Brown-throated parakeet

Brown-throated parakeet
	E. p. arubensis subspecies in Aruba
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Eupsittula
Species:	E. pertinax
Binomial name
	Eupsittula pertinax; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Psittacus pertinax Linnaeus, 1758; Aratinga pertinax Linnaeus, 1758;

The brown-throated parakeet (Eupsittula pertinax), also known as the Prikichi, St. Thomas conure or the brown-throated conure, in aviculture, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae.

Taxonomy

The brown-throated parakeet was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus pertinax.^[2] The brown-throated parakeet is now one of five species placed in the genus Eupsittula that was introduced in 1853 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.^[3]^[4] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek eu meaning "good" with the Modern Latin psittula meaning "little parrot". The specific epithet pertinax is Latin meaning "tenacious" or "persistent".^[5]

Fourteen subspecies are recognised, some of which are island endemics.^[4] They have varying colours particularly of the crown, face and underparts.^[6]

E. p. ocularis (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1865) – Panama
E. p. aeruginosa (Linnaeus, 1758) – north Colombia and northwest Venezuela
E. p. griseipecta (Meyer de Schauensee, 1950) – Sinú Valley, northeast Colombia; likely extinct
E. p. lehmanni (Dugand, 1943) – east Colombia
E. p. arubensis (Hartert, E, 1892) – Aruba (Netherlands Antilles)
E. p. pertinax (Linnaeus, 1758) – Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles)
E. p. xanthogenia (Bonaparte, 1850) – Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles)
E. p. tortugensis (Cory, 1909) – La Tortuga Island (off north Venezuela)
E. p. margaritensis Cory, 1918 – Margarita Island (off north Venezuela)
E. p. venezuelae (Zimmer, JT & Phelps, 1951) – north, central Venezuela
E. p. surinama (Zimmer, JT & Phelps, 1951) – northeast Venezuela through the north Guianas
E. p. chrysophrys (Swainson, 1838) – southeast Venezuela, central, southwest Guiana and adjacent Brazil
E. p. chrysogenys (Massena & Souancé, 1854) – northwest Brazil
E. p. paraensis (Sick, 1959) – north-central Brazil

Description

The brown-throated parakeet is mostly green, with the lower parts being a lighter green than the upperparts. Black/grey beak. Some blue in the wing feathers. Head and face colours depend on the subspecies. Though most subspecies are brown-throated, both E. p. pertinax and E. p. xanthogenia have most of the head, including the throat, orange-yellow.^[6] It is not to be confused with the similarly named extinct brown-headed parakeet of Raiatea in the Society Islands (Tahiti and its neighbors), more commonly known as the Society parakeet. This species of parakeet predominantly eat seeds (such as Acacia and Cassia)^[7] and forage for them in small groups. They also feed on fruits (such as Mangifera),^[7] nuts, blossoms and occasionally insects.^[7] They utter loud calls while flying through the habitat, foraging groups either respond or stay silent. If the foraging group responds, groups flying above may join the foraging group or carry on.^[8]

Distribution and habitat

It is found widely in woodland, savanna and scrub throughout northern South America and the southeastern Caribbean in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad and Tobago, the ABC islands in the Netherlands Antilles, and northern Brazil (mainly the Rio Negro/Branco region) with a disjunct population in south-western Pará. Another disjunct population is found in southern Central America in Panama and Costa Rica, and is sometimes considered a separate species, the Veraguas parakeet (A. ocularis). The brown-throated parakeet has been introduced to Puerto Rico (where now possibly extirpated), Florida, the U.S. Virgin Islands (mainly Saint Thomas, hence the alternative name St. Thomas conure), and various other islands in the Lesser Antilles (at least Dominica; recent sightings also from Martinique and Guadeloupe).

Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia on the island of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles

Eupsittula pertinax venezuelae; a pet in Cagua, Aragua, Venezuela

Eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa in the Caribbean Region of Colombia

Eupsittula pertinax ocularis; a juvenile kept as a pet in Panama

A pet parrot

References

^ BirdLife International (2021). "Eupsittula pertinax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22685745A163773830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685745A163773830.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 98.
^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1853). "Notes sur les collections rapportées en 1853, par M. A. Delattre". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 37: 806–810 [807].
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 153, 299. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ ^a ^b Collar, N.J. (1997). "Brown-throated Parakeet". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 435–436. ISBN 978-84-87334-22-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Aratinga pertinax (Brown-throated parakeet)".
^ Buhrman-Deever, Susannah C.; Hobson, Elizabeth A.; Hobson, Aaron D. (2008). "Individual recognition and selective response to contact calls in foraging brown-throated conures, Aratinga pertinax". Animal Behaviour. 76 (5): 1715–1725. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.007. S2CID 53165482.

External links

"Brown-throated parakeet - BirdLife Species Factsheet". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 3 January 2009.
"Brown-throated parakeet - avibase Species". avibase.
"Brown-throated parakeet - IUCNredlist Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Error: "Q27074965" is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.

BoilerPlate was here

[iucn_status_17_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2021). "Eupsittula pertinax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22685745A163773830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685745A163773830.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[2] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 98.

[3] Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1853). "Notes sur les collections rapportées en 1853, par M. A. Delattre". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 37: 806–810 [807].

[ioc-4] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 March 2022.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 153, 299. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[hbw-6] Collar, N.J. (1997). "Brown-throated Parakeet". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 435–436. ISBN 978-84-87334-22-1.

[animaldiversity.org-7] "Aratinga pertinax (Brown-throated parakeet)".

[8] Buhrman-Deever, Susannah C.; Hobson, Elizabeth A.; Hobson, Aaron D. (2008). "Individual recognition and selective response to contact calls in foraging brown-throated conures, Aratinga pertinax". Animal Behaviour. 76 (5): 1715–1725. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.007. S2CID 53165482.

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