List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv
Metropolitan of Kyiv is an episcopal title which takes its name after the city of Kyiv, Ukraine. Following the Council of Florence, there are now parallel apostolic successions: one of the Russian Orthodox Church and the other of the Ruthenian Uniate Church. This list contains the names of all the metropolitan bishops (hierarchs) who have claimed the title. It is arranged chronologically and grouped per the claimed jurisdictions.
History of Kievan Rus' to the Mongol Invasions
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
The history of the Orthodox Church in the region of Kievan Rus' is usually traced to the Baptism of Rus' at Kyiv. While the date of this event is commonly given as 988, the evidence is contested. In that year, Grand Prince of Kiev — Vladimir the Great — together his people, were baptised in the river Dniper by clergy of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. There is a legendary account that the first bishop might have been dispatched to Kyiv in 864 by the Patriarch Photios I.[1] If true, it would have occurred after Kyiv had been captured by the Varangians in 860.[1] It is possible that a Prince of Kyiv — Askold — might have been baptized due to the existence of the church of Saint Nicholas at Askold's Grave.[1] During a rule of Prince Igor of Kiev, in Kyiv existed the Saint Elijah Church,[1] while during signing the 944 treaty with the Greeks some Ruthenians took an oath on the Bible.[1]
Establishment of the metropolitan see
It is not known for certain known when the Metropolis of Kyiv was established.[1] The earliest recorded metropolitan bishop is Michael of Kiev (988-992). He was appointed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople — Nicholas II of Constantinople. He was given the title of Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Rus'. The cathedra was located in the city of Kyiv (or possibly Tmutarakan).[1]
Fragmentation of Kievan Rus'
By the late 12th century, Kievan Rus' was beginning to fragment into a number of principalities. One of the most influential of these was the Grand Duchy of Vladimir under the Rurik dynasty. Grand Duke Vladimir II Monomakh founded the eponymous city of Vladimir which is located 200 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. In 1113 he was popularly acclaimed as the supreme ruler of the Kievan Rus. Mstislav I of Kiev, who reigned from 20 May 1125 to 15 April 1132, was the last undisputed ruler of all Kievan Rus'. After his death, the throne of Kiev became an object of struggle between various territorial associations of Rurikid princes.
The younger son of Vladimir II, called Yuri Dolgorukiy (George), was the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. Under his rule, the principality gained military strength. In the Suzdal-Ryazan war of 1146, it conquered the Ryazan Principality. Later in the 1150s, George twice occupied Kiev and seized the throne. He last ruled Kiev from August 1150 to winter 1151. His rule marked the effective end of the Rus' as a unified entity. From that time onwards, the lands of the northeastern Rus' played an important role in the politics of Kievan Rus'.
In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal — Andrey Bogolyubsky — sacked Kiev and forced the ruling prince — Mstislav II of Kiev — to flee to Volhynia. Andrei appointed his brother — Gleb of Kiev — as Prince of Kiev while Andrei himself continued to rule his realm from Vladimir on Klyazma. From that time onwards, north-eastern Rus', which was centered on the city of Vladimir, became one of the most influential Rus' lands. Following the Mongol invasions, three powerful states remained as the successors of Kievan Rus': the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east — which would evolve into the Principality of Muscovy; the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in the south-west; and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the north.
Kievan Rus' under the Mongols
Following the Mongol invasion and the sack of Kyiv in 1240, communications between Kyiv and Constantinople deteriorated. Shortly after Kirill III of Kiev (1250–1281) was appointed as metropolitan, the founder of the Golden Horde — Batu Khan — demanded that he transfer the cathedra from Kiev to the city of Vladimir. The transfer did not occur until 1299 under Kirill's successor, Maximos. The hierarchs continued to be styled "Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Rus"; they were supposed to be responsible for all Orthodox Christians in Rus, including those in Galicia, which became a kingdom in 1253, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which had gained control of the former Principality of Polotsk."[2] In 1324, his successor — Peter of Moscow — again transferred the cathedra, this time to Moscow.
The Princes of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir effectively controlled the metropolitan see with the permission of the Khan of the Golden Horde. The most important Rus prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes a Tver or another principality) continued to be styled the "Grand Prince of Vladimir". The Grand Princes were originally crowned in Vladimir's Cathedral of the Assumption. After the Mongol destruction, Vladimir never fully recovered. By the 14th Century, Moscow had superseded Vladimir as the seat of the Grand Prince. The title had become an honorific symbol of majesty. The princes chose to be crowned in the Cathedral of the Assumption in the Moscow Kremlin. This cathedral was loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from the original in Vladimir.
Establishment of new metropolitan areas
Having escaped the brunt of the Molgol invasions, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded into neighbouring areas that had been weakened by internal strife and by the Mongol predations. Sometimes these expansions were voluntary. For example, the dukes of the Principality of Turov began to cooperate more and more with the Grand Duchy and by the early 14th century the Principality non-violently joined the Grand Duchy. In 1320, most of the principalities of western Rus' were either made into vassals or were directly annexed by Lithuania. In 1321, Gediminas captured Kiev, sending Stanislav, the last Rurikid to rule Kiev, into exile. Gediminas also re-established the permanent capital of the Grand Duchy in Vilnius,[3] presumably moving it from Old Trakai in 1323.[4] The state continued to expand its territory under the reign of Grand Duke Algirdas and his brother Kęstutis, who both ruled the state harmonically.[5][6]
Later the Grand Dukes of Lithuania requested the Patriarch to establish a separate diocese that was independent from Moscow. The request was initially granted but later rescinded and the Lithuanian eparchies were returned to the jurisdiction of the "Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Rus". During the 14th century, the church was de facto split in two or three. The Grand Duchy of Moscow completely lost control of the Kyiv metropolitanate in the mid 14th century.
Starting from the 15th century, the church was finally reunited and continued to be governed from Moscow by the Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Rus, despite being located in a neighboring country.
Unification with Rome
An Ecumenical council of the Church — the Council of Florence — took place from 1431 to 1449. Although he resisted at first, the Grand Prince of Moscow — Vasily II of Moscow — eventually permitted the Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Rus — Isidore of Kiev — to attend the council. Isidore, who was of Greek origin, submitted to the articles of the Bull of Union with the Greeks which united the Orthodox Church in Russia with the Latin Church. The Great Prince of Moscow voided the union and imprisoned Isidore for some time. Following that incident, the next Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Rus Jonah who was not approved by the Constantinople Patriarch changed his title to Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus in 1448. Since then and until 1589, no hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow were approved by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople declaring their complete autocephaly.
Notwithstanding, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople continued to appoint his metropolitans for dioceses of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church[7][8][9] in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The next hierarch of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church[7][8] in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Gregory the Bulgarian was originally consecrated by a Latin Patriarch of Constantinople and received a title of Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia. Later his appointed was also approved by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as well. The episcopal see of the new hierarch was located in Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1588–1589 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremias II of Constantinople when traveling across Eastern Europe, visited both Moscow and Vilnius. In Moscow Jeremias confirmed autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church and for the first time since 1448 consecrated Job of Moscow as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Later Jeremias stopped in Vilnius and consecrated Michael Rohoza as Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia, thus again confirming division of the former Russian Orthodox Church. Soon thereafter, in 1596 the Metropolitan of Kyiv and other top clergymen of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth signed the Union of Brest turning the Russian (Ruthenian) Orthodox Church under jurisdiction of the Latin Church and converting to the Ruthenian Uniate Church.
As the previous Florentine union, the Union of Brest was not accepted by all orthodox clergymen causing some eparchies (dioceses) to continue their operations as Eastern Orthodox. In 1620 the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophanes consecrated Job as the new Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Ruthenia and Exarch of Ukraine. This appointment revitalized Eastern Orthodox churches and deepened the schism. On the other hand, the episcopal see was returned to Kyiv for the first time since 1299. In 1646 the last remnants of the Russian Orthodox Church in Carpathian region joined the Union of Uzhhorod and converted into the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. At the same time, the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which today part of Belarus and Ukraine entered a great turmoil and eventually were occupied by the Tsardom of Muscovy. Soon after occupation of Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate), in 1685 the Ruthenian Orthodox Church was transferred from under jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople to under jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Moscow. The newly appointed metropolitan Gedeon was titled as Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galich and all Little Rus. This transfer successfully terminated any remnants of the original Russian Orthodox Church centered in Kyiv.
Orthodox Church of Rus
The church (Ancient Greek: Ρωσική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία, Rhosike Orthodoxe Ekklesia) was established and governed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in Kievan Rus until the invasion of the Mogols of the Golden Horde and the eventual partition of Rus between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde) with its vassal Grand Duchy of Moscow. At first it led to a succession of Muscovite dioceses into its own Metropolis and although it was not recognized in the beginning eventually it turned into Patriarchate. Later the dioceses that were under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were reorganized within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and as part of the Polonization process eventually joined the Union of Brest coming under communion with the Pope of Rome. The Eparchy of Mukačevo that was under the Kingdom of Hungary became one of the longest surviving dioceses of Eastern Orthodoxy in the west until it also was Catholicized though the Union of Uzhhorod.
Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus
| Metropolitan of Kyiv | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Residence | Saint Sophia's Cathedral |
| Seat | Kyiv, Ruthenia |
| Appointer | Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |
| Formation | 988 |
| First holder | Michael I |
| Final holder | Maximus |
| Abolished | 1299 |
| Succession | Metropolitan of Kyiv and Moscow (Vladimir) |
- "Michael I and Leontius", 988(?)–1004(?) [10][11]
- Theophylact, 988–1018[11]
- John, 1008(?)–1017(?) [12][11]
- Teopempt 1037(?)–1043(?) [12][11]
- "Cyril" (information about him appeared only no earlier than the 16th century)[11]
- Hilarion 1051–(?) [13][11]
- Ephraim, 1055(?)–(?) [14][11]
- George, 1072(?)–(?) [14][11]
- John II Prodrom, 1077(?)–1089 [15][11]
- John III, 1090–1091 [15][11]
- Nicholas, 1097–1101(?) [16][11]
- Nikephoros, 1104–1121 [16][11]
- Nikita, 1122–1126 [17][11]
- Michael, 1130(?)–1145(?) [17][11]
- Clement, 1147–1159[11]
- Constantine, 1156–1159 [18][11]
- Theodore, 1161–1163 [18][11]
- John IV, 1164–1166 [18][11]
- Costantine II, 1167–1177(?) [19]
- Michael II,[11]
- "John V (?)–(?)" [19]
- Nikephoros II, 1182(?)–1197(?) [19][11]
- Matthew, 1210(?)–1220 [20]
- Cyril, 1224–1233 [20][11]
- Joseph I, 1237–(?) [20][11]
- "Peter (Akerovich)", 1241–1246 (Archbishop of Ruthenia),[11][21] never confirmed by the Patriarch
- Cyril II, 1250–1281 [22][11]
- Maximus, 1283–1299[11]
Consecrated as Metropolitan of Kyiv and Vladimir in 1283, Metropolitan Maximus moved to Vladimir only in 1299.
| Metropolitan of Kyiv, Moscow (Vladimir) and all Rus | |
|---|---|
| Seat | Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Golden Horde |
| Appointer | Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |
| Precursor | Metropolitan of Kyiv |
| Formation | 1299 |
| First holder | Maximus |
| Final holder | Isidore |
| Abolished | 1441 |
| Succession | Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia Patriarch (Metropolitan) of Moscow and all Rus |
Division of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
In the 14th century, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sanctioned the creation of two additional metropolitan sees: the Metropolis of Halych (1303)[23] and the Metropolis of Lithuania (1317).[24]
| Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (See in Vladimir) |
Metropolis of Halych (See in Halych) |
Metropolis of Lithuania (See in Navahrudak) |
|---|---|---|
| Maximus (1285–1305) | Niphont (1303–1305)[23] | |
| Peter of Moscow (1308–1326) | sede vacante (1305–1326) (Administered by Peter of Moscow) |
Theophilus 1317–1330 |
In 1325, the metropolitan seat was moved from the city of Vladimir to Moscow.
| Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (See in Moscow) |
Metropolis of Lithuania (See in Vilno) |
Metropolis of Halych (See in Halych | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1326–1328 | vacant | 1317–1330 | Theophilus | 1326–1329 | Gabriel[23] |
| 1328–1353 | Theognostus | 1352 | Teodorite[25] | 1337–1347 | Theodore II[23] |
| 1354–1378 | Alexius | 1354–1362 | Roman[26] (united) | ||
| 1384–1385 | Dionysius I | 1376–1406 | Cyprian[27] | 1370–1391 | Antoniy |
| 1382–1389 | Pimen | ||||
| 1376–1406 | Cyprian (united) | ||||
| 1410–1431 | Photius | 1415–1419 | Gregory[28] | ||
| 1433–1435 | Gerasimus[29] (united) | ||||
| 1436–1458 | Isidore (united) | ||||
Following the signing of the Council of Florence, Isidore of Kiev returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the Grand Duke of Moscow and accused of apostasy. The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed own candidate as Metropolitan of Kyiv — Jonah. This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople. When Isidore died in 1458, the Orthodox dioceses within the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including Kyiv, were reorganized and a metropolitan episcopal see was moved to Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius.
| Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all Rus | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Seat | Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania |
| Appointer | Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |
| Precursor | Metropolitan of Halych (Lithuania) Metropolitan of Kyiv, Moscow and all Rus |
| Formation | 1458 |
| First holder | Gregory |
| Final holder | Michael |
| Abolished | 1595 |
| Succession | Ruthenian Uniate Church Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all Rus |
Metropolitans of Kyiv, Galicia and All Ruthenia
Patriarch Isidore II of Constantinople reorganized the church and its primates were given a new title: Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and all Ruthenia thus commemorating the office of Metropolitan of Galicia. The episcopal see was located in Vilnius.
- Gregory II, 1458–1473 – Catholic metropolitan appointed by Pope Pius II
- Misail Pstruch, 1476–1480 [30] – Catholic metropolitan accepted by Casimir IV Jagiellon, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, after agreeing to adopt the 1439 Union of Florence; appointed by Pope Sixtus IV
- Spyridon Satana, 1476–1482 [31] – consecrated as Orthodox metropolitan of Kyiv by Patriarch Raphael I of Constantinople but rejected by Casimir IV
- Simeon of Kiev, 1481–1488 [31] – first accepted Orthodox metropolitan since 1458
- Jonah Hlezna, 1489–1494 [32]
- Macarius Chort, 1495–1497 [32]
- Joseph Bolharynovich, 1499–1501 [32]
- Jonah, metropolitan of Kyiv, 1503–1507 [33]
- Joseph Soltan, 1509–1522 [33]
- Joseph Rusin, 1523–1533 [33]
- Macarius Moskovytyanyn, 1534–1555 [34]
- Sylvester Bilkevich, 1556–1567 [34]
- Jonah Protasevich, 1568–1577 [34]
- Elias Kucha, 1577–1579 [35]
- Onesiphorus Devochka, 1579–1589 [35]
- Michael III, 1589–1599
In 1595 the Vilnius/Kyiv Metropolis signs the Union of Brest with the Catholic Church, so establishing the Ruthenian Uniate Church.
Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, all Ruthenia, Patriarchal Exarch
In 1620 – about 25 years after the implementation of the Union of Brest – Patriarch Cyril Lucaris, of Constantinople, re-established a rival Metropolitanate of Kyiv (1620–1685) with a disuniate hierarchy, within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[36][a] The new metropolitan was organized with bishops who refused to join the Union of Brest. The first hierarch who was finally recognized by the Crown of Poland was Petro Mohyla.
- Job, 1620–1631
- Isaiah, 1631–1633[b]
- Peter III, 1633–1646 – first accepted Orthodox metropolitan after re-installment
- Sylvester, 1647–1657
|
Elected in Ukraine (residence in Chyhyryn):[39]
|
Appointed by Moscow (residence in Kyiv):[39]
|
The Greek Orthodox Metropolitanate of Kyiv was in 1686 transferred from the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the Moscow Patriarchate according to the Russian Orthodox Church (see: 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism).
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
| Metropolitan (Archbishop) of Kyiv, Galicia (and all Little Rus) | |
|---|---|
| Seat | Kyiv, Kiev Governorate (Cossack Hetmanate) |
| Appointer | Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia |
| Precursor | Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all Rus, Exarch of Ukraine |
| Formation | 1685 |
| First holder | Gedeon |
| Final holder | Anthony |
| Abolished | 1919 |
| Succession | Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, Exarch of Ukraine Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church |
Metropolitans of Kyiv, Galicia and of all Little Rus (1685–1770)
- Gedeon, 1685–1690 [44] (Former bishop of Lutsk, Gedeon Chetvertinsky was elected by the sobor initiated by the Hetman Ivan Samoilovych and later went for consecration to Moscow instead of Constantinople)
- Metropolitan Varlaam, 1690–1707 [44]
- Ioasaph, 1708–1718 [44]
- In 1718 Peter the Great abolished metropolitan.
- Archbishop Varlaam, 1722–1730, [44] archbishop
- Raphael, 1731–1747, metropolitan since 1743
- In 1743 metropolitan was reinstated.
- In 1767 Catherine the Great stripped the Metropolitan Arsenius of title "of all Little Rus"
Metropolitans of Kyiv and Galicia (1770–1921)
In 1770 the Kyiv metropolitan was stripped of suffragan bishops and turned into a regular archeparchy carrying honoring title of Metropolitan.
- Gabriel, 1770–1783 [44]
- Samuel, 1783–1796 [44]
- Hierotheus, 1796–1799 [44]
- Gabriel II, 1799–1803 [44]
- Serapion, 1803–1822 [44]
- Eugene, 1822–1837 [44]
- Philaret, 1837–1857 [44]
- Isidore, 1858–1860 [44]
- Arsenius II, 1860–1876 [44]
- Philotheus, 1876–1882 [44]
- Platon, 1882–1891 [44]
- Joanicius, 1891–1900 [44]
- Theognostus, 1900–1903 [44]
- Flavian, 1903–1915 [44]
- Vladimir, 1915–1918 [44]
- Nicodemus, 1918 (as bishop of Chyhyryn)
- Anthony, 1918–1919 [44]
- Nazarius Blinov, 1919–1921 [44]
Metropolitans and Archbishops of Kyiv and Galicia (1921–1990)
| Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine (Metropolitans of Kyiv and Galicia, Exarch of Ukraine) | |
|---|---|
| Seat | Kyiv, Ukraine (formerly the Ukrainian SSR) |
| Appointer | Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia |
| Precursor | Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all Rus, Exarch of Ukraine |
| Formation | 1921 |
| First holder | Michael |
_(cropped).jpg)
Partial autonomy was reinstated in a form of exarchate which in the Russian Orthodox Church is a special fixed territory that has autonomy within the church (e.g. Belarusian Exarchate).
- Michael, 1921–1925,[44] bishop in 1921–27 exarch of Ukraine 1921–1929
- Georges Deliev, 1923–1928, [44] bishop acting
- Macarius Karamzin, 1924, [44] bishop acting
- Sergius Kuminsky, 1925–1930, [44] bishop acting
- Demetrius Verbitsky, 1930–1932, [44] archbishop
- Sergius Grishin, 1932–1934, [44] archbishop
- Constantine, 1934–1937,[44] exarch of Ukraine 1929–1937
- Alexander, 1937–1938 [44]
- Nicholas, 1941–1944,[44] exarch of Ukraine 1941
- During World War II all territory of Ukraine was occupied by the Nazi Germany therefore Metropolitan Nicholas moved to Moscow. The rest of bishops loyal to Moscow Patriarchate created Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church which was recognized by Metropolitan Nicholas. With the end of German occupation Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church was dissolved and incorporated back to the Russian Orthodox Church (Ukrainian Exarchate).
- Oleksii Hromadskyi, 1941–1943 (Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church)[45]
- Panteleimon Rudyk, 1943–1944 (Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church)[44][46]
- John, 1944–1964,[44] exarch of Ukraine
- Ioasaph II, 1964–1966,[44] exarch of Ukraine
- Philaret II, 1966–1990,[44] exarch of Ukraine
In 1990 the Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, is given "self-ruled" status forming the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
The Living Church (1923–1941)
In 1923, a major split occurred in the Moscow Patriarchate, with a majority (initially) of the ROC bishops joining a reformist-minded wing of the Church, supported by the OGPU, the Soviet secret police. Across the territory of the USSR, many episcopal sees in the 1920s and 1930s had 2 parallel bishops: one from the Living Church, another from the Moscow Patriarchate. The Living church had its headquarter in Kharkiv and was active in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[47]
- Tikhon (Vasilevsky), 1923
- Nikolay (Fedotov), 1923–1924
- Aleksandr (Shcherbakov), 1924
- Innokentiy (Pustynsky), 1924–1929
- Iuvenaliy (Moshkovsky), 1928–1929
- Pimen (Pegov), 1929–1935
- Aleksandr (Chekanovsky), 1935–1937
- Vladimir (Zlobin), 1938–1941
Metropolitans of Kyiv and All Ukraine of the Moscow Patriarchate (1990–present)
- Philaret II Denysenko, 1990–1992[44] (joined the newly formed Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate in 1992, excommunicated by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1997[48])
- Volodymyr II Sabodan, 1992–2014[44][49]
- Onufriy Berezovsky,[49] 2014–incumbent
Soviet renovation churches
All-Ukrainian Orthodox Autocephalous Synodical Church
Created in 1923, the church was part of all-Soviet Renovation movement (Obnovlenichestvo).[50] It was liquidated in 1935, but after the remaining communities were headed by acting primate.
- Pimen (Pegov), 1923-1935
- Oleksandr (Chekanovskyi), 1935-1937
Fraternal Parish Association of the Ukrainian Orthodox Autocephalous churches
In 1925 there was created another organization which opposed both the Living Church and Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. After 1937 it disappeared.[51]
- Feofil Buldovsky, 1925–1937
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (1921–2018, defunct)
Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine (self-consecrated)
- Vasyl Lypkivsky, 1921–1927
- Mykola Boretsky, 1927–1930 [52]
- Ivan Pavlovsky, 1930–1936 [52]
Due to Soviet pressure, the UAOC is liquidated in 1936, some of its members emigrated to the United States.
Polish Orthodox Church period (World War II)
In 1942, UAOC was re-established with help of the Polish Orthodox Church during occupation of Ukraine by the Nazi Germany. Polikarp Sikorsky was consecrated by Dionizy (Waledyński).
- Polikarp Sikorsky, (Administrator of the Church under the title of Metropolitan of Lutsk and Kovel), 1942–1944 [45]
This relative freedom lasted till the return of the Red Army in 1944, after that the UAOC was again liquidated and remained structured only in the diaspora. In 1944 the Orthodox Metropolitan of Warsaw, Dionizy Waledynski, was appointed "Patriarch of All Ukraine", but the Soviet Union did not allow any operation in Ukraine.
Patriarchs of Kyiv and all Rus-Ukraine (1990–2000)
In 1990 the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was reinstated in Ukraine, and the former Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada Metropolitan Mstyslav was enthroned as a Patriarch.
- Stepan Mstyslav, 1991–1993
- Dmytro Yarema, 1993–2000
Metropolitans of Kyiv and All Ukraine (2000–2018)
- Mefodiy Kudriakov, 2000–2015
- Makariy Maletych, 2015–2018
On 15 December 2018, the UAOC along with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate merged into the unified Orthodox Church of Ukraine.
Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (1989–2018; 2019–)
In 1989 the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was legally registered in the Ukrainian SSR. This was made possible by the President Gorbachev's policies of Perestroyka. Previously only the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow was allowed to function in Ukraine.
After being dismissed in 1992 by the Archhierarch Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the Ukrainian Metropolitan Filaret joined the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC–KP) under Patriarch Mstyslav of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
On 15 December 2018, the UOC–KP along with the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church merged into the unified Orthodox Church of Ukraine. In June 2019, however, Filaret and few clergyman split from the UOC, over the leadership dispute as the original leader (Patriarchate of the Church).
- Patriarch Mstyslav, 1991–1993
Mstyslav never approved the union between the UAOC and the UOC-KP and both continued to operate separately.[53]
- Patriarch Volodymyr, 1993–1995
- Patriarch Filaret, 1995–2018; 2019–present (see Conflict between Filaret and Epiphanius)
Orthodox Church of Ukraine
| Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine | |
|---|---|
| Seat | Kyiv, Ukraine |
| Formation | 2018 |
| First holder | Epiphanius I |
This church was established by a unification council on 15 December 2018. The council voted to unite the existing Ukrainian Orthodox churches (UOC-KP, UAOC and parts of the UOC-MP) through their representatives, on the basis of complete canonical independence, into the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). The primate of the Church is the "Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine". The unification council elected Epiphanius I as its first primate. The decree granting officially autocephaly to the OCU was signed on 5 January 2019.[54][55]
As of December 2019, the OCU is recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople as well as the Patriarchate of Alexandria, Church of Greece, and Church of Cyprus.
Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine
- Epiphanius I, 2018–incumbent
See also
- Bishop of Kyiv (disambiguation)
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr
- Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
Notes
- ^ King Sigismund III Vasa accused their consecrator, Theophanes III, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, of being a covert agent working on behalf of the Ottoman Empire and ordered his arrest and arrest of those consecrated by him.[37]
- ^ The hierarchy which was consecrated in 1620 was legalized by the government in a 1632 agreement that permitted both the disuniate Greek Orthodox and uniate Greek Catholic jurisdictions within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[38]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g Lencyk, W. Christianization of Ukraine. Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "14th Century Russia | Rusmania". rusmania.com. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
- ^ "Vilnius | national capital, Lithuania". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Trakai—The Old Capital of Lithuania". VisitWorldHeritage.com. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Kęstutis | duke of Lithuania". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Algirdas | grand duke of Lithuania". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ a b Slocombe, G. Poland. T. C. & E. C. Jack. 1916
- ^ a b FRICK, D.A. Meletij Smotryc'kyj and the Ruthenian Question in the Early Seventeenth Century. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1984
- ^ Frost, R.I. The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569. Oxford University Press, 2015
- ^ Blazejovskyj 1990, p. 64.
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References
- This article incorporates text from List of Metropolitans of Kiev at OrthodoxWiki which is licensed under the CC-BY-SA and GFDL.
- Blažejovskyj, Dmytro (1990). Hierarchy of the Kyivan Church (861–1990). Vydanni͡a Ukraïnsʹkoho katolʹytsʹkoho universytetu im. Sv. Klymenta Papy Editiones Universitatis Catholicae Ucrainorum S. Clementis Papae Sacrum Ucrainae millenium. Vol. 72. Rome: [Ukraïnsʹkyĭ katolyt͡sʹkyĭ universytet im. Sv. Klymenta Papy]. OCLC 22834909.
- Crummey, Robert O. (2006). "Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the age of counter-Reformation". In Angold, Michael (ed.). Eastern Christianity. The Cambridge history of Christianity. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 302–324. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521811132.014. ISBN 9780521811132 – via Cambridge Histories Online.
- Krasiński, Waleryan (1840). Historical sketch of the rise, progress and decline of the reformation in Poland. Vol. 2. London: J. L. Cox and Sons. OCLC 714971939.
- Pelesz, Julian (1881). Geschichte der Union der ruthenischen Kirche mit Rom. Woerl.
- Senyk, Sophia (1996). "The Ukrainian Church in the seventeenth century". Analecta Ordinis S. Basilii Magni. Rome: sumptibus PP. Basilianorum (Sectio II, vol XV (XXI), Fasc 1–4).
- "Metropolitans of Kyiv". orthodox.org.ua. Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). 2011-01-14. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
- Magocsi, Paul (1996). A history of Ukraine. Toronto Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9.
- Medlin, William K.; Patrinelis, Christos G. (1971). Renaissance influences and religious reforms in Russia : Western and post-Byzantine impacts on culture and education (16th-17th centuries). Études de philologie et d'histoire. Vol. 18. Genève: Librairie Droz. ISBN 9782600038942.
- Subtelny, Orest (2009). Ukraine: a history (4th ed.). Toronto [u.a.]: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-44269728-7.
External links
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