Plus–minus

This article is about the sports statistic. For other uses, see Plus-minus (disambiguation).

A table of NHL season stats for a player, including +/- values

Plus−minus (+/−, ±, plus/minus) is a sports statistic used to measure a player's impact on the game, represented by the difference between their team's total scoring versus their opponent's when the player is in the game. In ice hockey, it measures a player's goal differential. When an even-strength goal or shorthanded goal is scored, the plus–minus statistic is increased by one ("plus") for those players on the ice for the team scoring the goal but decreased by one ("minus") for those players on the ice for the team allowing the goal. Power play or penalty shot goals are excluded. Empty net situations are treated the same as having the goalie in net for the purposes of plus-minus: i.e., unless the scoring team is on a power play, empty net goals still count in its calculation.

The statistic is sometimes called the plus−minus rating.

A player's plus−minus statistic is calculated for each game played, to provide a more meaningful measure over a full season. The statistic is directly affected by overall team performance, influenced by both the offensive and defensive performance of the team as a whole.

History

The NHL's Montreal Canadiens were the first team to track the plus−minus of its players, starting sometime in the 1950s. Other teams followed in the early 1960s, and the NHL started officially compiling the statistic for the 1967–68 season. While Emile Francis is often credited with devising the system, he only popularized and adapted the system in use by the Canadiens.

Awards

The NHL awarded the NHL Plus-Minus Award each year to the player with the highest plus−minus statistic during the regular season from 1982–83 to 2007–08.

The Western Hockey League (WHL) awards the WHL Plus-Minus Award each year to one of its players.

Situational plus–minus

There are some drawbacks to the traditional calculation of the plus–minus statistic in ice hockey. Not all types of goals are included, specifically power play goals. Every goal included in the calculation is weighted the same regardless of the situation - even strength, power play, short-handed or empty net. Also, traditional plus–minus is not applied to goaltenders.

Situational plus–minus (Sit +/–) is an alternative calculation that takes into account all types of "team-based" goals, which excludes only penalty shot and shootout goals. Each goal is weighted based on the number of skaters (i.e. not goaltenders) on the ice. The plus–minus rating is calculated by dividing the number of skaters on the ice for the team scored upon by the number of skaters on the ice for the scoring team, applied as a plus to all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the scoring team and as a minus for all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the team scored upon.

The following is a list of situational plus−minus leaders by season, going back to the 2008-09 season (82 games, unless otherwise noted):

	Top Situational Plus–Minus by Season					Bottom Situational Plus–Minus by Season
Season	Pos	Player Name	Team	NHL +/–	Sit +/–	Pos	Player Name	Team	NHL +/–	Sit +/–
2008–09	D	Mike Green	Washington Capitals	+24	+70.76	D	Brendan Witt	New York Islanders	–34	–56.22
2009–10	LW	Alex Ovechkin	Washington Capitals	+45	+87.71	C	Nate Thompson	New York Islanders, Tampa Bay Lightning	–17	–46.00
2010–11	LW	Daniel Sedin	Vancouver Canucks	+30	+73.63	D	Chris Phillips	Ottawa Senators	–35	–52.77
2011–12	G	Marc-Andre Fleury	Pittsburgh Penguins	n/a	+59.61	D	Milan Jurcina	New York Islanders	–34	–45.67
2012–13(a)	LW	Chris Kunitz	Pittsburgh Penguins	+30	+52.55	D	Erik Gudbranson	Florida Panthers	–22	–28.20
2013–14	LW	Chris Kunitz	Pittsburgh Penguins	+25	+62.04	C	Steve Ott	Buffalo Sabres, St. Louis Blues	–38	–48.09
2014–15	RW	Nikita Kucherov	Tampa Bay Lightning	+38	+54.85	G	Mike Smith	Arizona Coyotes	n/a	–76.31
2015–16	LW	Alex Ovechkin	Washington Capitals	+21	+60.65	C	Bo Horvat	Vancouver Canucks	–30	–38.15
2016–17	G	Braden Holtby	Washington Capitals	n/a	+63.28	D	Fedor Tyutin	Colorado Avalanche	–25	–45.07
2017–18	G	Connor Hellebuyck	Winnipeg Jets	n/a	+67.44	C	Johan Larsson	Buffalo Sabres	–30	–46.50
2018–19	C	Brayden Point	Tampa Bay Lightning	+27	+72.77	D	Adam Larsson	Edmonton Oilers	–28	–46.52
2019–20(b)	LW	Artemi Panarin	New York Rangers	+36	+64.04	D	Filip Hronek	Detroit Red Wings	–38	–53.69
2020–21(c)	G	Philipp Grubauer	Colorado Avalanche	n/a	+64.13	D	David Savard	Columbus Blue Jackets, Tampa Bay Lightning	–27	–37.82
2021–22	LW	Johnny Gaudreau	Calgary Flames	+64	+94.80	G	Karel Vejmelka	Arizona Coyotes	n/a	–57.20

Notes:

(a) 2012–13 season shortened due to lockout (48 games).

(b) 2019–20 season shortened due to the COVID-19 pandemic (68–71 games).

(c) 2020–21 season shortened due to the COVID-19 pandemic (56 games).

Basketball

Although the statistic was pioneered in the sport of hockey, it has found its way into use in other sports and areas of life. For instance, the NBA's Houston Rockets first utilized a modified version of the stat, which helped reveal the unheralded effectiveness of light-scoring Shane Battier. It is now in regular use throughout the NBA.

Football

A plus−minus statistic has been used in sports economics to analyze the degree of competitive balance over time in association football.