4 Top Generals May Have Been Exposed Before Trump Tested Positive for COVID-19". Military.com.
- ^ a b Pfannenstiel, Brianne (October 2, 2020). "Sen. Chuck Grassley won't seek coronavirus test after attending meeting with infected senator". The Des Moines Register.
- ^ a b Dixon, Justin. "Governor Tate Reeves tests negative for coronavirus after White House visit". WLOX. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Hulsey, Lynn. "U.S. Reps Jim Jordan, Mike Turner test negative for COVID-19". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Moore, Mark; Bowden, Ebony (November 2, 2020). "Trump to hold election night party for 400 in White House East Room". New York Post. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin will be among the administration members joining Trump at the White House to watch the election results.
- ^ Reid, Paula [@PaulaReidCBS] (October 5, 2020). "I sat in close proximity to two maskless, now COVID positive, White House staffers at last Thursday's briefing. So I am now working from home & getting regular COVID tests" (Tweet). Retrieved October 6, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Ohio Sen. Rob Portman tests negative for COVID-19". WLWT. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
- ^ Collins, Kaitlan; Liptak, Kevin; Klein, Betsy. "Trump's national security adviser tests positive for Covid-19". CNN.
- ^ "Lara Trump, Eric Trump, Tiffany Trump and Michael Boulos appear on ..." Getty Images. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ Macaya, Melissa; Vazquez, Maegan; Rui, Joe; Blaine, Kyle (June 20, 2020). "June 20 Trump rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma". CNN. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ September 15, 2020 – 3pm, Matthew J. Liedke (September 15, 2020). "Trump hopes to keep Beltrami red and flip MN with Bemidji visit". Bemidji Pioneer.
- ^ Gringlas, Sam (October 3, 2020). "At Least 8 People Test Positive For Coronavirus After Rose Garden Event For Barrett". NPR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Chambers, Brianna (October 3, 2020). "Chris Christie Tests Positive for Covid-19". KIRO-TV.
- ^ "Guest says Minn. fundraiser with Trump 'very safely done'". Star Tribune. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "Top White House aide Stephen Miller tests positive for Covid-19". CNN. October 6, 2020.
- ^ McGrew, Sarah (October 2, 2020). "Eric Trump holds "Make America Great Again" rally in Rothschild".
- ^ Noor, Poppy (October 6, 2020). "Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani coughs his way through anti-mask interview". The Guardian.
- ^ Villarreal, Daniel (October 7, 2020). "Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani taking Hydroxychloroquine after testing negative for COVID twice". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Merica, Dan; Bohn, Kevin; Duster, Chandelis (October 8, 2020). "Trump says he won't participate in next debate after commission announces it will be virtual". CNN.
- ^ Powell, Tori B. (October 8, 2020). "Donald Trump Jr. Holds Packed Indoor Rally Amid White House's COVID-19 Outbreak". The Daily Beast.
- ^ "Mike Pence cancels events, set to return to DC". KRON4. October 8, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Lemire, Jonathan; Madhani, Aamer. "Trump's doctor says he's no longer at risk of transmitting coronavirus, after president's first public appearance since hospital trip". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "Live Updates: Pence Makes First of 2 Central Florida Stops". www.baynews9.com. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Klein, Betsy. "Trump's doctor says the President has tested negative on consecutive days". CNN.
- ^ Lemongello, Steven; Rice, Katie; Glenn, Caroline (October 12, 2020). "'I feel so powerful,' President Trump declares at Sanford airport rally". The Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 15, 2020.
- ^ Watson, Kathryn (October 13, 2020). "Trump makes plea to suburban women in Pennsylvania". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ Watson, Kathryn (October 15, 2020). "Trump rallies his base in Des Moines, Iowa". CBS News.
- ^ "President Trump Holds Rally in Greenville, North Carolina". C-SPAN. October 15, 2020.
- ^ "President Trump Holds Rally in Ocala, Florida". C-SPAN. October 16, 2020.
- ^ Dzhanova, Yelena. "Trump repeatedly botched Rep. Matt Gaetz's name at a Florida rally, calling him the name of a former aide who was convicted". Business Insider. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Watson, Kathryn (October 16, 2020). "Trump makes campaign stops in Georgia and Florida, and holds WH event for seniors in Florida". CBS News.
- ^ "Watch replay: President Trump speaks to supporters at rally in Carson City, Nevada". Reno Gazette Journal.
- ^ "Even with temperatures rising, Trump rally is a hot ticket for the faithful in Prescott". AZ Central.
- ^ "Trump departs Arizona after day of rallies in Tucson, Prescott". AZ Central.
- ^ "Election 2020 updates: Trump delivers shorter-than-usual speech in chilly Pennsylvania". ABC News.
- ^ 🖉"Melania Trump nixes campaign trip due to cough from COVID". AP NEWS. October 20, 2020.
- ^ "President Trump speaks to crowd of 23,000+ at Gastonia, N.C. rally". WBTV.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (October 22, 2020). "Presidential Debate Live Updates: Biden and Trump Leave Voters With a Consequential Choice". The New York Times.
- ^ Newby, Jake. "Donald Trump in Pensacola: Eight Republicans who spoke at president's rally". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "At least 7 people taken to hospital after Trump rally in Omaha, Neb., due to freezing weather". CBC News, October 28, 2020.
- ^ a b "President Donald Trump, Sen. Kamala Harris campaign across Arizona as election nears". The Arizona Republic. October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Green, Mary. "Trump makes final-weekend push in Dubuque: 'We're very happy with Iowa'". KCRG-TV.
- ^ a b "Donald Trump Jr. tests positive for COVID-19". ABC News.
- ^ Walker, Doug. "President's visit packs an estimated 30,000 people in at Rome airport". Northwest Georgia News. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ Service, Beau Evans, Capitol Beat News. "Trump, Obama, Harris visit Georgia ahead of Nov. 3 election". Athens Banner-Herald.
- ^ "Trump's Opa-Locka Rally Draws Thousands, Raising COVID Concerns".
- ^ "Florida Republican Sen. Rick Scott has tested positive for COVID-19". www.msn.com.
- ^ "Spokesman says Donald Trump Jr. tested positive for coronavirus". PBS NewsHour. November 20, 2020.
- ^ "Trump turns angry and despondent as possible defeat looms". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ a b "Ben Carson, who attended the White House's election-night watch party, has tested positive for COVID-19". Business Insider.
- ^ Gross, Elana Lyn. "David Bossie, Head Of Trump's Election Challenge Effort, Tests Positive For Covid-19". Forbes. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ Dillon, Denise (November 5, 2020). "Donald Trump Jr. speaks at Georgia Republican Headquarters". FOX 5 Atlanta.
- ^ "White House chief of staff tests positive for coronavirus". CNN.
- ^ King, Ledyard (November 7, 2020). "Florida Rep. Matt Gaetz, a fierce Trump ally, tests positive for COVID-19 antibodies". USA TODAY. USA Today. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
- ^ "Trump campaign adviser Cory Lewandowski tests positive for COVID-19". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ "Trump Campaign Adviser Bossie Tests Positive for COVID-19: Source". U.S. News & World Report.
- ^ "Trump Adviser Leading Post-Election Legal Fight Has Coronavirus". Bloomberg News.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (November 11, 2020). "Another White House official tests positive after attending an election night event". New York Times.
- ^ Smith, Mitch (November 12, 2020). "Corey Lewandowski, a Trump campaign adviser, has tested positive for the virus". The New York Times.
- ^ "Trump's refusal to concede creates tricky messaging issue for Ga. Republicans". The Washington Post.
- ^ "'We are the firewall': Loeffler and Perdue form GOP unity ticket in Georgia Senate races". NBC News.
- ^ "Florida Senator Rick Scott tests positive for coronavirus". www.cbsnews.com.
- ^ "Florida's Rick Scott tests positive for coronavirus". Tampa Bay Times.
- ^ "Chuck Grassley, second oldest senator, tests positive for COVID-19". www.cbsnews.com.
- ^ a b Reuters Staff (November 21, 2020). "White House aide Andrew Giuliani tests positive for COVID-19". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ Quinn, Allison (December 4, 2020). "Rudy Giuliani's Spokesperson Tested Positive for COVID-19". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Olding, Rachel (November 20, 2020). "Don Jr. Latest to Test Positive in Trumpworld COVID Outbreak". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
- ^ "Vice President Pence Campaigns with Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler in Canton, Georgia | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
- ^ a b "Pennsylvania State Senator Gets Positive COVID-19 Test At President Donald Trump Meeting: AP Source". November 29, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ "Congressman-Elect Carlos Gimenez, Wife Test Positive for COVID-19". Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ "Trump lawyer tests positive for COVID-19 days after maskless meeting with Arizona lawmakers". Fox 10 Phoenix. December 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c Holpuch, Amanda (December 6, 2020). "Rudy Giuliani has coronavirus, Donald Trump says". The Guardian.
- ^ Ethridge, Bryce (December 5, 2020). "Trump in Valdosta: S.Ga. excited, outraged by presidential visit". The Valdosta Daily Times.
- ^ Grenoble, Ryan (February 8, 2021). "Rep. Ron Wright Dies After Battling COVID-19, Cancer". HuffPost. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
External links
- Media related to Donald Trump contracts COVID-19 virus at Wikimedia Commons