Teratophoneus
| Teratophoneus Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Reconstructed adult and juvenile skeletons, Natural History Museum of Utah | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | Theropoda |
| Family: | †Tyrannosauridae |
| Subfamily: | †Tyrannosaurinae |
| Genus: | †Teratophoneus Carr et al., 2011 |
| Type species | |
| †Teratophoneus curriei Carr et al., 2011
| |
Teratophoneus ("monstrous murderer"; Greek: teras, "monster" and phoneus, "murderer") is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur which lived during the late Cretaceous period (late Campanian age, about 77 to 76 million years ago) in what is now Utah, United States, containing a single known species, T. curriei. It is known from an incomplete skull and postcranial skeleton recovered from the Kaiparowits Formation. It was specifically named T. curriei in honor of Philip J. Currie.
Discovery and naming
Fossils of Teratophoneus were first found in the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Later, fossils from the same formation were discovered and identified as the genus. Argon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. This date means that Teratophoneus lived in the middle of the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous.
Several fossils of Teratophoneus have been found. Originally, Teratophoneus was described based on the holotype BYU 8120. More recently, the specimens UMNH VP 16690 and UMNP VP 16691 have been assigned to it.[1] In 2017, a new specimen of Teratophoneus was discovered in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and airlifted to the Natural History Museum of Utah in Salt Lake City.[2] Later, in 2021, fossils belonging to 4 or 5 individuals were described in the same study.[3]
Teratophoneus was named by Thomas D. Carr, Thomas E. Williamson, Brooks B. Britt and Ken Stadtman in 2011. The type and only species was named T. curriei. The generic name is derived from the Greek teras, "monster", and phoneus, "murderer."[4] The specific name honors Philip J. Currie.[5]
Description
The holotype of Teratophoneus consists of a fragmentary skull and parts of the postcranial skeleton. The fossils were originally assigned to four different individuals, but are probably only of a single subadult animal. The specimen of Teratophoneus was not fully grown: according to an estimate by Carr et al. was about 6 meters (20 ft) in length and 667 kg (1,470 lb) in weight.[5] However this is likely an underestimate. In 2016, Gregory S. Paul gave an estimation of 8 meters (26 ft) in length and 2.5 t (2.8 short tons) in body mass for the maximum adult size.[6] In the same year, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated the size of the holotype at 6.4 meters (21.0 ft) in length and 1.15 t (1.27 short tons) in body mass.[7] In 2021, based on the size of the frontal bone (similar to that of Lythronax), Yun moderated the size of the subadult at approximately 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1 t (1.1 short tons) in body mass.[8] In the same year, the length of the only known articulated specimen UMNH VP 21100 was measured at 7.6 m (25 ft) and the maximum adult length of Teratophoneus was estimated at 8.7 m (29 ft).[3]
Compared to the skull of an Albertosaurus, Teratophoneus is roughly twenty-three percent shorter in proportion between the lacrimal bone of the antorbital fenestra and the tip of the snout. The skull of Teratophoneus is also comparably deeper. It is unclear if there was a specific reason for these differences, but the extra depth may have allowed for stronger jaw muscles, increasing the bite force of Teratophoneus.[citation needed]
Classification
Loewen et al. (2013) conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the family Tyrannosauridae, and confirmed the assignment of Teratophoneus to the tyrannosaurid sub-family Tyrannosaurinae. They concluded that Teratophoneus was closely related to both Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, but placed in a more basal position within the family, though more derived than Daspletosaurus.[1]
Below is the cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen et al. in 2013.[1]
| Tyrannosauridae |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In 2020, when describing the genus Thanatotheristes, Voris et al., 2020 found Teratophoneus to be in a subclade alongside Dynamoterror and Lythronax. The clade remains unnamed.[9]
| Eutyrannosauria |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paleobiology
Social Behavior
A bone bed of fossils from the Rainbows and Unicorns Quarry in Southern Utah's Kaiparowits Formation described in 2021 attributed to Teratophoneus suggests that the genus was a social pack-hunter. The fossils, consisting of four or possibly five animals ranging from 4-22 years of age, suggest a mass mortality event, possibly caused by flooding, or less likely by cyanobacterial toxicosis, fire or drought. The fact that all of the animals preserved died within a short time period further strengthens the argument for gregarious behavior in tyrannosaurids, with bone beds of Teratophoneus, Albertosaurus, and Daspletosaurus showcasing the potential behavior may have been widespread amongst tyrannosaurs in general.[3][10]
Paleoecology
The holotype of Teratophoneus were recovered at the Kaiparowits Formation, in southern Utah. Argon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the fossils were buried during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period.[11][12] During the Late Cretaceous period, the site within the Kaiparowits Formation was located on Laramidia near its eastern shore on the Western Interior Seaway, a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, the other being Appalachia to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and an abundance of wetland peat swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an array of different and diverse groups of organisms.[13] This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.[14]
Teratophoneus curriei shared its paleoenvironment with theropods such as dromaeosaurids, the troodontid Talos sampsoni, ornithomimids like Ornithomimus velox, the ankylosaur Akainacephalus Johnsoni, the duckbilled hadrosaurs Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus and Gryposaurus monumentensis, the ceratopsians Utahceratops gettyi, Nasutoceratops titusi, and Kosmoceratops richardsoni, as well as the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus giganteus.[15] Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included chondrichthyans (sharks and rays), frogs, salamanders, turtles, lizards, and crocodilians. A variety of early mammals were present including multituberculates, marsupials, and insectivorans.[16]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Loewen, M.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Sertich, J.J.W.; Currie, P.J.; Sampson, S.D. (2013). Evans, D.C. (ed.). "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e79420. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879420L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420. PMC 3819173. PMID 24223179.
- ^ Maffly, B. (October 16, 2017). "Nearly complete tyrannosaur fossil airlifted from Utah's Grand Staircase". The Salt Lake Tribune.
- ^ a b c Titus, Alan L.; Knoll, Katja; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Yamamura, Daigo; Suarez, Celina A.; Glasspool, Ian J.; Ginouves, Jonathan E.; Lukacic, Abigail K.; Roberts, Eric M. (April 19, 2021). "Geology and taphonomy of a unique tyrannosaurid bonebed from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah: implications for tyrannosaurid gregariousness". PeerJ. 9: e11013. doi:10.7717/peerj.11013. PMC 8061582. PMID 33976955 – via peerj.com.
- ^ Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R. (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ a b Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E.; Britt, B.B.; Stadtman, K. (2011). "Evidence for high taxonomic and morphologic tyrannosaurid diversity in the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of the American Southwest and a new short-skulled tyrannosaurid from the Kaiparowits formation of Utah". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (3): 241–246. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..241C. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0762-7. PMID 21253683. S2CID 13261338.
- ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 114.
- ^ Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios: Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. p. 267. ISBN 9788416641154.
- ^ Yun, C. (2021). "Frontal bone anatomy of Teratophoneus curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Utah". Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 18 (1): 51–64. doi:10.35463/j.apr.2022.01.06.
- ^ Voris, Jared T.; Therrien, Francois; Zelenitzky, Darla K.; Brown, Caleb M. (2020). "A new tyrannosaurine (Theropoda:Tyrannosauridae) from the Campanian Foremost Formation of Alberta, Canada, provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of tyrannosaurids". Cretaceous Research. 110: 104388. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104388.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet (April 19, 2021). "Tyrannosaurs likely hunted in packs rather than heading out solo, scientists find". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
- ^ Roberts, E.M.; Deino, A.L.; Chan, M.A. (2005). "^40Ar/^30Ar Age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin". Cretaceous Research. 26 (2): 307–318. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.01.002.
- ^ Eaton, J.G. (2002). "Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap (Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah". Miscellaneous Publication - Utah Geological Survey.
- ^ Loewen, M.A.; Titus, A.L., eds. (2013). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253008961.
- ^ Clinton, William. "Presidential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument". September 18, 1996. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
- ^ Zanno, L.E.; Sampson, S.D. (2005). "A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 897–904. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Eaton, J.G.; Cifelli, R.L.; Hutchinson, J.H.; Kirkland, J.I.; Parrish, J.M. (1999). "Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah". In Gillete, D.D. (ed.). Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 99-1. Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Survey. pp. 345–353. ISBN 1-55791-634-9.
.jpg){kind=small}
.jpg)
.png){kind=small}
.jpg){kind=small}
Error: "Q1705998" is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.
- Articles with short description
- Use mdy dates from January 2021
- Articles with 'species' microformats
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
- Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
- Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata
- Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item
- Taxonbars with invalid from parameters
- Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs
- Tyrannosaurids
- Monotypic dinosaur genera
- Campanian life
- Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
- Paleontology in Utah
- Kaiparowits Formation
- Fossil taxa described in 2011