1979 Spanish general election

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1979 Spanish general election
← 1977 1 March 1979 1982 →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and all 208 seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered26,836,490 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg13.8%
Turnout18,259,192 (68.0%)
Red Arrow Down.svg10.8 pp
  First party Second party Third party
  Adolfo Suárez 1979 (cropped).jpg Felipe González 1976 (cropped).jpg Santiago Carrillo 1978 (cropped).jpg
Leader Adolfo Suárez Felipe González Santiago Carrillo
Party UCD PSOE PCE
Leader since 3 May 1977 13 October 1974 3 July 1960
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 165 seats, 34.4% 124 seats, 33.8%[a] 20 seats, 9.3%
Seats won 168 121 23
Seat change Green Arrow Up Darker.svg3 Red Arrow Down.svg3 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg3
Popular vote 6,268,593 5,469,813 1,938,487
Percentage 34.8% 30.4% 10.8%
Swing Green Arrow Up Darker.svg0.4 pp Red Arrow Down.svg3.4 pp Green Arrow Up Darker.svg1.5 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
  Manuel Fraga 1982 (cropped).jpg Jordi Pujol 1978 (cropped).jpg Xabier Arzalluz (cropped).jpg
Leader Manuel Fraga Jordi Pujol Xabier Arzalluz
Party CD CiU EAJ/PNV
Leader since 9 October 1976 17 November 1974 1977
Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Guipúzcoa
Last election 16 seats, 8.4%[b] 13 seats, 3.8%[c] 8 seats, 1.6%
Seats won 9 8 7
Seat change Red Arrow Down.svg7 Red Arrow Down.svg5 Red Arrow Down.svg1
Popular vote 1,094,438 483,353 296,597
Percentage 6.1% 2.7% 1.6%
Swing Red Arrow Down.svg2.3 pp Red Arrow Down.svg1.1 pp Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0.0 pp
1979 Spanish election - Results.svg
1979 Spanish election - AC results.svg
Prime Minister before election

Adolfo Suárez
UCD

Elected Prime Minister

Adolfo Suárez
UCD

The 1979 Spanish general election was held on Thursday, 1 March 1979, to elect the 1st Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as all 208 seats in the Senate.

This was the first election held under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) remained the largest party, winning 168 of the 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 119 of the 208 seats in the Senate. As a result, Adolfo Suárez went on to form a minority government, depending on support from Manuel Fraga's Democratic Coalition, which experienced an electoral decline.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[3]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 fixed among the constituencies in proportion to their populations, at a rate of approximately one seat per each 144,500 inhabitants or fraction greater than 70,000. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[1][4] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[5]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[4][6]

Seats Constituencies
33 Barcelona
32 Madrid
15 Valencia
12 Seville
10 Biscay, Oviedo
9 Alicante, La Coruña
8 Cádiz, Málaga, Murcia, Pontevedra, Zaragoza
7 Badajoz, Córdoba, Granada, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
6 Balearics, Las Palmas, León
5 Almería, Cáceres, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Gerona, Huelva, Lugo, Navarre, Orense, Santander, Tarragona, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cuenca, Lérida, Logroño, Salamanca, Zamora
3 Ávila, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated up to two years into the legislature. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][4]

Election date

The term of the Cortes elected in the 1977 election was not to be continued beyond 15 June 1981 in the event they were not dissolved earlier. An election was required to be held within from 30 to 60 days after the date of expiry of the Cortes Generales, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Friday, 14 August 1981.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one permille—and, in any case, 500 signatures—of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[4]

Below is a list of the main parties and coalitions which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
UCD
List
 Adolfo Suárez 1979 (cropped).jpg Adolfo Suárez Centrism 34.44% 165 106 checkY
PSOE
List
 Felipe González 1976 (cropped).jpg Felipe González Social democracy
Democratic socialism
Marxism 		33.78%[a] 124 53 ☒N
PCE
List
 Santiago Carrillo 1978 (cropped).jpg Santiago Carrillo Eurocommunism 9.33% 20 1 ☒N
CD
List
 Manuel Fraga 1982 (cropped).jpg Manuel Fraga Conservatism 8.41%[b] 16 2 ☒N
CiU
List
 Jordi Pujol 1978 (cropped).jpg Jordi Pujol Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		3.75%[c] 13 2 ☒N
EAJ/PNV
List
 Xabier Arzalluz (cropped).jpg Xabier Arzalluz Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism 		1.62% 8 6 ☒N
ERC–FNC
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Heribert Barrera Catalan nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		0.79%[d] 1 —[e] ☒N
UN
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Blas Piñar Ultranationalism
National catholicism
Francoism 		0.57%[f] 0 0 ☒N
EE
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Juan María Bandrés Basque nationalism
Socialism 		0.34% 1 0 ☒N
HB
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Francisco Letamendia Basque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism 		0.24%[g] 0 0 ☒N
PAR
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Hipólito Gómez de las Roces Regionalism
Conservatism 		0.20%[h] 1 0 ☒N
PSC–ERC
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Josep Andreu Catalanism
Social democracy 		— —[i] 8[j] ☒N
PSUC–PTC
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Josep Benet Communism
Marxism-Leninism
Republicanism 		— —[k] 4[l] ☒N
PSA–PA
List
 Alejandro Rojas-Marcos (cropped).jpg Alejandro Rojas-Marcos Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy 		New party ☒N
UPC
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Fernando Sagaseta Canarian nationalism
Socialism 		New party ☒N
UPN
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Jesús Aizpún Navarrese regionalism
Conservatism
Christian democracy 		New party ☒N

Opinion polls

The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Results

Congress of Deputies

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1979 Spanish general election (Congress).
← Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results →
SpainCongressDiagram1979.svg
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 6,268,593 34.84 +0.40 168 +3
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 5,469,813 30.40 –3.44 121 –3
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 1,938,487 10.77 +1.44 23 +3
Democratic Coalition (CD) 1,094,438 6.08 –2.33 9 –7
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 1,060,330 5.89 –2.05 9 –6
Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)3 34,108 0.19 –0.29 0 –1
Convergence and Union (CiU)4 483,353 2.69 –1.06 8 –5
National Union (UN)5 378,964 2.11 +1.54 1 +1
Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) 325,842 1.81 New 5 +5
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 296,597 1.65 +0.03 7 –1
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)6 192,798 1.07 +0.40 0 ±0
Popular Unity (HB)7 172,110 0.96 +0.72 3 +3
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 138,487 0.77 +0.22 0 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)8 127,517 0.71 +0.29 0 ±0
Navarrese Left Union (UNAI) 10,970 0.06 –0.07 0 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)9 133,869 0.74 +0.05 0 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia–National Front of Catalonia (ERC–FNC)10 123,452 0.69 –0.10 1 ±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 85,677 0.48 +0.14 1 ±0
Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 84,856 0.47 +0.28 0 ±0
Galician National-Popular Bloc (BNPG) 60,889 0.34 +0.22 0 ±0
Canarian People's Union (UPC) 58,953 0.33 New 1 +1
Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN) 56,582 0.31 New 0 ±0
Galician Unity (PG–POG–PSG)11 55,555 0.31 +0.16 0 ±0
Republican Left (IR) 55,384 0.31 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 50,552 0.28 +0.23 0 ±0
Communist Organization–Communist Unification (OCEBR–UCE) 47,937 0.27 New 0 ±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 47,896 0.27 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)12 38,042 0.21 +0.01 1 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)13 36,662 0.20 –0.02 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 30,252 0.17 –0.08 0 ±0
Navarrese People's Union (UPN) 28,248 0.16 New 1 +1
Coalition for Aragon (PSAr–PSDA) 19,220 0.11 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 16,016 0.09 New 0 ±0
Liberal Party (PL) 15,774 0.09 New 0 ±0
Valencian Regional Union (URV) 15,694 0.09 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of the Valencian Country (PNPV) 13,828 0.08 New 0 ±0
Spanish Ruralist Party (PRE) 10,324 0.06 New 0 ±0
Party of the Canarian Country (PPC) 10,099 0.06 New 0 ±0
Socialists of Majorca and Menorca (SMiM) 10,022 0.06 New 0 ±0
Syndicalist Party (PSIN) 9,777 0.05 New 0 ±0
Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE) 7,126 0.04 New 0 ±0
Catalan State (EC) 6,328 0.04 New 0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 6,290 0.03 New 0 ±0
Independent Candidacy of the Countryside (CIC) 6,115 0.03 New 0 ±0
Social Christian Democracy of Catalonia (DSCC) 4,976 0.03 –0.02 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 4,939 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 4,826 0.03 New 0 ±0
Communist League (LC) 3,614 0.02 New 0 ±0
Asturian Nationalist Council (CNA) 3,049 0.02 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 2,736 0.02 New 0 ±0
Pro-Austerity Policy Political Party (PIPPA) 2,409 0.01 New 0 ±0
Workers and Peasants Party (POC) 2,314 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent Candidates of Melilla (CIME) 1,820 0.01 New 0 ±0
Falangist Unity–Independent Spanish Phalanx (UF–FI–AT) 1,188 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx–Falangist Unity (FE–UF) 876 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centre Independent Candidacy (CIC) n/a n/a –0.16 0 –1
Blank ballots 57,267 0.32 +0.07
Total 17,990,915 350 ±0
Valid votes 17,990,915 98.53 –0.04
Invalid votes 268,277 1.47 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 18,259,192 68.04 –10.79
Abstentions 8,577,298 31.96 +10.79
Registered voters 26,836,490
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
UCD
 
 34.84%
PSOE
 
 30.40%
PCE
 
 10.77%
CD
 
 6.08%
CiU
 
 2.69%
UN
 
 2.11%
PSA–PA
 
 1.81%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.65%
PTE
 
 1.07%
HB
 
 0.96%
ERC–FNC
 
 0.69%
EE
 
 0.48%
UPC
 
 0.33%
PAR
 
 0.21%
UPN
 
 0.16%
Others
 
 5.43%
Blank ballots
 
 0.32%
Seats
UCD
 
 48.00%
PSOE
 
 34.57%
PCE
 
 6.57%
CD
 
 2.57%
CiU
 
 2.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 2.00%
PSA–PA
 
 1.43%
HB
 
 0.86%
UN
 
 0.29%
ERC–FNC
 
 0.29%
EE
 
 0.29%
UPC
 
 0.29%
PAR
 
 0.29%
UPN
 
 0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 1 March 1979 Senate of Spain election results →
SpainSenateDiagram1979.svg
Parties and alliances Directly
elected 		Reg.
app. 		Total
Seats +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 118 +12 0 118
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 117 +11 0 117
Union of the Centre of Catalonia (UCC) 1 +1 0 1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 61 +8 0 61
New Agreement (PSC–ERC) 10 +2 0 10
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)2 8 +1 0 8
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 2 +1 0 2
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 8 +2 0 8
Democratic Coalition (CD) 3 +1 0 3
People's Alliance (AP) 3 +1 0 3
Liberal Citizens Action (ACL) 0 ±0 0 0
Progressive Democratic Party (PDProg) 0 ±0 0 0
Group of Independent Electors (ADEI)3 3 –1 0 3
For the Agreement (PSUC–PTC) 1 –3 0 1
Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) 1 –3 0 1
Party of Labour of Catalonia (PTC) 0 ±0 0 0
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1 –1 0 1
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) 1 –1 0 1
Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) 0 ±0 0 0
Popular Unity (HB) 1 +1 0 1
Menorcan Progressive Candidacy (PSM–PSOE–PCIB–PTI) 1 +1 0 1
Independents (INDEP) 1 +1 0 1
Independent Progressives and Socialists (PSI) 0 –6 0 0
Democratic Left (ID) 0 –5 0 0
Aragonese Candidacy of Democratic Unity (CAUD) 0 –2 0 0
Galician Democratic Candidacy (CDG) 0 –2 0 0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 0 –1 0 0
Liberal Alliance (AL) 0 –1 0 0
Xirinacs Electoral Group (AE Xirinacs) 0 –1 0 0
Socialist Unification of the Basque Country (ESEI) 0 –1 0 0
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR) 0 –1 0 0
Basque Country Left (EE) 0 –1 0 0
Majorera Assembly (AM) 0 –1 0 0
Total 208 +1 0 208
Sources[11][12][13][14]
Footnotes:
Seats
UCD
 
 56.73%
PSOE
 
 29.33%
PSC–ERC
 
 4.81%
EAJ/PNV
 
 3.85%
CD
 
 1.44%
ADEI
 
 1.44%
PSUC–PTC
 
 0.48%
CiU
 
 0.48%
HB
 
 0.48%
CPMen
 
 0.48%
INDEP
 
 0.48%

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture
Adolfo Suárez (UCD)
Ballot → 30 March 1979
Required majority → 176 out of 350 checkY
Yes
183 / 350
No
149 / 350
Abstentions
8 / 350
Absentees
10 / 350
Sources[15]

1980 motion of no confidence

Further information: 1980 vote of no confidence in the government of Adolfo Suárez
Motion of no confidence
Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot → 30 May 1980
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N
Yes
152 / 350
No
  • • UCD (166)
166 / 350
Abstentions
21 / 350
Absentees
11 / 350
Sources[15]

1980 motion of confidence

Motion of confidence
Adolfo Suárez (UCD)
Ballot → 18 September 1980
Required majority → Simple checkY
Yes
180 / 350
No
164 / 350
Abstentions
2 / 350
Absentees
4 / 350
Sources[15]

1981 investiture

Investiture
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (UCD)
Ballot → 21 February 1981 23 February 1981 25 February 1981
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N Simple Simple checkY
Yes
  • • UCD (165)
  • • CD (9) (3 on 21 Feb)
  • • CiU (9) (on 25 Feb)
  • • PAR (1) (on 25 Feb)
  • • UPN (1)
  • • UA (1) (on 25 Feb)
169 / 350
 Cancelled
(as a result of the
23-F coup d'etat
attempt)
186 / 350
No
158 / 350
158 / 350
Abstentions
  • • CiU (9) (on 21 Feb)
  • • CD (6) (on 21 Feb)
  • • PAR (1) (on 21 Feb)
  • • UA (1) (on 21 Feb)
17 / 350
0 / 350
Absentees
6 / 350
6 / 350
Sources[15]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Results for PSOE (29.32%, 118 deputies and 49 senators) and PSP–US (4.46%, 6 deputies and 4 senators) in the 1977 election.
  2. ^ a b Results for AP (8.33%, 16 deputies and 2 senators) and DIV (0.08%, 0 seats) in the 1977 election.
  3. ^ a b Results for PDC (2.81%, 11 deputies) and UCiDCC (0.94%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) in the 1977 election.
  4. ^ Results for EC–FED in the 1977 election.
  5. ^ ERC–FNC only fielded candidates for the Congress election.
  6. ^ Results for AN18 (0.53%, 0 seats) and CJA (0.04%, 0 seats) in the 1977 election.
  7. ^ Results for ESB/PSV (0.20%, 0 seats) and EAE/ANV (0.04%, 0 seats) in the 1977 election.
  8. ^ Results for CAIC in the 1977 election.
  9. ^ The Nova Entesa only fielded candidates for the Senate election.
  10. ^ Results for PSC and ERC in the 1977 Senate election.
  11. ^ The Nova Entesa only fielded candidates for the Senate election.
  12. ^ Results for PSUC in the 1977 Senate election.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Within PSOE.
  14. ^ a b Undecided and/or abstentionists excluded.
  15. ^ Within UCD.

References

Opinion poll sources
  1. ^ "El Gobierno estima en 170 los escaños de UCD y en 116 los del PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 2 March 1979.
  2. ^ "UCD, 166 escaños; PSOE, 132" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 23 February 1979.
  3. ^ "Apretada victoria de UCD frente a los socialistas, que gana posiciones". El País (in Spanish). 6 February 1979.
  4. ^ "Izquierdas y derechas se reparten el electorado casi al cincuenta por ciento" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 27 February 1979.
  5. ^ "Votos y posibles escaños en cada provincia" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 27 February 1979.
  6. ^ a b "El PSOE se prepara para gobernar" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 23 February 1979.
  7. ^ "UCD aventaja al PSOE en dos puntos". ABC (in Spanish). 22 February 1979.
  8. ^ a b c "Dos sondeos electorales en ABC". ABC (in Spanish). 7 February 1979.
  9. ^ a b "Equilibrio entre UCD y PSOE, con ligera ventaja socialista". El País (in Spanish). 6 February 1979.
  10. ^ "Centristas y socialistas se distancian del resto de las fuerzas políticas" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 6 February 1979.
  11. ^ "Ante las municipales: PSOE, 38,7%; UCD, 27,3%". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 December 1978.
  12. ^ "El PSOE aventaja a UCD". El País (in Spanish). 15 June 1978.
  13. ^ "Aumenta la tendencia hacia la izquierda y existen muchos indecisos" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 15 June 1978.
  14. ^ "¿Crisis del "suarismo"?" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 10 March 1978.
Other
  1. ^ a b c d "Constitución Española". Constitution of 29 December 1978. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". congreso.es (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  3. ^ Carreras, Albert; Tafunell, Xavier; Soler, Raimon; Fontana, Josep (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. p. 1077. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  5. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  6. ^ "Real Decreto 3073/1978, de 29 de diciembre, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones generales" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (1): 3. 1 January 1979. ISSN 0212-033X.
  7. ^ a b c "Suben los indecisos y baja la izquierda" (PDF). Informaciones (in Spanish). 28 February 1978.
  8. ^ "Un tercio de la población no sabría a qué partido votar". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 February 1978.
  9. ^ "Avance socialista ante las elecciones municipales" (PDF). Informaciones (in Spanish). 18 November 1977.
  10. ^ "El 57 por 100 de los españoles, de izquierdas" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 4 January 1978.
  11. ^ a b "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Elecciones Generales 1 de marzo de 1979". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  13. ^ "Senate Election 1979". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  14. ^ "Composición del Senado 1977-2024". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2017.
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