Cheiracanthium

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Yellow sac spider
Cheiracanthium insulanum m.jpg
C. insulanum, adult male
Long-legged Sac Spider - Cheiracanthium sp., Pateros, Washington.jpg
Cheiracanthium sp., Pateros, Washington
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Cheiracanthiidae
Genus: Cheiracanthium
C. L. Koch, 1839[1]
Type species
C. punctorium
(Villers, 1789)
Species

212, see text

Synonyms[1]
Schematic male of Cheiracanthium
a) claws
b) tarsus
c) metatarsus
d) tibia
e) patella
f) femur
g) trochanter
h) coxa
i) pedipalp
k) setae
m) prosoma (cephalothorax)
n) opisthosoma (abdomen)
o) spinnerets
The eye arrangement of spiders in the genus Cheiracanthium

Cheiracanthium, commonly called yellow sac spiders, is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae, and was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839.[4] They are usually pale in colour, and have an abdomen that can range from yellow to beige. Both sexes range in size from 5 to 10 millimetres (0.20 to 0.39 in). They are unique among common house spiders because their tarsi do not point either outward, like members of Tegenaria, or inward, like members of Araneus), making them easier to identify. The name is a reference to the backwardly directed process on the cymbium of the male palp.[5] The species epithet is derived from the Greek Ancient Greek: χείρ, romanized: cheir, meaning "hand", and Acanthium, a genus of thorny-stemmed plants.

Venom

Though they are beneficial predators in agricultural fields, they are also known to be mildly venomous to humans. Painful bites may be incurred from species such as C. punctorium in Europe, C. mildei in Europe and North America, C. inclusum in the Americas, C. lawrencei in South Africa and C. japonicum in Japan.[6] Cheiracanthium venom is purportedly necrotic, and can cause pain, swelling, and lesions in humans,[6] but the necrotic nature and severity of its bite has been disputed.[7] A study of twenty confirmed Cheiracanthium bites in the United States and Australia found that none resulted in necrosis.[7]

Some of these spiders are attracted to the smell of volatiles in gasoline.[8] An unspecified Cheiracanthium species is reportedly attracted to the smell of petroleum and has caused problems by weaving webs inside the canister vent of particular models of Mazda vehicles, resulting in blockages and build-up of pressure that could potentially cause fuel leakage from the fuel tank and an increased risk of fire. Mazda issued a voluntary recall of Mazda 6 models built between 2010 and 2012, to fit them with software which would alert drivers if problems were developing.[9]

Species

Cheiracanthium is primarily an Old World genus, with many species found from northern Europe to Japan, from Southern Africa to India and Australia. The only known species in the New World are C. inclusum and C. mildei. While the former also occurs in Africa and Réunion, the latter is found in the Holarctic region and Argentina. They can also be found in the lower mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The genus is quite diverse in Africa and at least three or four species are known to occur in Egyptian cotton fields alone.[1] As of August 2022 it contains 214 species, found in the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe, Central America, Africa, Asia, North America, and on Saint Helena:[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  2. ^ Bonaldo, A. B.; Brescovit, A. D. (1992). "As aranhas do gênero Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 na região neotropical (Araneae, Clubionidae)". Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 36: 732.
  3. ^ Lotz, L. N. (2007). "The genus Cheiracanthium (Araneae: Miturgidae) in the Afrotropical region. 1. Revision of known species". Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein. 23: 4.
  4. ^ Koch, C. L. (1839). Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung. pp. 125–158.
  5. ^ Ubick, D.; et al. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society.
  6. ^ a b Papini, R (2012). "Documented bites by a yellow sac spider (Cheiracanthium punctorium) in Italy: a case report". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 18 (3): 349–354. doi:10.1590/S1678-91992012000300014.
  7. ^ a b Vetter, RS; Isbister, GK; Bush, SP; Boutin, LJ (June 2006). "Verified bites by yellow sac spiders (genus Cheiracanthium) in the United States and Australia: where is the necrosis?". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (6): 1043–8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.1043. PMID 16760517.
  8. ^ "Gas-loving spider prompts Mazda recall in U.S." Reuters. March 4, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  9. ^ "Spider invasion prompts Mazda software fix". BBC News. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

Further reading

  • Howell, Mike; Jenkins, Ronald L. (2004). Spiders of the US: A photographic guide. ISBN 0-536-75853-0.

External links

  • Media related to Cheiracanthium at Wikimedia CommonsError: "Q1245731" is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.
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