Terminalia catappa
Terminalia catappa | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Myrtales |
Family: | Combretaceae |
Genus: | Terminalia |
Species: | T. catappa
|
Binomial name | |
Terminalia catappa | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
|
Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae, native to Asia, Australia, the Pacific, Madagascar and Seychelles.[1] Common names in English include country almond, Indian almond, Malabar almond, sea almond, tropical almond,[3] beach almond[4] and false kamani.[5]
Description
The tree grows to 35 metres (115 feet) tall, with an upright, symmetrical crown and horizontal branches. The fruit are corky and light, and dispersed by water. As the tree gets older, its crown becomes more flattened to form a spreading, vase shape. Its branches are distinctively arranged in tiers. The leaves are large, 15–25 cm (6–9+3⁄4 in) long and 10–14 cm (4–5+1⁄2 in) broad, ovoid, glossy dark green, and leathery. They are dry-season deciduous; before falling, they turn pinkish-reddish or yellow-brown, due to pigments such as violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin.
The trees are monoecious, with distinct male and female flowers on the same tree. Both are 1 cm (3⁄8 in) in diameter, white to greenish, inconspicuous with no petals; they are produced on axillary or terminal spikes. The fruit is a drupe 5–7 cm (2–2+3⁄4 in) long and 3–5.5 cm (1+1⁄8–2+1⁄8 in) broad, green at first, then yellow and finally red when ripe, containing a single seed. Pollen grains measure about 30 microns.
The species epithet is based on its Malay name Ketapang.[6][7]
Distribution and habitat
The tree has been spread widely by humans, so the native range is uncertain. It has long been naturalised in a broad belt extending from Africa to northern Australia and New Guinea through southeast Asia and Micronesia into the Indian subcontinent. More recently, the plant has been introduced to parts of the Americas. Until the mid-20th century, the tree had been used extensively in Brazilian urban landscaping, since being a rare case tropical deciduous, their fallen leaves would give a "European" flair to the street. This practice is currently abolished, and the "amendoeiras" are being replaced by native, evergreen trees.
Cultivation and uses
T. catappa is widely grown in tropical regions of the world as an ornamental tree, grown for the deep shade its large leaves provide. The fruit is edible,[8] tasting slightly acidic. The seeds are edible raw or cooked[9] when ripe and the source of its 'almond' common names, but are small and difficult to extract.
The wood is red and solid, and has high water resistance; it has been used in Polynesia for making canoes. In Tamil, almond is known as nattuvadumai.
The leaves contain several flavonoids (such as kaempferol or quercetin), several tannins (such as punicalin, punicalagin or tercatin), saponines and phytosterols. Due to this chemical richness, the leaves (and the bark) are used in different herbal medicines for various purposes. For instance in Taiwan, fallen leaves are used as an herb to treat liver diseases. In Suriname, an herbal tea made from the leaves has been prescribed against dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves may contain agents for prevention of cancers (although they have no demonstrated anticarcinogenic properties) and antioxidants, as well as anticlastogenic characteristics. Extracts of T. catappa have shown activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (FcB1) and CQ-sensitive (HB3) strains.[10]
Keeping the leaves in an aquarium may lower the pH and heavy-metal content of the water.[citation needed] It has been used in this way by fish breeders for many years, and is active against some parasites and bacterial pathogens.[11] It is also believed to help prevent fungus forming on the eggs of the fish.[citation needed]
Gallery
Tree canopy on Sand Island, Midway Atoll
References
- ^ a b Thomson, L.; Evans, B. (2019). "Terminalia catappa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61989853A61989855. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61989853A61989855.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ "Terminalia catappa L." Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ Henn JJ, McCoy MB, Vaughan CS (September 2014). "Beach almond (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) seed production and predation by scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides)". Revista de Biologia Tropical. 62 (3): 929–38. doi:10.15517/rbt.v62i3.14060. PMID 25412525.
- ^ A.K. Kepler. Trees of Hawaii Kottamba.
- ^ Stuhlmann, Franz (1909). Deutsch Ost Afrika. Band X. Beitrage zu Naturgeschichte von Ostafrika. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. p. 122.
- ^ Hynnersley, C.W.S. (1913). Noctes orientales. Being a selection of essays read before the Straits Philosophical Society between years 1893 and 1910 (Criticism). Singapore. Kelly and Walsh. p. 183.
- ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 31. ISBN 9780910690027.
- ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Hnawia E, Hassani L, Deharo E, Maurel S, Waikedre J, Cabalion P, Bourdy G, Valentin A, Jullian V, Fogliani B. "Antiplasmodial activity of New Caledonia and Vanuatu traditional medicines". Pharm Biol. 2011 Apr; 49(4): 369-76.
- ^ C. Chitmanat; K. Tongdonmuan; P. Khanom; P. Pachontis & W. Nunsong (2005). "Antiparasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities derived from a Terminalia catappa solution against some Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pathogens". Acta Horticulturae. 678 (678): 179–182. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.678.25.
External links
Media related to Terminalia catappa at Wikimedia Commons
- Indian almond leaves- Website devoted to Indian almond leaves in folk medicine, modern medicine and aquariums
- More Ketapang Info- Blog on ketapang leaves
- Terminalia catappa in West African plants – A Photo Guide.Error: "Q271179" is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.
- CS1 maint: others
- Articles with short description
- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Articles with 'species' microformats
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008
- Commons category link is defined as the pagename
- Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata
- Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item
- Taxonbars with invalid from parameters
- Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs
- Terminalia (plant)
- Flora of Madagascar
- Flora of Seychelles
- Flora of tropical Asia
- Flora of China
- Flora of Taiwan
- Flora of the Southwestern Pacific
- Flora of Queensland
- Flora of the Northern Territory
- Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus