Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage
Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Common-law marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. Neither performed nor recognized in American Samoa or some tribal nations.
  5. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in some cities.
  6. Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  7. The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens.
  8. Legal guardianships (nationwide, except Hong Kong and Macau), residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents (Hong Kong).
  9. Unregistered cohabitation or Maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  10. Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Foreign same-sex spouses are eligible for a "Non-Tourist Visa" as a dependent.
* Not yet in effect (Andorra) or completely in effect (Mexico)
Portal LGBT.svg LGBT portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27).

As of July 2022, eighteen European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Same-sex marriages will soon be legal in Andorra. An additional twelve European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling.[2]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. Benelux countries, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 1] whereas Germany, Ireland and Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples, while Armenia[a][3] recognises same-sex marriages performed abroad.[4]

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages.[5] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[6] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[7] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.[8]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention.[9] At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

European Union

See also: Coman v. Romania

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[10]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice.[11] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.[12]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.[13][1]

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.[2]

National level

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(19 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too. 		Andorra Andorra* 2023[nb 2][14][15] 85,082
Austria Austria* 2019[nb 3][16] 8,504,850
Belgium Belgium* 2003[nb 4][17] 11,198,638
Denmark Denmark 2012[nb 5][18] 5,655,750
Finland Finland 2017[nb 6][19][20] 5,470,820
France France* 2013[nb 7][21] 66,030,000
Germany Germany 2017[nb 8][22] 80,716,000
Iceland Iceland 2010[nb 9][23] 325,671
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015[nb 10][24] 4,609,600
Luxembourg Luxembourg* 2015[nb 11][25] 549,680
Malta Malta* 2017[nb 12][26] 446,547
Netherlands Netherlands* 2001[nb 13][27][28] 16,856,620
Norway Norway 2009[nb 14][29] 5,136,700
Portugal Portugal* 2010[nb 15][30] 10,427,301
Slovenia Slovenia* 2022[nb 16][31][32] 2,061,085
Spain Spain* 2005[nb 17][33] 46,704,314
Sweden Sweden 2009[nb 18][34] 10,161,797
Switzerland Switzerland 2022[nb 19][35] 8,183,800
United Kingdom United Kingdom* 2020[nb 20][36][37][38] 67,647,579
Subtotal — — 350,771,834
(41.06% of the European population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(1 country - also recognizes civil unions) 		Estonia Estonia 2016[39] 1,315,819
Subtotal — — 1,315,819
(0.15% of the European population)
Civil unions
(10 countries)
* In three of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too. 		Croatia Croatia 2014[nb 21][40] 4,284,889
Czech Republic Czech Republic* 2006[nb 22][41] 10,513,209
Cyprus Cyprus[nb 23] 2015[42] 1,117,000[nb 24]
Greece Greece 2015[43] 10,816,286
Hungary Hungary* 2009[nb 25][44] 9,877,365
Italy Italy* 2016[nb 26][45] 60,782,668
Latvia Latvia 2022[46] 1,990,300
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2011[47] 37,132
Monaco Monaco 2020[48] 36,371
Montenegro Montenegro 2021[49] 647,905
San Marino San Marino 2019[nb 27][50] 32,570
Subtotal — — 100,135,695
(11.72% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries) 		Slovakia Slovakia 2018[nb 28][51][52] 5,415,949
Poland Poland 2012[53] 38,483,957
Subtotal — — 43,899,906
(5.13% of the European population)
Total — — 496,123,254
(58.07% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound to recognize
foreign same-sex unions in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. 		Albania Albania — 3,020,209
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 9,494,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,871,643
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 17,948,816
North Macedonia North Macedonia — 2,058,539
Romania Romania † — 19,942,642
Turkey Turkey — 76,667,864
Vatican City Vatican City — 842
Subtotal — — 133,005,155
(15.57% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound to recognize
foreign same-sex unions in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.
* Other types of partnerships are available. 		Armenia Armenia 2015[nb 29][54] 3,018,854
Belarus Belarus 1994[55] 9,475,100
Bulgaria Bulgaria † 1991[56] 7,364,570
Croatia Croatia †* 2013[57][58] 4,284,889
Georgia (country) Georgia 2018[59] 4,935,880
Hungary Hungary †* 2012[60][61] 9,877,365
Latvia Latvia †* 2006[62][63] 1,990,300
Lithuania Lithuania † 1992[64] 2,944,459
Moldova Moldova 1994[65] 3,557,600
Montenegro Montenegro * 2007[66] 647,905
Russia Russia 2020 143,700,000
Serbia Serbia 2006[67] 7,209,764
Slovakia Slovakia * 2014[68][69] 5,415,949
Ukraine Ukraine 1996[70] 44,291,413
Subtotal — — 248,714,048
(29.11% of the European population)
Total — — 381,719,203
(44.68% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states) 		Abkhazia Abkhazia — 243,564
Kosovo Kosovo — 1,907,592
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus — 313,626
South Ossetia South Ossetia — 51,547
Transnistria Transnistria — 475,665
Subtotal — — 2,991,994
Constitutional ban on marriage
(1 state) 		Republic of Artsakh Artsakh 2006[nb 30][71] 150,932
Subtotal — — 150,932
Total — — 3,142,926

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions)
* Other types of partnerships are available too.
 		Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 2017[72][73] 49,198
Greenland Greenland 2016[74] 56,081
United Kingdom United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[75] 15,700
Alderney Alderney 2018[76] 2,020
Gibraltar Gibraltar* 2016[77][78] 32,194
Guernsey Guernsey 2017[79][80] 62,948
Isle of Man Isle of Man* 2016[81] 84,497
Jersey Jersey* 2018[82] 100,080
Sark Sark 2020[83] 600
Total 403,318

(0.05% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein: On 11 March 2022, the government introduced a bill to allow same-sex couples in registered partnerships to adopt each other's step children in accordance with a 2021 court ruling, and said future bills for full marriage equality and joint adoption would have to come from individual MPs.[84] On 21 September 2022, a motion to open civil marriage to same-sex couples was submitted to the Landtag by 15 out of the 25 sitting members.[85][86][87] The motion was discussed in the plenary session on 2 November 2022, and was passed by a 23–2 vote.[88][89][90]

Opposition proposals

Czech Republic Czech Republic: A bill amending the Civil Code to allow same-sex marriage was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on 7 June 2022. The draft was signed by one representative each from five parliamentary groups: Mayors and Independents (STAN), TOP 09, the Pirate Party, the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and ANO. [91]

Greece Greece: The opposition SYRIZA party introduced a bill to allow same-sex marriage and adoption in 2022.[92] The government has also reportedly been studying its own draft bill for same-sex marriage, though it has not been introduced.

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Latvia Latvia: In February 2022, a Saeima working group directed a draft law allowing civil unions to the parliamentary Legal Commission for consideration. The draft law was created following the Constitutional Court's 2020 judgment on the right of a same-sex couple to a parental leave.[93] On 31 March 2022 it passed its first reading.[94] On 12 May 2022 it passed its second reading, and requires one further reading before coming into law.[95] The Saeima dissolved without passing the bill, but it can be resumed following elections on 1 October.[96] In the meantime, due to the Constitutional Court's ruling, same-sex couples in Latvia are already able to register as families with the government.

Lithuania Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021.[97] On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions. The final vote is expected at the end of June.[98]

Serbia Serbia: In November 2020, Gordana Čomić, Minister for Human and Minority Rights and Social Dialogue, announced that a law on same-sex partnerships would be brought before parliament in the first half of 2021.[99][100]

Ukraine Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament).[101] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options.[102]


Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[103] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[104]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[105] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[106] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[107] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[108] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% didn't have a specific position on the issue.[109] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.[109]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe,[104] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.[110][111]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[112] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[113] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[114] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[115] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006[116] to 45% in 2019,[117] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships.[118][119]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[104] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[103]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70% 19% 11% [120]
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3% 96% 1% [121][122]
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2019 66% 30% 4% [123]
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16% 81% 3% [121][124][122]
Belgium Belgium Eurobarometer 2019 82% 17% 1% [123]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Pew Research Center 2016 13% 84% 4% [121][122]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2019 16% 74% 10% [123]
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2019 39% 55% 6% [123]
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2019 36% 60% 4% [123]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Median agency 2019 67% - - [125]
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2019 89% 8% 3% [123]
Estonia Estonia HumanrightsEE 2021 47% 46% 7% [126]
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2019 76% 21% 3% [123]
France France Ipsos 2021 59% 7% [127]
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10% 75% 15% [128]
Germany Germany Ipsos 2021 68% [127]
Greece Greece Eurobarometer 2019 39% 56% 5% [123]
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2021 46% 18% [127]
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2004 87% - - [129]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Eurobarometer 2019 79% 13% 8% [123]
Italy Italy Ipsos 2021 63% 30% 7% [127]
Latvia Latvia Eurobarometer 2019 24% 70% 6% [123]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [130]
Lithuania Lithuania Eurobarometer 2019 30% 63% 7% [123]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2019 85% 9% 6% [123]
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2019 67% 25% 8% [123]
Moldova Moldova Pew Research Center 2015 5% 92% 3% [121][122]
Netherlands Netherlands Eurobarometer 2019 92% 8% 0% [123]
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72% 19% 9% [124]
Poland Poland Ipsos 2021 29% 22% [127]
Portugal Portugal Eurobarometer 2019 74% 20% 6% [123]
Romania Romania Eurobarometer 2019 29% 63% 8% [123]
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17% 52% [127]
Serbia Serbia Pew Research Center 2015 12% 83% 4% [121][122]
Slovakia Slovakia Eurobarometer 2019 20% 70% 10% [123]
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2019 62% 35% 3% [123]
Spain Spain Eurobarometer 2019 86% 9% 5% [123]
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2021 79% 3% [127]
Switzerland Switzerland gfs-zürich 2020 81% 18% 1% [131]
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2021 24% 25% [127]
Ukraine Ukraine Pew Research Center 2016 9% 85% 6% [121][122]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Ipsos 2021 68% 7% [123]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [132]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [133]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [134][135]


Notes

  1. ^ Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  2. ^ a b Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. ^ Stable union since 2005 and civil union since 2014.
  3. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2010.
  4. ^ Cohabitation légale since 1999, also cohabitation de fait gives some rights to non-married couples.
  5. ^ Registreret partnerskab since 1989 until 2012.
  6. ^ Rekisteröidystä parisuhteesta since 2001 until 2017.
  7. ^ Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999.
  8. ^ Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft since 2001 until 2017.
  9. ^ Staðfesta samvist since 1996 until 2010.
  10. ^ Civil Partnership since 2010 until 2015.
  11. ^ Partenariat since 2004.
  12. ^ Civil union since 2014.
  13. ^ Geregistreerd partnerschap since 1998, also samenwonen gives some rights to non-married couples.
  14. ^ Registrert partnerskap since 1993 until 2009.
  15. ^ Uniões de facto since 2001.
  16. ^ Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnership (partnerska zveza) since 2017.
  17. ^ Parejas de hecho available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
  18. ^ Registrerat partnerskap since 1994 until 2009.
  19. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2004 until 2022.
  20. ^ Civil Partnership since 2004.
  21. ^ Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
  22. ^ Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (Osoba blízká) since 1964.
  23. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  24. ^ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  25. ^ Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
  26. ^ Civil unions and cohabitation agreements since 2016.
  27. ^ Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
  28. ^ Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
  29. ^ It is not clear if the Constitution of Armenia bans same-sex marriage. Article 35 states that "women and men of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family of their own free will" (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն), but may not restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples. The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated.
  30. ^ It is not clear if the Constitution of Artsakh bans same-sex marriage. Article 35 states that "women and men of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family of their own free will" (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ունեն ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք), but may not restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples. The article 142 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated.

References

  1. ^ a b "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021). "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  3. ^ Vic Gerami (2019-02-19). "'You have no right to call yourself Armenian' Say Gay Man's Attackers". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  4. ^ "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia". PanARMENIAN.Net. 3 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria". International Commission of Jurists. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  6. ^ "CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE". European Court of Human Rights. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  7. ^ "CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY". European Court of Human Rights. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  8. ^ "Where Europe stands on gay marriage and civil unions". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  9. ^ "The ECHR Unanimously Confirms the Non-Existence of a Right to Gay Marriage". European Center for Law and Justice. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  10. ^ Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers - A7-0386/2013 (Report). European Parliament. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  11. ^ Mattheuws, Janie (25 April 2017). "ECJ plans to rule on same-sex marriage in Romania". EURACTIVE.
  12. ^ "PRESS RELEASE No 02/18" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  13. ^ Gillet, Kit (5 June 2018). "Same-sex marriages are backed in E.U. immigration ruling". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  14. ^ "El Consell General aprova la llei qualificada de la persona i de la família — Consell General Principat d'Andorra". www.consellgeneral.ad (in Catalan). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  15. ^ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995" (PDF) (in Catalan). Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  16. ^ "Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination". Verfassungsgerichtshof Österreich. 5 December 2017.
  17. ^ "Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be (in Dutch). 13 February 2003.
  18. ^ "Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab". www.retsinformation.dk (in Danish). 12 June 2012.
  19. ^ "FINLEX ® - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Laki avioliittolain muuttamisesta 156/2015". finlex.fi (in Finnish). 20 February 2015.
  20. ^ "FINLEX ® - Ursprungliga författningar: Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen 156/2015". finlex.fi (in Swedish). 20 February 2015.
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