Tysfjord

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Tysfjord kommune
Divtasvuona suohkan (Lule Sami)
Former municipality
View of the Skarberget area in Tysfjord
View of the Skarberget area in Tysfjord
Flag of Tysfjord kommune
Flag
Coat of arms of Tysfjord kommune
Coat of arms
Official logo of Tysfjord kommune
Nordland within
Norway
Tysfjord within Nordland
Tysfjord within Nordland
Coordinates: 68°03′51″N 16°28′50″E / 68.06417°N 16.48056°E / 68.06417; 16.48056Coordinates: 68°03′51″N 16°28′50″E / 68.06417°N 16.48056°E / 68.06417; 16.48056
CountryNorway
CountyNordland
DistrictOfoten
Established1 Jan 1869
 • Preceded byLødingen Municipality
Disestablished1 Jan 2020
 • Succeeded byHamarøy Municipality
& Narvik Municipality
Administrative centreKjøpsvik
Area
 (upon dissolution)
 • Total1,463.75 km2 (565.16 sq mi)
 • Land1,358.17 km2 (524.39 sq mi)
 • Water105.58 km2 (40.76 sq mi)  7.2%
 • Rank#56 in Norway
Population
 (2018)
 • Total1,953
 • Rank#330 in Norway
 • Density1.4/km2 (4/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Decrease −3.7%
DemonymTysfjerding[1]
Official languages
[2]
 • Norwegian formNeutral
 • Sámi formLule Sami
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-1850
Data from Statistics Norway

Tysfjord (Lule Sami: Divtasvuodna[3]) is a former municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1869 until its dissolution in 2020. The municipality was part of the traditional district of Ofoten. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Kjøpsvik. Other villages included Drag, Hundholmen, Korsnes, Musken, Rørvika, Skarberget, and Storå.

Tysfjord had a very large population of Lule Sami people. The Árran Lule Sami Center was located in the village of Drag. With the Norwegian language and Lule Sami language both as official languages of the municipality, Tysfjord was the only municipality in Norway where speakers of Lule Sami should theoretically be able to speak that language with officials, although this has not come completely to fruition.

At the time of its dissolution, the 1,464-square-kilometre (565 sq mi) municipality was the 56th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Tysfjord was the 330th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,953. The municipality's population density was 1.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.6/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.7% over the previous decade.[4][5]

General information

Stetind mountain and the fjord

The municipality of Tysfjord was established on 1 January 1869 when it was separated from the large Lødingen Municipality. Initially, the population of Tysfjord was 1,402. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the Tysnes and Molvika areas (population: 33) located northwest of Bognes was transferred from the neighboring Hamarøy Municipality to Tysfjord Municipality.[6]

On 1 January 2020, the municipality was dissolved and divided between the neighboring municipalities of Narvik and Hamarøy. This occurred because in 2017, the Parliament of Norway decided that Tysfjord would be divided along the fjord with the eastern half being merged with the neighboring municipalities of Narvik and Ballangen to form a new, larger municipality of Narvik and the remaining western half will be merged with the municipality of Hamarøy on the same date.[7][8]

Name

The municipality is named after the Tysfjorden (the fjord that the municipality surrounds). Tysfjord is a Norwegianized form of the Lule Sami name Divtasvuodna (first recorded around 1520 as Tyttisfiorden). The meaning of the first element divtas is unknown. (A popular belief, and common interpretation, is that the first element should be the genitive case of the name of the Norse god Týr - but this does not fit either with the Sami form or the oldest spellings of the name.) The last element is vuodna which means 'fjord' in the Sami language.[9]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was granted on 31 July 1987. The arms show a black lobster on a silver background. The lobsters in Tysfjord are the most northerly in the world.[10][11]

Churches

The Church of Norway had three parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Tysfjord. It is part of the Ofoten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland.

Churches in Tysfjord
Parish (sokn) Church Name Location of the Church Year Built
Drag/Helland Drag/Helland Church Drag 1972
Kjøpsvik Kjøpsvik Church Kjøpsvik 1975
Korsnes Korsnes Church Korsnes 1889

History

There are prehistoric rock carvings at Leiknes showing scenes of hunting, and the world's oldest known depiction of an orca whale.[citation needed]

In 1948, an investigation that had lasted for years, was dismissed in regards to "a large group of Sami from Tysfjord".[12] These individuals had worked as guides—guiding Norwegians who chose to flee into Sweden.[12]

In 2016, media uncovered the sexual abuse of 11 women; this was followed by more reports of sexual abuse—the Tysfjord Affair.[13][14]. 92 persons were the suspects, in regard to 151 cases of sexual abuse from the 1950s to 2017; at least 2 persons have been convicted.[13] Around two-thirds of the victims and alleged abusers were Sami.[15] 40 cases dealt with sexual intercourse with underage children.[16]

Ethnicity

A 2004 article in Avisa Nordland estimated that out of 2,209 inhabitants, between 600 and 1000 are Sami.[17]

Government

All municipalities in Norway, including Tysfjord, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.[18] The municipality falls under the Ofoten District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Tysfjord was made up of 17 representatives that were elected every four years. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Tysfjord Kommunestyre 2016–2019 [19]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)5
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti),
and Liberal Party (Venstre)		4
 Cross-Party List of Tysfjord (Tverrpolitisk liste for Tysfjord)3
 Tysfjord Municipal List (Tysfjord Bygdeliste)2
Total number of members:17
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 2012–2015 [20]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)7
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti),
and Liberal Party (Venstre)		5
 Cross-Party List of Tysfjord (Tverrpolitisk liste for Tysfjord)2
 Tysfjord Municipal List (Tysfjord Bygdeliste)1
Total number of members:17
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 2008–2011 [19]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)5
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti),
and Liberal Party (Venstre)		4
 Cross-Party List of Tysfjord (Tverrpolitisk liste for Tysfjord)2
 Youth list in Tysfjord (Ungdomslista i Tysfjord)2
Total number of members:17
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 2004–2007 [19]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti),
and Liberal Party (Venstre)		8
 Cross-Party List of Tysfjord (Tverrpolitisk liste for Tysfjord)7
 Youth list in Tysfjord (Ungdomslista i Tysfjord)1
Total number of members:17
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 2000–2003 [19]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti),
Centre Party (Senterpartiet), and Liberal Party (Venstre)		5
 Cross-party list (Tverrpolitisk liste)8
 Sámi list for Tysfjord (Samelista for Tysfjord)1
 Outer Tysfjord local list (Ytre Tysfjord bygdeliste)3
Total number of members:21
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1996–1999 [21]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)4
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Joint list of the Liberal Party, Midtre Nordland Sámi Politics, and Norwegian Sámi Association (Venstre, Midtre Nordland samepolitiske, og NSR liste)1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti),
and Centre Party (Senterpartiet)		6
 Cross-party list for the Kjøpsvik area
 (Tverrpolitisk liste for Kjøpsvik og omegn)		7
 Local list for Drag Helland (Bygdeliste for Drag Helland)1
Total number of members:21
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1992–1995 [22]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)10
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Joint list of the Liberal Party and independents
(Venstre og uavhengiges liste)		1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Centre Party (Senterpartiet)		5
 Local list for Drag Helland (Bygdeliste for Drag Helland)1
Total number of members:21
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1988–1991 [23]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Centre Party (Senterpartiet)		5
 Local list for Drag Helland (Bygdeliste for Drag Helland)3
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1984–1987 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Conservative Party (Høyre)2
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Local list for north Tysfjord, Kjøpsvik, and east Tysfjord
 (Bygdeliste for Tysfjord nordre, Kjøpsvik og Tysfjord østre del)		2
 Cross-party list for west Tysfjord
 (Tverrpolitisk liste for Tysfjord vestside)		4
 Sámi People's List (Samefolkets lista)1
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1980–1983 [25]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)3
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Local list for Drag and Helland
 (Bygdeliste for Drag og Helland)		4
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1976–1979 [26]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre),
Centre Party (Senterpartiet), and Liberal Party (Venstre)		7
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1972–1975 [27]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1968–1971 [28]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)17
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Kommunestyre 1964–1967 [29]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Conservative Party (Høyre)4
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)5
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Herredsstyre 1960–1963 [30]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)8
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Herredsstyre 1956–1959 [31]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)2
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)3
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)2
Total number of members:25
Tysfjord Herredsstyre 1952–1955 [32]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)6
Total number of members:24
Tysfjord Herredsstyre 1948–1951 [33]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)9
Total number of members:24
Tysfjord Herredsstyre 1945–1947 [34]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)6
Total number of members:24
Tysfjord Herredsstyre 1938–1941* [35]  
Party Name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders
(Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste)		3
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)6
Total number of members:24
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Economy

Due to the limestone in Tysfjord, a cement factory was established with production starting in 1920.[36] The modern Norcem factory still is a vital employer in Kjøpsvik, with about 130 employees; since 1999 it has been a part of the German worldwide company Heidelberger Cement. Public services, some tourism, and agriculture are the other main sources of income in Tysfjord.

Geography

The municipality is located along the Tysfjorden. The Tysfjorden is the second deepest fjord in Norway, with a maximum depth of 897 metres (2,943 ft). The municipality borders Ballangen in the north, Hamarøy in the south, Sweden in the east, and the Vestfjorden in the northwest. The island of Hulløya lies in the middle of the Tysfjorden.

The municipality is dominated by grey granite mountains; pine, birch, and aspen woodlands and forests; and the many fjord branches. Tysfjord's most dominant mountain, Stetind, is famous in Norway. This 1,392-metre (4,567 ft) high natural granite obelisk, rising straight out of the fjord, is an awe-inspiring sight. In Norwegian, it is called gudenes ambolt which means the 'anvil of the gods', partly because the summit forms a plateau. This was selected to be the national mountain of Norway in the autumn of 2002. The famous British climber William C. Slingsby described it as "the ugliest mountain I ever saw"; he did not reach the summit.

The mountains near the border with Sweden have peaks up to 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) above sea level, and with a large glacier, Gihtsejiegŋa. There are several nature reserves in Tysfjord. Mannfjordbotn reserve has undisturbed forests at the head of a narrow fjord branch surrounded by granite mountain walls.[37] From Hellemobotn, at the head of Hellemofjorden, the distance to the border with Sweden is only 6.3 kilometres (4 mi); this is also a scenic hiking terrain with a canyon opening up in Hellemobotn. There are also caves, such as the very deep Raggejavreraige. Lakes in the region include Baugevatnet, Båvrojávrre, Kilvatnet, Langvatnet, and Skilvatnet. Silver birch occurs in Tysfjord, as one of few areas in North Norway (silver birch need more summer warmth than the more common downy birch).

Nature

Orca taking a look above the water

For many years since 1990, a large part of the stock of Norwegian herring has stayed in the fjord in winter, one of the largest gatherings of biomass in the world. Large number of whales, orcas in particular, have followed to feed on the herring. This has attracted winter tourists from far away, but not in huge numbers. Since 2008, less herring and fewer orca have arrived in Tysfjord. Harbor porpoises, lobsters, white-tailed eagles, common ravens, European otters, and moose are all common in the Tysfjord area.

Rugged fjord scenery in Tysfjord

The coastal municipality of Tysfjord is better known for its whale watching than its birdwatching but the region has still a lot to offer. Thanks to a range of habitats the area has a varied birdlife. Though the area has no large seabird colonies, there is a small nature reserve at Ramnholmen with breeding populations of Arctic tern and common tern.

Climate

The climate is surprisingly temperate considering the location north of the Arctic Circle. Mean annual temperature in Kjøpsvik is 4.2 °C (40 °F) and mean annual precipitation is 1,080 millimetres (42.5 in). Summer is usually pleasant, although there might be persistent rain. Average monthly 24-hr temperature in June, July, and August is 10.9 °C (52 °F), 13.3 °C (56 °F), and 12.5 °C (55 °F), with average daily high about 16 °C (61 °F).

The average temperatures are below freezing for slightly more than 4 months, statistically from 17 November to 30 March, with January average of −2.7 °C (27 °F). October is the wettest month with on average 154 millimetres (6.1 in) precipitation, May is the driest with 54 millimetres (2.1 in).[38]

The midnight sun can be seen from the end of May to mid-July, and the sun is below the horizon from the beginning of December to mid-January. The aurora borealis is commonly seen in winter and late autumn.

Transport

Bognes ferry harbour, southwestern shore of Tysfjord
The car ferry connecting Bognes with Lødingen to the north.

Tysfjord is the only location in Norway where the European route E6 highway depends on a car ferry. There are ferry connections from Bognes to Skarberget (route E6) and from Bognes to Lødingen (connecting to route European route E10 and Lofoten). There is also a ferry connecting Drag south of the fjord with Kjøpsvik on the northern shore.

Kjøpsvik is connected to the E6 highway and Narvik by Norwegian National Road 827, with no ferry crossings. This might be an alternative to route E6, and is also the route of choice to get close to Stetind.

If Tysfjord experiences bad weather and the ferry connections are shut down, Norway is cut in two road-wise. A road connection is still maintained, albeit through Sweden, which makes it a very long drive.

The closest airport is Evenes. There was also a small airport in Narvik.

Villages

Villages in Tysfjord
(names in both official languages)
Lule Sami Norwegian
Ájládde Hellandsberg
Ájluokta Drag
Gásluokta Kjøpsvik
Hierggenjárgga Korsnes
Jågåsijdda Storå
Måsske Musken
Soahkeluokta Bjørkvik
Stuorgiedde Storjord
Tjierrekluokta Nordbukt
Vuodnabahta Hellemobotn

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
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  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2018). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-01-12.
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-01-12.
  6. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.
  7. ^ Karlsen, Tone Anita (2017-08-22). "Ny Narvik tar form". Harstad Tidende (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  8. ^ "Intensjonsavtale Hamarøy og Tysfjord" (in Norwegian). Tysfjord kommune. 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  9. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1905). Norske gaardnavne: Nordlands amt (in Norwegian) (16 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 275.
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  11. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
  12. ^ a b [Samiske grenseloser reddet tusenvis. - Så ble de beskyldt for landssvik - Nå får de oppmerksomhet og heder.] [Sami guides saved thousands. - Then they were accused of treason - Now they get attention and are lauded]
  13. ^ a b https://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/i/jla849/tystnaden-i-sapmi-fortielseskultur-under-lupen. Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 2022-10-15
  14. ^ https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/3A5gX/den-moerke-hemmeligheten. VG. Retrieved 2022-10-15
  15. ^ "Norway police uncover more than 150 rapes in remote region". 2017-11-30.
  16. ^ "BBC World Service - Assignment, Norway - A Community in Recovery".
  17. ^ Samisk Fadervår for sterk kost for nordmenn [The prayer, Our Father—in Sami—is too upsetting for Norwegians]
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External links

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