Werdersch

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Werdersch
Werdersch; Mundart der Weichselwerder
Native toPoland, Russia (formerly Germany)
RegionVistula river islands
EthnicityGermans
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Werdersch (German: Mundart der Weichselwerder) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. The Weichselwerder (Vistula river islands) were Żuławy Gdańskie between Wisła Gdańska and Gdańskie Wyżyny and Żuławy Malborskie between Vistula, Szkarpawa, Vistula Lagoon, and Nogat.[1]

History

Werdersch developed after Dutch-speaking Mennonites from the Netherlands moved in the sixteenth century to the region where Werdersch is spoken.[2] Half of the Dutch there were Mennonites, the other half other Protestants.[3] Though not all were from Holland, they were referred to as Hollanders.[3] German colonists were also referred to as Hollanders.[3] Catherine the Great called Mennonite immigrants from the area to Russia.[3]

Werdersch is closely related to Nehrungisch.[4] Plautdietsch was spoken in this area even by non-Mennonites.[4] Many of the Mennonites spoke Low German.[4] Groups of Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites were early arrivals.[1] The division between Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites was religious rather than ethnic.[4] The early Anabaptists from the province of Friesland at that time spoke Frisian.[4] This division continued into Russia.[1] Most of the founders of Molotschna and Chortitza colonies in Russia were Flemish Mennonites speaking Werdersch.[1] Most residents of Chortitza Colony were from Żuławy Malborskie (Großes Werder in German).[5]

The congregations of Flemish Mennonites in the area of the Weichselwerder were Ellerwald, Fürstenwerder, Heubuden, Ladekopp, Rosenort and Tiegenhagen.[6] Orlofferfelde and Thiensdorf had a congregation of Frisian Mennonites.[6] Daughter settlements of Molotschna in Ukraine (German names of the period) included Ogus-Tobe, Ali-Bai, Semisotka, Usnajak, Fernheim, Itschki, Sarona, Dselair, Tschatte, Arkachin, Selenaja, Bek-Bulatschi, Baschlitscha, Karasan, Menelerdshik, Spat, Telentschi, Ataschaja, Scheich-Eli, Kipschak, Wassiljewka, Salgirka, Kiat, Kitai, Kasantschi, Jangil, Atartschik, Durmen, Ebenfeld, Lustigstal, Alatsch, Kirgis, Keneges, Tamak, Dsanbore, Kutjuki, Jalantusch, Aktatschi-Busan, Bijuk-Busan, Bijuk-Kuban, Busul-Montanai, Sabantschi, Terkle-Kitai, Bakschai, Bubschik, Busul, Adshembet, Annowka, Borangar, Barak, Danilowka, Elgeri-Montanai, Kadagai, Mara, Pascha-Tschokmak, Schöntal, Topalowka, Tschongraw, Tsche-Tsche, Tokultschak, Toksaba, Teschi, Sabantschi, Kara-Kodsha, Tschambuldi, Olgase-Kamrat, Stanislawka, Kara-Tschikmak, Shangara, Timir, Sagradowka (including inter alia Orloff, Tiege, Nikolaifeld, Neuschönsee, Altonau), Tributzkoje (Nowo-Nikolajewka and Wolodjewka), Alexefeld, Brasol (with villages Schönfeld-Kransopol, Blumenheim-Werbowskoje, Rosenhof, Blumenfeld), Miropol, Alexandropol, Memrik (with villages Kalinowo, Mmerik, Kotljarewka, Karpowka, Alexandrowka, Ljessowka, Michailowka, Marainowka, Nikolajewka, Orlowo), Alexanderheim, Samojlowka (with villages Samojlowka, Schestakowo, Nowo-Stepnoje and Ryskowo), Millerowo, Masajewka and Nikolaipol.[7] In the Caucasus Mountains, the daughter colonies included Kuban (with villages Welikoknjascheskoje and Alexandrodar), Tempelhof-Orbelianowka (with villages Tempelhof and Orbelianowka), Suworowka (Nikolaifeld, Großfürstental, Lwarow and Arrival), Olgino (Olgino, Romanowka, Miropol and Loschkarewo) and Terek (Alexandrowka, Chartsch, Konstantinowka, Marjanowka, Rohrbach, Sulak, Talma, Wanderloh, Middelburg, Pretoria and Tarawowka).[8] Northeast Russia had the following daughter colonies: Neu-Samara (with villages Bogamasowo, Pleschanowo, Krassikowo, Kamenetz, Lugowsk, Podolsk, Kuterla, Dolinsk, Donskoje, Koltan and Annenskoje), Rownopol (Ebenfeld), Dawlekanowo (including the villages Karambasch, Gortschakowo, Beresowka-Udrak, Jurmankej, Kulikowo) and Orenburg (the villages Aliessowo, Stepanowka, Klubnikowo, Kubanka, Karaguj, Kameschewoje, Tscherno-Osernoje and Selenoje). [9] Mennonite migrants to the United States in the 19th century mainly originated from Molotschna. [10] The settlers destined for the US went to the Midwestern part of the US.[10] The group in the Midwestern US expanded into the Central Valley of California, but never forming a large Mennonite community.[10] Mennonites from the Molotschna region in 1874 arrived in the area around Wichita, Kansas.[10] The groups which are in this area originate from the Krimmer Mennonite Brethren, Alexanderwohl, so-called Prussian Mennonites, and Volhynia Mennonites.[10] The Alexanderwohl, Mennonite Brethren, and General Conference Mennonite Church are all denominations of Molotschna origin in central Kansas.[11] The groups of Mennonites arriving in the 1870s are associated with the Mennonite settlements in Henderson, Nebraska, Mountain Lake, Minnesota, Corn, Oklahoma and Fresno, California.[10] Mennonites in Fresno, California are mostly associated with the groups from the Midwestern states.[10] Reedley, California, near Fresno, has a sizable population of Mennonite origin.[10] Mennonites founded Fresno Pacific University.[10] Bethel College (Kansas) and Tabor College (Kansas) were founded by Mennonites.[10] Manitoba East Reserve had a minority of Molotschna origin among its Mennonites.[10] In the 1940s, about 800 Mennonites from Canada West Reserve immigrated to North Mexico, most of whom Canadian Sommerfelder or Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is spoken in Mexico in Sommerfeld and by Kleine Gemeinde.[12] Vocalism of Plautdietsch in Mexico, Bolivia, and Texas mostly is different from that farther North.[10] Many speakers of Plautdietsch show main features of both Molotschna-Plautdietsch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is spoken in Neuland Colony in Paraguay.[13] Fernheim Colony in Paraguay has residents of Werdersch cum Molotschna origin.[14] Friesland Colony, Paraguay, was founded by people having moved from Fernheim Colony. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is also spoken in Southern Brazil. [13] Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul have residents of Werdersch cum Molotschna origin.[14] Convenção Brasileira das Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas has half the members of Mennonite congregations in Brazil. The denomination Flemish Mennonites was predominant in the Żuławy Malborskie, the denomination Frisian Mennonites in the Żuławy Elbląskie.[15] Later groups of settlers had more predominant representation of Frisian Mennonites from more southerly (Werder) areas.[16] Tres Palmas Colony, Paraguay, traces its origin to Molotschna.

Phonology

Werdersch has alveolar /r/, like Eastern Low Prussian.[17] Werdersch has, at least in some words, long /u/ as short /u/ and long /i/ as short /i/.[17] Molotschna-Plautdietsch is descended from Werdersch.[18] In originally closed syllables excluding before original /r/, /ld/ and /lp/, /e/ is given as front vowel /a/.[19] In contrast to Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch, it and Molotschna-Plautdietsch have High German /au/ as /au/.[20] In contrast to Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch, it and Molotschna-Plautdietsch have no shortened /u/ before /p/.[21] Werdersch has shortened u before gutturals.[22] It has dorx for High German durch, English through.[17] The Molotschna-related <oa>-diphthongs before velars are [ɔɐ], [oɐ], [oː].[10] Werdersch had a in the closed syllable before l as o.[23] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has palatal oral stops <tj> and <dj>.[10] For Chortitza-Plautdietsch [eiw]/[ɛːw] it has [au]/[ɔ].[10] Plautdietsch varieties which have the reflex [uː] of MLG ū, almost always develop a centralized reflex of MLG ō.[10] Molotschna forms which do not have the reflex [yː] often have a central reflex, [ʉː].[10] In less conservative varieties, the nucleus of words such as heet has also begun to fall and further dissimilate itself from its off-glide.[10] Speakers from the earlier Midwestern settlements sometimes have a raised allophone of words, such as Äkj: [ee].[10] Molotschna speakers from the original late 1800s settlements often lack an off-glide in some OA sounds, but do have off-glides in other OA sounds (e.g., Oabeid 'work' [ɔɐbaid] vs Foagel 'fowl' [foːɣl], koake 'to cook' [koːke], and Büak 'book' [boːk]).[10] Molotschna speakers from Mexico with the traditional Molotschna Dialect OA form retain the original off-glide in words like Foagel 'fowl' [foɐɣl].[10]

List of isoglosses within Werdersch:[24]

  • /a/ mostly as /au/
  • /n/-loss in kannst
  • Long /o/ is shortened before l+dental; umlaut lacks in words such as kaufen
  • Final -n
  • /l/-loss in willst and sollst
  • Loss of /n/ in an-, in- un- before fricatives, /r, l, m, n and g.
  • büten, dün, glüpen etc. versus buten, dun, glupen etc.
  • haiwen, blaif etc. versus haue, blau etc.
  • Shortening of /î/ to /i/ before velars
  • Shortening of /û/ to /u/ before velars
  • /i, e and ar/ becoming /e, a and or/ respectively

Grammar

Molotschna-Plautdietsch uses dative case, but not accusative case.[25] Molotschna-Plautdietsch is the dominant Plautdietsch variety in Fernheim Colony.[25] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has ahn for them.[26] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has the formal address using the pronoun of the third person.[27] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has infinitive and plural, both ending on /-ə/.[28] For verbs with two preterite forms, Molotschna-Plautdietsch mostly uses the velar form with /au/.[29] It has the velar stem vowel of Dutch and a limited number of palatal preterite forms.[30] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has habe for the infinitive have.[31] Molotschna-Plautdietsch has palatalization given as c and ɟ, which probably used to exist in West Prussia as well.[32] It has the preterite forms kam and nam.[33]

List of surnames

This is a list of surnames common among Mennonites in Canada originating (indirectly) from Russia in descending frequency. The number in brackets indicates the number of places they are higher than on a 20-entry list of surnames of Mennonites in Canada originating (indirectly) from Russia. This list only includes surnames higher on the list concerning West Prussian Mennonites than on the list of surnames of Mennonites in Canada.[4]

  • Penner (4)
  • Wiens (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Janzen (12)
  • Enns (6)
  • Janz (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Froese (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Regehr (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Harder (8)
  • Ewert (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Pauls (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Fast (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Franz (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Epp (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Fieguth (not on the 20-entry list)
  • Albrecht (not on the 20-entry list)

Abrahams, Arens, Behrends, Cornelius, Daniels, Dirksen, Doercksen, Frantzen, Goertzen, Gossen, Harms, Heinrichs, Jantzen, Pauls, Peters, Siemens and Woelms were among the surnames of Frisians.[34]

Today

Evangelical Mennonite Conference is a denomination of Molotschna origin limited to Canada. More than half of its churches are in Manitoba province. Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches has most of its churches in the Midwest of the U. S. or Manitoba, Canada. Mennonite Brethren are a denomination originating from Molotschna. Mennonite Church USA has more members of Molotschna rather than of Chortitza origin. The first Mennonite Brethren congregation in Western Europe was founded in Neuwied in 1950, by people from the Soviet Union and Poland.[35] The next two congregations bearing the name Mennonite Brethren to be founded were Neustadt an der Weinstraße in 1960 and Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia in 1965.[36] The Baptisten-Brüdergermeinde Bonn (Baptist-Brethren Congregation of Bonn, later renamed was founded in 1974, resulted in the foundation of Bibelseminar Bonn. [37] The first Mennonite congregation in Bielefeld, nowadays a Mennonite Brethren congregation in Heepen, was founded in Brackwede, Bielefeld in 1974.[38] The first Mennonite Brethren congregation founded by Aussiedler in the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in Espelkamp in 1974.[39] The German association Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden was founded by Baptist and Mennonite Brethren congregations in 1989.[40]

International Community of Mennonite Brethren

The United States probably have the largest number of members of International Community of Mennonite Brethren in America. Brazil has Convenção das Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas and Paraguay has Vereinigung der Mennoniten Brüder Gemeinden Paraguays. Its members in Germany are: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden Deutschland, Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern and BeF(Taufgesinnte Gemeinden).

Places in Germany with congregation of Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden association in 1998

[41]

Places in Germany with congregation of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Deutschland in 1998

[42]

Places in Germany with Independent Mennonite Brethren congregation in 1998

[43]

Places in Germany with congregation of Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern association in 1998

[44]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Quiring (1924).
  2. ^ Wiens (1916).
  3. ^ a b c d Ruhnau & Wolfram (1943).
  4. ^ a b c d e f Penner (2009).
  5. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 65.
  6. ^ a b Penner (1952), p. 72.
  7. ^ Quiring, Jacob (1928). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland (in German). Munich: Druckerei Studentenhaus München. pp. 33-35
  8. ^ Quiring, Jacob (1928). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland (in German). Munich: Druckerei Studentenhaus München. pp.33,35&36
  9. ^ Quiring, Jacob (1928). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland (in German). Munich: Druckerei Studentenhaus München. pp. 33/37
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Burns (2016).
  11. ^ "Contrasting Spaces in Plautdietsch". ideaexchange.uakron.edu. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  12. ^ Brandt (1992), p. 252.
  13. ^ a b Siemens (2012), p. 242.
  14. ^ a b Plewnia, Albrecht; Riehl, Claudia Maria (Mar 5, 2018). Handbuch der deutschen Sprachminderheiten in Übersee. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. ISBN 9783823379287. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ Penner (1952), p. 75.
  16. ^ Christopher, Douglas. "Quantitative perspectives on variation in Mennonite Plautdietsch" (PDF). era.library.ualberta.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  17. ^ a b c Ziesemer (1924), p. 133.
  18. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 51.
  19. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 40.
  20. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 41.
  21. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 42.
  22. ^ Mitzka (1968), p. 218.
  23. ^ Jähnig & Letkemann (1985), p. 319.
  24. ^ Siemens (2012), pp. 45–46.
  25. ^ a b Siemens (2012), p. 149.
  26. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 151.
  27. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 153.
  28. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 168.
  29. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 176.
  30. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 179.
  31. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 181.
  32. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 97.
  33. ^ Ziesemer (1924), p. 132.
  34. ^ Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 71
  35. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 94
  36. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 94
  37. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 96/97
  38. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 97
  39. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 98
  40. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 116
  41. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 384
  42. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 380
  43. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 385
  44. ^ Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 385

Bibliography

External links

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