Ma'rifa
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Maʿrifa (Arabic: “interior knowledge”) is the mystical knowledge of God or the “higher realities” that is the ultimate goal of followers of Sufism. Sufi mystics came to maʿrifa by following a spiritual path that later Sufi thinkers categorized into a series of “stations” that were followed by another series of steps, the “states,” through which the Sufi would come to union with God. The acquisition of maʿrifa was not the result of learnedness but was a type of gnosis in which the mystic received illumination through the grace of God. The finest expressions of maʿrifa can be found in the poetry of the Sufis Jalāl al-Dīn al-Rūmī (1207–73) and Ibn al-ʿArabī (1165–1240). [1]
The term 'arif, "gnostic" has been used to designate advanced mystics who have attained the spiritual station of ma'rifa. [2]
Maqaam
In one of the earliest accounts of the maqamat-l arba'in ("forty stations") in Sufism, Sufi master Abu Said ibn Abi'l-Khayr lists ma'rifa as the 25th station:
"Through all the creatures of the two worlds, and through all the people, they perceive Allah, and there is no accusation to be made of their perception."[3]
Four Doors
Marifat is one of the "Four Doors" of Sufism:
- Sharia (Arabic: شريعة): legal path.
- Tariqa (Arabic: طريقة): methodico‑esoteric path.
- Haqiqa (Arabic: حقيقة): mystical truth/verity.
- Ma'rifa (Arabic: معرفة): mystical knowledge & awareness, mysticism.
While in Alevism Ma'rifa precedes Haqiqa for Haqiqa is the Fourth door in Alevism not the third door as in Sufism.[citation needed]
A metaphor to explain the meaning of ma'rifa involves pearl gathering. Shari'a is the boat; tariqa is represented by the pearl gatherer's rowing and diving; haqiqa is the pearl; and ma'rifa is the gift to see the true pearl perpetually.[4]
The main motivation of Ma'rifa comes from a history of Moses and Khidr in Quran, where Khidr has some mysterious knowledge from the creator. An individual with the knowledge of Ma'rifa knows things which can not be taught, only the creator blesses that person with that kind of knowledge.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Brittanica (2022).
- ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1975). Mystical Dimensions of Islam. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-967-5062-04-9.
- ^ Nasr (1973), p. 80.
- ^ Geertz (1976), p. 183.
Bibliography
- Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "maʿrifa". Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2011, https://www.britannica.com/topic/marifa. Accessed 20 April 2022.
- Chopra, Ramesh, ed. (2005). Encyclopaedic dictionary of religion. Vol. 1. Delhi: Isha Books. ISBN 8182052033.
- Geertz, Clifford (1976). The religion of Java. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226285108. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1973). Sufi Essays. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-233-2.
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