Moshoeshoe I

"Mshweshwe" redirects here. For the traditional South African fabric, see Shweshwe.

Moshoeshoe I
Paramount Chief of the Basotho
Reign	1822 – 18 January 1870
Predecessor	first monarch
Successor	Letsie I
Born	c. 1776 Menkhoaneng, Southern Africa (present-day Leribe, Lesotho)
Died	11 March 1870 (aged 93-94)
Burial	Thaba Bosiu
House	Bamokoteli
Father	Mokhachane
Mother	Kholu

Moshoeshoe I (/mʊˈʃwɛʃwɛ/) (c. 1776 – 11 March 1870) was born at Menkhoaneng in the northern part of present-day Lesotho. He was the first son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bamokoteli lineage, a branch of the Koena (crocodile) clan. In his youth, he helped his father gain power over some other smaller clans. At the age of 34 Moshoeshoe formed his own clan and became a chief. He and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain. He subsequently became the first King of Lesotho from 1822 to 1870.

Great King

Moshoeshoe I with his ministers

Moshoeshoe was the first son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bamokoteli sub-clan of the Basotho people. He was born at Menkhoaneng in Botha-bothe as Lepoqo (lit. 'disasters'), which resembled the fact that he was born during a time when the Bamokoteli experienced great misfortunes. Moshoeshoe and his agemates went to initiation school and he got the name Letlama, meaning strong bond. During his youth just after initiation, he was very brave and once organised a cattle raid against Ramonaheng and captured several herds. As was the tradition, he composed a poem praising himself where, amongst the words he used to refer to himself, said he was "like a razor which has shaved all Ramonaheng's beards", referring to his successful raid. In Sesotho language, a razor is said to make a "shoe...shoe..." sound, and after that he was affectionately called Moshoeshoe: "the shaver". He also referred himself as the person of Kali, thus showed that he was a descendant of the Great Kali or Monaheng who is said to be the ancestor of most Bakoena people in Lesotho with the exception of the senior Bamolibeli.

Moshoeshoe and his followers, mostly the Bakoena Bamokoteli, some Bafokeng from his maternal side and other relations as well as some clans including the Amazizi, established his village at Butha-Buthe, where his settlement and reign coincided with the growth in power of the well-known Zulu King, Shaka and what is now known as the 'time of troubles' (previously known as 'Difaqane'). During the early 19th century Shaka raided many smaller chiefdoms along the eastern coast of Southern Africa (modern day Kwa-Zulu Natal), incorporating parts of them into his steadily growing Zulu chiefdom. Various small clans were forced to flee the Zulu chief. An era of great wars of calamity followed, known as the time of troubles/Difaqane. It was marked by aggression against the Sotho people by the invading Nguni clans. The attacks also forced Moshoeshoe to move his settlement to the Qiloane plateau. The name was later changed to Thaba Bosiu or "mountain at night" because it was believed to grow during the night and shrink during day. It proved to be an impassable stronghold against enemies.

Diplomat

The most significant role Moshoeshoe played as a diplomat was his acts of friendship towards his beaten enemies. He provided land and protection to various people and this strengthened the growing Basotho nation. His influence and followers grew with the integration of a number of refugees and victims of the wars of calamity.

By the latter part of the 19th century, Moshoeshoe established the nation of the Basotho, in Basutoland. He was popularly known as Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of the Basotho).

Wars

In the 1830s, the was a great trek which led to the Koranna arriving in the Basotho land leading to minor disputes. It was during this time that they first encountered horses and guns in a combat setting. After a number of initial setbacks, the Basuto managed to either capture or acquire horses and guns of their own, and began stockpiling gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe had accumulated more horses and guns than any other chieftain in South Africa. Nevertheless, most of the guns in Basuto possession were outdated flintlocks, which had flooded the South African market after the introduction of percussion lock muskets.

In 1851, British Major Henry Douglas Warden sent a punitive expedition against the Basuto after receiving complaints from other tribes over Basuto cattle raiding. A British force was defeated by the Sotho army at the Battle of Viervoet. In December 1852, the Basuto were defeated by the British at the Battle of Berea. Moshoeshoe sent an appeal to the British commander George Cathcart that allowed him to save face. Once again, diplomacy saved the Sotho kingdom. After a final defeat of the Tloka in 1853, Moshoeshoe reigned supreme.

However, the British pulled out of the region in 1854, causing the de facto formation of two independent states: the Boer Orange Free State and the Sotho Kingdom.

In 1858, hostilities broke out between the Basuto and the Orange Free State. Inferior in both marksmanship and materiel, the Basuto suffered a series of defeats in the ensuing three wars that lasted until 1868. In 1866, the two sides signed the Treaty of Thaba Bosiu, whereby Moshoeshoe ceded most of his kingdom's arable land to the Boers. Hostilities resumed soon afterwards and the Boers began employing a scorched earth policy, leading to starvation among the Basuto. Fearing that the destruction of the Basuto people was imminent, Moshoeshoe, his sons and local missionaries began appealing to British High Commissioner for Southern Africa Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse and the Colony of Natal for protection. Although, initially reluctant to intervene, the British were worried by the disruption in trade caused by the war and the possibility of Boer expansion to the Pondoland coast. In December 1867, the Colonial Office approved Basutoland's annexation by Natal. Distrusting the Natal administration and believing that the Cape Colony was not yet ready to absorb the new territory, Wodehouse disregarded those instructions. He blocked the supply of ammunition to the Free State and on 12 March 1868 proclaimed Basutoland to be a royal dominion. Moshoeshoe died in 1870 and was succeeded by his oldest son Letsie I.

Family and Lineage

Moshoeshoe's senior wife was named ’MaMohato with whom he had three sons and Letsie, Molapo and Masopha.

Moshoeshoe's lineage traces back to the following:

• Bokoena state under kgosikgolo (meaning paramount chief) Napo
• Kgoshi (sotho word meaning chief) Motebang
• Kgoshi Molemo
• Kgoshi Tsholoane
• Kgoshi Monaheng
• Kgoshi Motloang
• Kgoshi Peete
• Kgoshi Mokhachane
• Kgoshi Moshoeshoe

Legacy

Grave of Moshoeshoe I atop Thaba Bosiu.

Although he had ceded much territory, Moshoeshoe never suffered a major military defeat and retained most of his kingdom and all of his culture. His death in 1870 marked the end of the traditional era and the beginning of the modern colonial period. Moshoeshoe Day is a national holiday in Lesotho celebrated every year on 11 March to commemorate the day of Moshoeshoe's death.

Moshoeshoe I International Airport is named in his honour.

Cultural references

South African-made shweshwe fabric is named for King Moshoeshoe I who once received a gift of it and then popularized it throughout his realm.

In episode two of the American animated series Animaniacs, the debuting Pinky and the Brain segment "Win Big" referenced Moshoeshoe I briefly when the Brain attempted to win $99,000 on a quiz show entitled "Gyp-parody" so that he might construct a machine that would magnetically hold to the earth any one with loose change in his pockets. One of the categories in the Jeopardy!-like game show is "Kings Named Moshoeshoe", to whose first answer, "He ruled Lestho [sic] in 1820", Brain gives the proper question, "Who was King Moshoeshoe I?" The program makes an error in date, as Moshoeshoe did not become monarch until 1822.

See also

• History of Lesotho
• Shaka Zulu – contemporary
• Sekhukhune I King of the Bapedi

Sources

• Atmore, Anthony; Sanders, Peter (1971). "Sotho Arms and Ammunition in the Nineteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 12 (4): 535–544.
• Burman, Sandra (1981). Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law: Basutoland under Cape Rule 1871-1884. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-04639-3.
• Eldredge, Elizabeth (2007). Power in Colonial Africa Conflict and Discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22370-0.
• Irvine, Keith, "Masopha", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, Dictionary of African Christian Biography online, retrieved 1 December 2021
• Machobane, L. B.; Karschay, Stephan (1990). Government and Change in Lesotho, 1800-1966: A Study of Political Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-51570-9.
• Maliehe, Sean (2014). "An obscured narrative in the political economy of colonial commerce in Lesotho, 1870–1966". Historia. 59 (2): 28–45. ISSN 0018-229X. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
• Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard; Frisbie-Fulton, Michelle (2004). Historical Dictionary of Lesotho. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4871-6.

External links

• lesotho.gov.ls