Texas's 23rd congressional district

"TX-23" redirects here. TX-23 may also refer to Texas State Highway 23.

Texas's 23rd congressional district
Texas's 23rd congressional district since January 3, 2013
Representative	Tony Gonzales R–San Antonio
Distribution	78.09% urban 21.91% rural
Population (2021)	847,567
Median household income	$64,000
Ethnicity	68.34% Hispanic 24.92% White 3.85% Black 1.6% Asian 1.29% Native American
Cook PVI	R+1

Texas's 23rd congressional district stretches across the southwestern portion of Texas. It is a majority Hispanic district and has been represented by Republican Tony Gonzales since 2021.

Election results from statewide races

The 23rd district of Texas was the only congressional district in the United States to vote against the national electoral vote winner at the Presidential level in each of 2012, 2016 and 2020.

Year	U.S. President	U.S. Senator	Governor
2004	Bush (R): 57 - 43%	—	—
2008	Obama (D): 51 - 48%	Cornyn (R): 50 - 47.7%	—
2012	Romney (R): 51 – 48%	Cruz (R): 51.7 – 45.3%	—
2016	Clinton (D): 50 – 46%	—	—
2018	—	O'Rourke (D): 51.3 – 47.8%	Abbott (R): 52.9 – 45.7%
2020	Trump (R): 50.2 – 48.4%	—	—

Geography

The 23rd district runs along the majority of Texas' border with Mexico, north of the Rio Grande. It stretches from western San Antonio to El Paso, encompassing numerous county seats and towns of regional economic importance.

The district is predominantly rural. Campaigning is difficult due to its size and disparate influences; the population density is one of the lowest of any congressional district.

Economic activities include farming, ranching, oil, and mineral extraction; also recreation, manufacturing, and tourism, as it encompasses all of Big Bend National Park and Big Bend Ranch State Park.

Demographics

According to the APM Research Lab's Voter Profile Tools (featuring the U.S. Census Bureau's 2019 American Community Survey), the district contained about 511,000 potential voters (citizens, age 18+). Of these, 64% are Latino, while 29% are White. One in ten potential voters were born outside of the U.S., now naturalized citizens. Median income among households (with one or more potential voter) in the district is about $61,800, while 11% of households live below the poverty line. As for the educational attainment of potential voters in the district, 17% of those 25 and older have not earned a high school degree, while 23% hold a bachelor's or higher degree.

Election results

Elections from 1967 to 1992

This district was created in 1967, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In addition, it followed the case of Wesberry v. Sanders, resulting in Texas's previous congressional map being tossed out. Democrats held the district until 1993.

Elections from 1992 to 2002

Following the 1990 census, in 1992, the Texas Legislature created the new 28th district, mostly from the eastern portion of the 23rd. In the process, the legislature left a heavily Republican section of western San Antonio in the 23rd. Republican Henry Bonilla beat 4-term incumbent Albert Bustamante to take the seat in 1992.

Although the 23rd leaned slightly Democratic on paper, Bonilla had a very conservative voting record. Largely because of his popularity in San Antonio, he did not face a credible challenger until 2002, when the former Democratic Texas Secretary of State, Henry Cuellar, came within 2 points of unseating him.

2004 election

During the 2003 Texas redistricting, the Republican-controlled Texas Legislature shifted most of Laredo, which had been one of the bases of the 23rd from the beginning, into the 28th district. Several heavily Republican suburbs in the Texas Hill Country north of San Antonio were shifted into the 23rd district, all but ensuring Bonilla of a seventh term.

2004 Texas's 23rd congressional district election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Henry Bonilla (incumbent)	170,716	69.3	+17.7
	Democratic	Joe Sullivan	72,480	29.4	-17.8
	Libertarian	Nazirite Perez	3,307	1.3	+0.6
Majority			98,236	39.9
Turnout			246,503
	Republican hold		Swing	+17.8

2006 election

On June 28, 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court, in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry ruled that the 23rd district violated the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The case turned on the fact that the 23rd district was a protected majority-Hispanic district. If the 23rd were redrawn to put Hispanics in a minority, a new majority-Hispanic district had to be created. Although Hispanics made up 55 percent of the old 23rd's population, they comprised only 46 percent of the new 23rd's voting-age U.S. citizen population. Therefore, the Court said, the new 23rd was not a true majority-minority district. The Court found that the new Austin-to-McAllen 25th district was not compact enough to be an acceptable replacement. The Court ruled that the legislature had violated the rights of Hispanic voters.

As a result, on August 4, 2006, a three-judge panel announced replacement district boundaries for the 2006 election in the 23rd district. Due to the 23rd's size, nearly every district along the El Paso-San Antonio corridor had to be redrawn as well.

In the change, the new 23rd lost many of the heavily Republican areas given to it in 2003, as well as the rest of Laredo. It received a large portion of south San Antonio, which was heavily Democratic. Four other districts were affected: the 28th (represented by Democrat Henry Cuellar), 25th (Democrat Lloyd Doggett), 15th (Democrat Ruben Hinojosa) and 21st (Republican Lamar S. Smith). As a result, on November 7, 2006 (the day of the general election), these five districts held open primaries, called a "jungle primary." If no candidate were to receive as much as 50% of the vote, a runoff election in December would decide the seat.

In the 23rd, the incumbent Bonilla had two significant opponents, both Democrats: the Vietnam War veteran Rick Bolanos and Ciro Rodriguez, the former Congressman of the 28th district. In the Spring, Bolanos won the now moot 23rd district Democratic primary. Rodriguez lost a primary challenge to Cuellar in the 28th district, which was also vacated. The redrawing placed Rodriguez's home, along with most of his old base, into the 23rd district. Other candidates in the special election were: Albert Uresti, the retired San Antonio Fire Department district chief and brother of the state Senator Carlos Uresti; Lukin Gilliland, a rancher and businessman from Alamo Heights; Adrian De Leon, the owner of a truck stop in Carrizo Springs; and August Beltran of San Antonio. Craig T. Stephens, an independent candidate, also filed to run.

Rick Bolanos dropped out of the race on October 19, 2006 and endorsed fellow Democrat Lukin Gilliland.

On November 7, 2006, Henry Bonilla received significantly more votes than any of his challengers, but did not receive 50% of the votes cast. Though none of the Democratic candidates came close to Bonilla individually, as a whole the six Democratic candidates received slightly more votes than Bonilla, the only Republican candidate. However, neither party received more than 50% of the vote because of a third party candidate.

A runoff election was held on December 12, 2006 between Bonilla and Rodriguez, and Rodriguez won.

2006 Texas's 23rd congressional district runoff election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Ciro Rodriguez	38,247	54.32%	+25.1
	Republican	Henry Bonilla (Incumbent)	32,165	45.68%	-23.9
Majority			6,082	8.64%
Turnout			68,294
	Democratic gain from Republican		Swing	24.5

2010 election

The National Republican Congressional Committee targeted Texas's 23rd congressional district to try to regain it, and strongly supported the Republican campaign financially. Francisco "Quico" Canseco, a San Antonio businessman, became the Republican nominee for the district after defeating Will Hurd, Robert Lowry, Joseph Mack Gould, and Michael Kueber in the Republican primary. Canseco won the General Election on November 2, 2010, defeating the incumbent, and took office on January 3, 2011.

2010 23rd Congressional District of Texas Elections

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Quico Canseco	74,671	49.38
	Democratic	Ciro Rodriguez (incumbent)	67,212	44.44
Majority
Turnout			141,883
	Republican gain from Democratic		Swing

2012 election

Democratic challenger Pete Gallego defeated Republican incumbent Quico Canseco in the race for Texas's 23rd district on November 6, 2012. Since 1991, Gallego had represented the 74th state house district, which is the nation's largest United States-Mexico border district. At one time or another, Gallego had represented nearly all of the central portion of the congressional district.

Canseco conceded the race on November 9.

2012 Texas's 23rd congressional district election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Pete Gallego	96,477	50.33
	Republican	Quico Canseco (incumbent)	87,255	45.52
	Libertarian	Jeffrey C. Blunt	5,827	3.04
	Green	Ed Scharf	2,099	1.09
Total votes			191,658	100

2014 election

Republican challenger Will Hurd defeated Democratic incumbent Pete Gallego in the race for Texas's 23rd district on November 4, 2014, making this the third consecutive election in which partisan control of the seat switched.

2014 Texas's 23rd congressional district election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Will Hurd	57,459	49.8
	Democratic	Pete Gallego (incumbent)	55,037	47.7
	Libertarian	Ruben Corvalan	2,933	2.5
Total votes			115,429	100

2016 election

Republican incumbent Will Hurd defeated Democratic challenger Pete Gallego in the race for Texas's 23rd district on November 8, 2016.

2016 Texas's 23rd congressional district election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Will Hurd (incumbent)	110,577	48.3
	Democratic	Pete Gallego	107,526	47.0
	Libertarian	Ruben Corvalan	10,862	4.7
Total votes			228,965	100

2018 election

Republican incumbent Will Hurd won a close election for a third consecutive time, defeating newcomer Gina Ortiz Jones by a margin of fewer than 1,000 votes on November 6, 2018.

Texas's 23rd congressional district, 2018

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Will Hurd (incumbent)	103,285	49.2
	Democratic	Gina Ortiz Jones	102,359	48.7
	Libertarian	Ruben Corvalan	4,425	2.1
Total votes			210,069	100.0
	Republican hold

2020 election

Republican candidate Tony Gonzales won an unexpected victory over second-time candidate Gina Ortiz Jones by a margin of 4%.

2020 Texas's 23rd congressional district election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Tony Gonzales	149,395	50.6
	Democratic	Gina Ortiz Jones	137,693	46.6
	Libertarian	Beto Villela	8,369	2.8
Total votes			295,457	100
	Republican hold

List of members representing the district

Member	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history	District location
District created January 3, 1967
Abraham Kazen Jr. (Laredo)	Democratic	January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1985	90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th	Elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Lost renomination.	1967–1969 [data unknown/missing]
					1969–1973 [data unknown/missing]
					1973–1975 [data unknown/missing]
					1975–1983 [data unknown/missing]
					1983–1985 [data unknown/missing]
Albert Bustamante (San Antonio)	Democratic	January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1993	99th 100th 101st 102nd	Elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Lost re-election.	1985–1993 [data unknown/missing]
Henry Bonilla (San Antonio)	Republican	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2007	103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th	Elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Lost re-election.	1993–2003 Brewster, Crane, Crockett, Culberson, Dimmit, Edwards, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kinney, Loving, Maverick, Medina, Pecos, Presidio, Reagan, Reeves, Sutton, Terrell, Upton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Ward, Webb, Winkler, and Zavala; parts of Bexar, Ector, El Paso, and Midland
					2003–2005 Brewster, Crockett, Culberson, Dimmit, Edwards, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kinney, Maverick, Medina, Pecos, Presidio, Reagan, Real, Reeves, Sutton, Terrell, Upton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Webb, and Zavala; parts of Bexar and El Paso
					2005–2007 Bandera, Brewster, Crockett, Culberson, Dimmit, Edwards, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kendall, Kerr, Kinney, Maverick, Medina, Pecos, Presidio, Real, Reeves, Terrell, Uvalde, Val Verde, and Zavala; parts of Bexar, El Paso, Sutton, and Webb
Ciro Rodriguez (San Antonio)	Democratic	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011	110th 111th	Elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Lost re-election.	2007–2013 Brewster, Crockett, Culberson, Dimmit, Edwards, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kinney, Maverick, Medina, Pecos, Presidio, Reeves, Terrell, Uvalde, Val Verde, and Zavala; parts of Bexar, El Paso, and Sutton
Quico Canseco (San Antonio)	Republican	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	112th	Elected in 2010. Lost re-election.
Pete Gallego (Alpine)	Democratic	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015	113th	Elected in 2012. Lost re-election.	2013–present Brewster, Crane, Crockett, Culberson, Dimmit, Edwards, Frio, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kinney, Loving, Maverick, Medina, Pecos, Presidio, Reagan, Reeves, Schleicher, Sutton, Terrell, Upton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Ward, Winkler, and Zavala; parts of Bexar, El Paso, and La Salle
Will Hurd (Helotes)	Republican	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2021	114th 115th 116th	Elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Retired.
Tony Gonzales (San Antonio)	Republican	January 3, 2021 – present	117th	Elected in 2020.

See also

• List of United States congressional districts

Further reading

• Amber Phillips (September 25, 2020), "The House seats most likely to flip in November", Washingtonpost.com

External links

• "Court nixes part of Texas political map"
• "Texas redistricting United States Congress"