Sufyan ibn al-Abrad al-Kalbi
Sufyān ibn al-Abrad al-Kalbī al-Aṣamm (Arabic: سفيان بن الأبرد الكلبي; fl. 684–701) was a general of the Umayyad Caliphate who served under caliphs Muawiyah II (r. 683–684), Marwan I (r. 684–685) and Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705). He backed the latter against his own tribesmen during a coup attempt in 689. He was a key figure in securing the Umayyad hold over Iraq during the governorship of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, helping the latter defeat the Kharijites in 696–697 and the rebellion of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath in 700–701.
Life
Sufyan ibn al-Abrad belonged to the Banu Kalb tribe,[1] which played a key role in the preservation of the Umayyad Caliphate during the leadership crisis in the wake of Caliph Muawiya II's death and the Second Muslim Civil War.[1] Sufyan was nicknamed al-Asamm ("the deaf" or "the undeterrable").[2] During the leadership crisis in Damascus, the governor of the province, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, refused to read a letter during the Friday prayer from the Kalbi chieftain and staunch Umayyad loyalist, Ibn Bahdal, that proclaimed the legitimacy of the Umayyads and the disparagement of their Mecca-based rival for the caliphate, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr.[1] In reaction to his refusal, Sufyan was one of a number of Umayyad loyalists in attendance who repeated after the other the contents of the letter.[1] They were subsequently jailed by al-Dahhak.[1] However, a group of Kalbi tribesmen soon after went to the prison and secured Sufyan's release.[1]
Marwan I acceded with the critical help of the Banu Kalb, and was succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik in 685. In 689, Sufyan and his Kalbi kinsman Hassan ibn Malik ibn Bahdal backed Abd al-Malik against the Umayyad prince Amr ibn Said al-Ashdaq when the latter rebelled and seized the capital Damascus during Abd al-Malik's absence.[3] Sufyan fought against Humayd ibn Hurayth ibn Bahdal, another senior Kalbi, and his brother Zuhayr ibn al-Abrad.[3] The leading Kalbi warriors on either side duelled with each other during the standoff outside the caliph's palace, where al-Ashdaq had barricaded himself.[3] They were ultimately compelled by their womenfolk and children not to shed each other's blood for the sake of the Umayyads. Al-Ashdaq ultimately surrendered and was executed by Abd al-Malik.[3]
During the reign of Abd al-Malik, the caliph dispatched Sufyan at the head of a regiment of Syrian troops to reinforce the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[4][5] The latter, with his Iraqi troops, had been unable to repel a Kharijite assault on Kufa led by Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani and requested Syrian troops.[5] Sufyan's men defeated the rebels, pursued Shabib and ultimately killed the Kharijite leader in a battle at Ahwaz in 696–697.[6][7] Sufyan was later sent to pursue the Kharijites deep into Tabaristan, where his forces,[8] together with a Kufan army led by Ishaq ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, killed their leader Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a.[9]
In 700–701, Sufyan led the small Syrian contingent that held out with al-Hajjaj in Basra during the mass revolt of the Iraqi tribal nobility led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath. After a month of repulsing Iraqi attacks, Sufyan led his men in a charge against the rebels and forced them to withdraw to Kufa. Later, when al-Hajjaj received significant reinforcements from Abd al-Malik, Sufyan commanded the Syrian cavalry that stamped out the revolt.[8]
Assessment
Historian Antoine Borrut describes Sufyan as "an astute general with outstanding military skills, who was celebrated for his bravery"[2] and historian Hugh N. Kennedy calls him a veteran commander "who did so much to secure Iraq for the Umayyads".[10] He was among the forerunners of the professional commanders who emerged under the Abbasid Caliphate.[2]
References
Bibliography
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1968). Sīstān Under the Arabs: From the Islamic Conquest to the Rise of the Ṣaffārids. Ismeo.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25092-7.
- Borrut, Antoine (2014). "al-Aṣamm, Sufyān b. al-Abrad al-Kalbī". The Encyclopedia of Islam Three. Brill. pp. 6–8.
- Rihan, Mohamed (2014). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1780765649.
- Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0221-4.
- Hawting, G. R., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H. 64–66. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-855-3.
- Rowson, Everett K., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXII: The Marwānid Restoration: The Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 693–701/A.H. 74–81. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-975-8.
- Wellhausen, J. (1927). Weir, Margaret Graham (ed.). The Arab Kingdom and its Fall. University of Calcutta.