National conservatism
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National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity. National conservatives usually combine nationalism with conservative stances promoting traditional cultural values, family values and opposition to immigration.[1][2][3]
It shares characteristics with traditionalist conservatism and social conservatism since all three variations focus on preservation and tradition. As national conservatism seeks to preserve national interests, traditionalist conservatism emphasizes the preservation of social order. Additionally, social conservatism emphasizes traditional family values which regulate moral behavior to preserve one's traditional status in society.[4][5][6][2][3] National conservative parties often have roots in environments with a rural, traditionalist or peripheral basis, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal-conservative parties.[7] In Europe, most embrace some form of Euroscepticism.[1][8]
Most conservative parties in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 have been national conservative.[9]
Ideology
Social policies
Ideologically, national conservatives lean towards patriotism, nationalism, cultural conservatism, and monoculturalism, while opposing internationalism, globalism, multiculturalism, and cultural pluralism. National conservatives adhere to a form of cultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation of national identity as well as cultural identity. As a result, many favor assimilation into the dominant culture, restrictions on immigration, and strict law and order policies.[1][2][3]
National conservative parties are "socially traditional"[1] and support traditional family values, gender roles, and religion.[10][2] According to the Austrian political scientist Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition".[10] Many national conservatives are thus social conservatives.
Economic policies
National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of a corporatism to a mixed economy to a laissez-faire approach.[citation needed] In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives,[11] for whom free market economic policies, deregulation, and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalized social, cultural, and national conservatives."[11]
Regionalist conservatism
In some contexts, the "nationalism" of a regional party may not align with the country to which the region belongs. South Tyrol is a notable example, as the "national conservative" movements there represent its majority German-speaking population, and identify with their German-speaking neighbors, particularly Austria, which borders South Tyrol, and with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.
List of national conservative political parties
Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
The following political parties have been characterised as national conservative, at least as one of their ideological influences.
- Albania: Democratic Party of Albania,[9] Republican Party of Albania[12]
- Armenia: Republican Party of Armenia (self-proclaimed)[13]
- Austria: Freedom Party of Austria,[14] Alliance for the Future of Austria[15]
- Australia: Pauline Hanson's One Nation[16]
- Bangladesh: Bangladesh Nationalist Party
- Belgium: Vlaams Belang[17]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Action,[18] Democratic People's Alliance,[19] Party of Democratic Progress[9]
- Brazil: Alliance for Brazil,[20][21] Progressistas,[22] Brazilian Labour Party, Patriota
- Bulgaria: GERB, Revival, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,[23] National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, Union of Democratic Forces,[9] Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria,[9] Democratic Party[9]
- Cambodia: Cambodian People's Party[24]
- Canada: People's Party of Canada[25]
- Chile: Republican Party (Chile, 2019)
- Croatia: Homeland Movement,[26] Croatian Sovereignists[27] Croatian Democratic Union[28]
- Cyprus: Solidarity Movement[29]
- Czech Republic: Tricolour Citizens' Movement, Civic Democratic Party[30][31]
- Denmark: Danish People's Party,[32] The New Right[33]
- Estonia: Conservative People's Party of Estonia,[34] Isamaa[9]
- Finland: Finns Party[35][36]
- France: National Rally,[37] France Arise,[38] Movement for France,[39] Action Française,[40] Reconquête
- Germany: Alternative for Germany,[41] The Republicans,[42] German Social Union[43]
- Greece: Independent Greeks,[44] Greek Solution,[45] Golden Dawn,[46] New Right[47]
- Hungary: Fidesz,[9][48][49] Christian Democratic People's Party,[50] Independent Smallholders Party,[50] Jobbik[51]
- India: Bharatiya Janata Party,[52] Hindu Mahasabha[53]
- Indonesia: Great Indonesia Movement Party,[54] Golkar[55]
- Ireland: Fianna Fáil[56]
- Israel: Likud,[57][58] Yamina
- Italy: Brothers of Italy,[59] Forza Italia (faction – Protagonist Italy), [Citizens' Union for South Tyrol,[60] South Tyrolean Freedom[60][61] (regionalist)]
- Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[62][63]
- Kenya: Jubilee Party
- Latvia: National Alliance[64]
- Liechtenstein: Progressive Citizens' Party[65]
- Lithuania: Homeland Union,[9] Order and Justice[66]
- Luxembourg: Alternative Democratic Reform Party[67]
- Malaysia: United Malays National Organisation[68]
- Moldova: Șor Party
- Montenegro: New Serb Democracy[69]
- Myanmar: Union Solidarity and Development Party[70]
- Nepal: Rastriya Prajatantra Party
- Netherlands: Forum for Democracy[71]
- North Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE,[9][72] VMRO – People's Party[73]
- Norway: Progress Party,[74] The Democrats[75]
- Panama: Panameñista Party[76]
- Paraguay: Colorado Party[77]
- Philippines: Nacionalista Party[78]
- Poland: United Right, (Law and Justice[9][79] and United Poland[80]), Confederation Liberty and Independence (factions,[81][82] mainly National Movement[83]), Right Wing of the Republic[83]
- Portugal: CDS – People's Party,[84] Enough[85]
- Romania: National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party[86] and United Romania Party), Alliance for the Union of Romanians,[87][88] People's Movement Party[89][90][91][92][93][94]
- Russia: All-Russia People's Front[95][96] (United Russia[97] and Rodina[98]), Great Russia, Russian All-People's Union[99]
- Serbia: Democratic Party of Serbia,[9][100] Serbian Radical Party, Serbian Patriotic Alliance,[101] United Serbia, Serbian People's Party, People's Peasant Party, New Serbia, Better Serbia, Fatherland, People's Freedom Movement, Serbian Party Oathkeepers, Serbian Right, Obraz, Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia
- Singapore: People's Action Party[102]
- Slovakia: We Are Family,[103] Slovak National Party[1]
- Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[9]
- Spain: Vox[104]
- Sweden: Sweden Democrats[105]
- Switzerland: Swiss People's Party,[106] Federal Democratic Union[107]
- Taiwan: Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party),[108] New Party
- Thailand: People's State Power Party[109]
- Turkey: People's Alliance[110] (Justice and Development Party[111] and Nationalist Movement Party[112]), Nation Alliance (factions, mainly İyi Party[113][114][115][116][117]) and Homeland Party
- Ukraine: People's Front,[118] Svoboda,[119] National Corps, Right Sector[120]
- United Kingdom: Democratic Unionist Party,[121] Traditional Unionist Voice,[122] UK Independence Party,[123] For Britain
- United States: Republican Party (factions),[124] American Freedom Party
Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
- Austria: Fatherland Front
- Belgium: Rexist Party,[125] Vlaams Blok[126]
- Brazil: Brazilian Integralist Action[127]
- Canada: Union Nationale[128]
- Czech Republic: Realists
- Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak National Democracy,[129] Party of National Unity[130]
- France: Rally for the Republic[56]
- Germany: German National People's Party,[131] Deutsche Rechtspartei,[132] The Blue Party,[133] German People's Union[134]
- Hungary: Hungarian Democratic Forum,[49][50] Unity Party[135]
- India: Bharatiya Jana Sangh[136]
- Iran: Rastakhiz Party[137][failed verification]
- Israel: National Union (Hatikva), Union of Right-Wing Parties
- Italy: National Fascist Party,[138] Italian Nationalist Association,[139] Italian Social Movement, National Alliance,[140][141] The Right[142]
- Norway: Fatherland League[143]
- Poland: National Democracy,[144] League of Polish Families,[145][146] Kukiz'15[147]
- Portugal: National Union[148]
- Romania: Conservative Party,[9][149][150][151][152][153][154]
- Slovakia: Slovak People's Party,[155] Slovak National Party, People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Conservative Democrats of Slovakia[156]
- South Africa: National Party[157]
- South Korea: Democratic Republican Party[158] Democratic Justice Party, New Korea Party, Liberty Korea Party[159]
- Spain: FET y de las JONS,[148] CEDA,[160] People's Alliance[161]
- Yugoslavia: Yugoslav Radical Union, Yugoslav National Movement[162]
See also
- Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
- European Alliance for Freedom
- Europe of Nations and Freedom
- Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
- Nationalism
- Neo-nationalism
- Opposition to immigration
- Paleoconservatism
- Radical right (Europe)
- Right-wing populism
- Souverainism
- The Virtue of Nationalism
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