List of Chinese monarchs
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This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the Zhou dynasty until the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: huángdì). The title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.
Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated. Scholars also often use common terms to refer to some monarchs with special circumstances — "Modi" (末帝; "last emperor"), "Mozhu" (末主; "last lord"), "Houzhu" (後主; "later lord"), "Shaodi" (少帝; "young emperor"), "Shaozhu" (少主; "young lord"), "Feidi" (廢帝; "deposed emperor"), etc.; these terms are not temple names, posthumous names or regnal names.
In some cases, the regnal or era name is changed in the same year as the death of the previous sovereign; in other cases, the name change occurs in the subsequent year. Thus, the date given for the beginning of a reign may actually refer to the first full year of the sovereign's reign.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Follow these links to see how they are related:
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient) → Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝) (2852–2070 BC)
Although it is ingrained in Chinese accounts that the earliest legendary rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one") and five dì (帝, generally translated "emperor"), both terms denoting demigod status, their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals, such as the Yellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself. They were perceived as admirable and loyal to the individual members that belonged to the emperor.
Note: These figures are considered to be legendary
Title | Name by which most commonly known | Reign (according to tradition) | In Chinese | Other names | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huang1,4,5 / Di3 | Youchao | 3162–2962 BC | Yǒucháo | 有巢 | – | |
Huang/ Di3 | Suiren | 2962–2852 BC | Suìrén | 燧人 | – | |
Huang4 / Di3 | Fuxi | 2852–2737 BC | Fúxī | 伏羲 | – | |
Huang1 / Di1 | Yan Emperor and/or Shennong | 2737–2698 BC | Yándì | 炎帝 | Shennong | 神農 |
Huang5 / Di1,2 | Yellow Emperor | 2698–2598 BC | Huángdì | 黃帝 | Xuanyuan | 軒轅 |
Di2 | Shaohao | 2597–2514 BC | Shǎohào | 少昊 | Jintian | 金天 |
Di1,2 | Zhuanxu | 2514–2436 BC | Zhuānxū | 顓頊 | Gaoyang | 高陽 |
Di1 | Emperor Ku | 2436–2366 BC | Dìkù | 帝嚳 | Gaoxin | 高辛 |
Di1 | Emperor Zhi | 2366–2358 BC | Dìzhì | 帝摯 | Qingyang | 青陽 |
Di1 | Emperor Yao (of Tang) | 2356–2255 BC | Dìyáo or Táng Yáo | 帝堯 / 唐堯 | Yiqi, Taotang and Fangxun | 伊祁、陶唐、放勳 |
Di1 | Emperor Shun (of Yu) | 2255–2208 BC | Dìshùn or Yú Shùn | 帝舜 / 虞舜 | Yao, Youyu and Chonghua | 姚、有虞、重華 |
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — According to the Chu Ci. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀) |
Xia dynasty (夏朝) (2070–1600 BC)
Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name
Name by which most commonly known | Reign (according to tradition) | Regnal name1 | Other names | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yu the Great | 2150–2106 BC | Yǔ | 禹 | – | |
Qi of Xia | 2106–2077 BC | Qǐ | 啟 | – | |
Tai Kang | 2077–2048 BC | Kāng | 康 | Tài Kāng | 太康 |
Zhong Kang | 2048–2036 BC | Kāng | 康 | Zhòng Kāng | 仲康 |
Xiang of Xia | 2036–2008 BC | Xiāng | 相 | – | |
Interregnum (about 40 years) | |||||
Shao Kang | 1968–1946 BC | Kāng | 康 | Shào Kāng | 少康 |
Zhu of Xia | 1946–1929 BC | Zhù | 杼 | – | |
Huai of Xia | 1929–1885 BC | Huái | 槐 | – | |
Mang of Xia | 1885–1867 BC | Máng | 芒 | – | |
Xie of Xia | 1867–1851 BC | Xiè | 泄 | – | |
Bu Jiang | 1851–1792 BC | Jiàng | 降 | – | |
Jiong of Xia | 1792–1771 BC | Jiōng | 扃 | – | |
Jin of Xia | 1771–1750 BC | Jǐn | 廑 | Yìn Jiǎ | 胤甲 |
Kong Jia | 1750–1719 BC | Kǒng Jiǎ | 孔甲 | – | |
Gao of Xia | 1719–1708 BC | Gāo | 阜 | – | |
Fa of Xia | 1708–1689 BC | Fā | 發 | Hou Jin | 后敬 |
Jie of Xia | 1689–1658 BC | Jié | 桀 | Lǚ Guǐ | 履癸 |
Shang dynasty (商朝) (1600–1046 BC)
Chinese convention: use posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign (according to tradition)1 | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tang of Shang | Zi Lü | 子履 | 1658–1629 BC | Tiān Yǐ | 天乙 | Tàizu | 太祖 |
Wai Bing | Zi Shèng | 子勝 | 1629–1627 BC | Wài Bǐng | 外丙 | – | |
Zhong Ren | Zi Yōng | 子庸 | 1627–1623 BC | Zhōng Rén | 中壬 | – | |
Tai Jia | Zi Zhì | 子至 | 1623–1611 BC | Tài Jiǎ | 太甲 | Tàizōng | 太宗 |
Wo Ding | Zi Xuàn | 子絢 | 1611–1592 BC | Wò Dīng | 沃丁 | – | |
Tai Geng | Zi Biàn | 子辯 | 1592–1567 BC | Tài Gēng | 太庚 | – | |
Xiao Jia | Zi Gāo | 子高 | 1567–1550 BC | Xiǎo Jiǎ | 小甲 | – | |
Yong Ji | Zi Zhòu | 子伷 | 1550–1538 BC | Yōng Jǐ | 雍己 | – | |
Tai Wu | Zi Mì | 子密 | 1538–1463 BC | Tài Wù | 太戊 | – | |
Zhong Ding | Zi Zhuāng | 子莊 | 1463–1452 BC | Zhòng Dīng | 仲丁 | – | |
Wai Ren | Zi Fā | 子發 | 1452–1437 BC | Wài Rén | 外壬 | – | |
He Dan Jia | Zi Zhěng | 子整 | 1437–1428 BC | Hé Dān Jiǎ | 河亶甲 | – | |
Zu Ji | Zi Téng | 子滕 | 1428–1409 BC | Zǔ Jǐ | 祖己 | Zhōngzōng | 中宗 |
Zu Xin | Zi Dàn | 子旦 | 1409–1393 BC | Zǔ Xīn | 祖辛 | – | |
Wo Jia | Zi Yú | 子踰 | 1393–1368 BC | Wò Jiǎ | 沃甲 | – | |
Zu Ding | Zi Xīn | 子新 | 1368–1336 BC | Zǔ Dīng | 祖丁 | – | |
Nan Geng | Zi Gēng | 子更 | 1336–1307 BC | Nán Gēng | 南庚 | – | |
Yang Jia | Zi Hé | 子和 | 1307–1290 BC | Yáng Jiǎ | 陽甲 | – | |
Pan Geng | Zi Xún | 子旬 | 1290–1262 BC | Pán Gēng | 盤庚 | – | |
Xiao Xin | Zi Sòng | 子颂 | 1262–1259 BC | Xiǎo Xīn | 小辛 | – | |
Xiao Yi | Zi Liǎn | 子敛 | 1259–1250 BC | Xiǎo Yǐ | 小乙 | – | |
Wu Ding | Zi Zhāo | 子昭 | 1250–1192 BC | Wǔ Dīng | 武丁 | Gāozōng | 高宗 |
Zu Geng | Zi Yuè | 子躍 | 1192–1185 BC | Zǔ Gēng | 祖庚 | – | |
Zu Jia | Zi Zài | 子載 | 1185–1158 BC | Zǔ Jiǎ | 祖甲 | – | |
Lin Xin | Zi Xiān | 子先 | 1158–1152 BC | Lǐn Xīn | 廩辛 | – | |
Geng Ding | Zi Xiāo | 子囂 | 1152–1147 BC | Gēng Dīng | 庚丁 | – | |
Wu Yi | Zi Qú | 子瞿 | 1147–1112 BC | Wǔ Yǐ | 武乙 | – | |
Wen Wu Ding | Zi Tuō | 子托 | 1112–1102 BC | Wénwǔ Dīng/ Wén Dīng | 文武丁 — 文丁 | – | |
Di Yi | Zi Xiàn | 子羡 | 1101–1076 BC | Dì Yǐ | 帝乙 | – | |
King Zhou of Shang | Zi Shòu | 子受 | 1075–1046 BC | Dì Xīn | 帝辛 | – | |
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. |
Zhou dynasty (周朝) (1046–256 BC)
Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")
Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign1 | Posthumous name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Zhou (西周) (1046–771 BC) | |||||
King Wen of Zhou | Jī Chāng | 姬昌 | 1100–1050 BC1 | King Wén | 文王 |
King Wu of Zhou | Jī Fā | 姬發 | 1046–1043 BC1 | King Wǔ | 武王 |
King Cheng of Zhou | Jī Sòng | 姬誦 | 1042–1021 BC1 | King Chéng | 成王 |
King Kang of Zhou | Jī Zhāo | 姬釗 | 1020–996 BC1 | King Kāng | 康王 |
King Zhao of Zhou | Jī Xiá | 姬瑕 | 995–977 BC1 | King Zhāo | 昭王 |
King Mu of Zhou | Jī Mǎn | 姬滿 | 976–922 BC1 | King Mù | 穆王 |
King Gong of Zhou | Jī Yīhù | 姬繄扈 | 922–900 BC1 | King Gōng | 共王 |
King Yi of Zhou (Jian) | Jī Jiān | 姬囏 | 899–892 BC1 | King Yì | 懿王 |
King Xiao of Zhou | Jī Bìfāng | 姬辟方 | 891–886 BC1 | King Xiào | 孝王 |
King Yi of Zhou (Xie) | Jī Xiè | 姬燮 | 885–878 BC1 | King Yí | 夷王 |
King Li of Zhou | Jī Hú | 姬胡 | 877–841 BC1 | King Lì | 厲王 |
Gonghe Regency (共和) (841–827 BC) | |||||
King Xuan of Zhou | Jī Jìng | 姬靜 | 827–782 BC | King Xuān | 宣王 |
King You of Zhou | Jī Gōngshēng | 姬宮湦 | 781–771 BC | King Yōu | 幽王 |
Eastern Zhou (東周) (770–256 BC) | |||||
Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代) (770–476 BC) | |||||
King Ping of Zhou | Jī Yijiu | 姬宜臼 | 770–720 BC | King Ping | 平王 |
King Huan of Zhou | Jī Lin | 姬林 | 719–697 BC | King Huan | 桓王 |
King Zhuang of Zhou | Jī Tuo | 姬佗 | 696–682 BC | King Zhuang | 莊王 |
King Xi of Zhou | Jī Huqi | 姬胡齊 | 681–677 BC | King Xi | 釐王 |
King Hui of Zhou | Jī Lang | 姬閬 | 676–652 BC | King Hui | 惠王 |
King Xiang of Zhou | Jī Zheng | 姬鄭 | 651–619 BC | King Xiang | 襄王 |
King Qing of Zhou | Jī Renchen | 姬壬臣 | 618–613 BC | King Qing | 頃王 |
King Kuang of Zhou | Jī Ban | 姬班 | 612–607 BC | King Kuang | 匡王 |
King Ding of Zhou | Jī Yu | 姬瑜 | 606–586 BC | King Ding | 定王 |
King Jian of Zhou | Jī Yi | 姬夷 | 585–572 BC | King Jian | 簡王 |
King Ling of Zhou | Jī Xiexin | 姬泄心 | 571–545 BC | King Ling | 靈王 |
King Jing of Zhou (Gui) | Jī Gui | 姬貴 | 544–521 BC | King Jing | 景王 |
King Dao of Zhou | Jī Meng | 姬猛 | 520 BC | King Dao | 悼王 |
King Jing of Zhou (Gai) | Jī Gai | 姬丐 | 519–476 BC | King Jing | 敬王 |
Warring States period (戰國時代) (475–221 BC) | |||||
King Yuan of Zhou | Jī Ren | 姬仁 | 475–469 BC | King Yuan | 元王 |
King Zhending of Zhou | Jī Jie | 姬介 | 468–442 BC | King Zhending | 貞定王 |
King Ai of Zhou | Jī Quji | 姬去疾 | 441 BC | King Ai | 哀王 |
King Si of Zhou | Jī Shu | 姬叔 | 441 BC | King Si | 思王 |
King Kao of Zhou | Jī Wei | 姬嵬 | 440–426 BC | King Kao | 考王 |
King Weilie of Zhou | Jī Wu | 姬午 | 425–402 BC | King Weilie | 威烈王 |
King An of Zhou | Jī Jiao | 姬驕 | 401–376 BC | King An | 安王 |
King Lie of Zhou | Jī Xi | 姬喜 | 375–369 BC | King Lie | 烈王 |
King Xian of Zhou | Jī Bian | 姬扁 | 368–321 BC | King Xian | 顯王 |
King Shenjing of Zhou | Jī Ding | 姬定 | 320–315 BC | King Shenjing | 慎靚王 |
King Nan of Zhou | Jī Yan | 姬延 | 314–256 BC | King Nan | 赧王 |
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. |
After King Nan was deposed by Qin, Ji Jie (姬杰), Duke Wen of the vassal duchy of Eastern Zhou was proclaimed the new king of Zhou and claimed the title until his death in 249 BC. However, the King of Qin had taken possession of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons (九鼎), and Ji Jie's reign was not widely recognized. Historians generally considered the title of Son of Heaven to be vacant from 256 to 221 BC.
Qin dynasty (秦朝) (221–207 BC)
Chinese convention: use regnal name
Note: The State of Qin was founded in the 9th century BCE as a vassal of the Zhou dynasty. The Duke of Qin, Ying Si (嬴駟), declared himself king in 325 BC and was given the posthumous name King Huiwen of Qin (秦惠文王). In 256 BC, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ended the Zhou dynasty, and in 221 BC, Ying Zheng completed the conquest of the other states (kingdoms) and declared himself Qin Shi Huang, or "First Emperor of Qin." The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Regnal name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qin Shi Huang1,2 | Yíng Zhèng | 嬴政 | (246)2 221–210 BC | Qin Shi Huang | 秦始皇 |
Qin Er Shi | Yíng Húhài | 嬴胡亥 | 209–207 BC | Qin Er Shi | 秦二世 |
Ziying3 | Yíng Zǐyīng | 嬴子嬰 | 207 BC | Qin San Shi | 秦三世 |
1 — Zhaoxiang's reign as king of the State of Qin began in 306 BC before the fall of Zhou. Subsequently, in the absence of a Son of Heaven, historians conventionally used Qin regnal dates to refer to the years 255 to 222 BC.
2 — Qin Shi Huang began his reign as king of Qin 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC. 3 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰). |
Han dynasty (漢朝) (202 BC–9 AD, 25–220 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Liu Bang, who is known as "Han Gaozu")
Note that the posthumous names of many Han monarchs bear the character "xiao" (孝; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when they are used (i.e. "Emperor Xiaowu" is normally known as "Emperor Wu")
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Han (西漢) (202 BC–9 AD) | ||||||||||
Emperor Gaozu of Han | Liu Bang | 劉邦 | 202–195 BC | – | Emperor Gao | 高皇帝 | Taizu | 太祖 | ||
Emperor Hui of Han | Liu Ying | 劉盈 | 195–188 BC | (Empress Lü regency)1 | Emperor Xiaohui | 孝惠皇帝 | – | |||
Emperor Qianshao of Han1 | Liu Gong | 劉恭 | 188–184 BC | (Empress Lü regency)1 | – | – | ||||
Emperor Houshao of Han1 | Liu Hong | 劉弘 | 184–180 BC | (Empress Lü regency)1 | – | – | ||||
Emperor Wen of Han | Liu Heng | 劉恆 | 179–157 BC | Hòuyuán | 後元 | 163–156 BC | Emperor Xiaowen | 孝文皇帝 | Taizong | 太宗 |
Emperor Jing of Han | Liu Qi | 劉啟 | 156–141 BC | Zhōngyuán | 中元 | 149–143 BC | Emperor Xiaojing | 孝景皇帝 | – | |
Hòuyuán | 後元 | 143–141 BC | ||||||||
Emperor Wu of Han | Liu Che | 劉徹 | 140–87 BC | Jiànyuán | 建元 | 140–135 BC | Emperor Xiaowu | 孝武皇帝 | Shizong | 世宗 |
Yuánguāng | 元光 | 134–129 BC | ||||||||
Yuánshuò | 元朔 | 128–123 BC | ||||||||
Yuánshòu | 元狩 | 122–117 BC | ||||||||
Yuándǐng | 元鼎 | 116–111 BC | ||||||||
Yuánfēng | 元封 | 110–105 BC | ||||||||
Tàichū | 太初 | 104–101 BC | ||||||||
Tiānhàn | 天漢 | 100–97 BC | ||||||||
Tàishǐ | 太始 | 96–93 BC | ||||||||
Zhēnghé | 征和 | 92–89 BC | ||||||||
Hòuyuán | 後元 | 88–87 BC | ||||||||
Emperor Zhao of Han | Liu Fuling | 劉弗陵 | 86–74 BC | Shǐyuán | 始元 | 86–80 BC | Emperor Xiaozhao | 孝昭皇帝 | ||
Yuánfèng | 元鳳 | 80–75 BC | ||||||||
Yuánpíng | 元平 | 74 BC | ||||||||
Marquis of Haihun | Liu He | 劉賀 | 74 BC | – | – | |||||
Emperor Xuan of Han | Liu Xun | 劉詢 | 73–49 BC | Běnshǐ | 本始 | 73–70 BC | Emperor Xiaoxuan | 孝宣皇帝 | Zhongzong | 中宗 |
Dìjié | 地節 | 69–66 BC | ||||||||
Yuánkāng | 元康 | 65–61 BC | ||||||||
Shénjué | 神爵 | 61–58 BC | ||||||||
Wǔfèng | 五鳳 | 57–54 BC | ||||||||
Gānlù | 甘露 | 53–50 BC | ||||||||
Huánglóng | 黃龍 | 49 BC | ||||||||
Emperor Yuan of Han | Liu Shi | 劉奭 | 48–33 BC | Chūyuán | 初元 | 48–44 BCE | Emperor Xiaoyuan | 孝元皇帝 | Gaozong3 | 高宗3 |
Yǒngguāng | 永光 | 43–39 BC | ||||||||
Jiànzhāo | 建昭 | 38–34 BC | ||||||||
Jìngníng | 竟寧 | 33 BC | ||||||||
Emperor Cheng of Han | Liu Ao | 劉驁 | 32–7 BC | Jiànshǐ | 建始 | 32–28 BC | Emperor Xiaocheng | 孝成皇帝 | Tongzong3 | 統宗3 |
Hépíng | 河平 | 28–25 BC | ||||||||
Yángshuò | 陽朔 | 24–21 BC | ||||||||
Hóngjiā | 鴻嘉 | 20–17 BC | ||||||||
Yǒngshǐ | 永始 | 16–13 BC | ||||||||
Yuányán | 元延 | 12–9 BC | ||||||||
Suīhé | 綏和 | 8–7 BC | ||||||||
Emperor Ai of Han | Liu Xin | 劉欣 | 6–1 BC | Jiànpíng | 建平 | 6–3 BC | Emperor Xiao'ai | 孝哀皇帝 | – | |
Yuánshòu | 元壽 | 2–1 BC | ||||||||
Emperor Ping of Han | Liu Kan | 劉衎 | 1 BC – 5 AD | Yuánshǐ | 元始 | 1 BC – 5 AD | Emperor Xiaoping | 孝平皇帝 | Yuanzong3 | 元宗3 |
Ruzi Ying2 | Liu Ying | 劉嬰 | 6–8 | Jùshè | 居攝 | 6 AD – Oct. 8 AD | – | – | ||
Chūshǐ | 初始 | Nov. 8 AD – Dec. 8 AD | ||||||||
Interregnum (9 AD – 23 AD) | ||||||||||
Gengshi Emperor | Liu Xuan | 劉玄 | 23–25 AD | Gēngshǐ | 更始 | 23–25 AD | – | – | ||
Eastern Han (東漢) (25–220 AD) | ||||||||||
Emperor Guangwu of Han | Liu Xiu | 劉秀 | 25–57 AD | Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 25–56 AD | Emperor Guangwu | 光武皇帝 | Shizu | 世祖 |
Jiànwǔzhōngyuán | 建武中元 | 56–57 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Ming of Han | Liu Zhuang | 劉莊 | 58–75 AD | Yǒngpíng | 永平 | 58–75 AD | Emperor Xiaoming | 孝明皇帝 | Xianzong | 顯宗 |
Emperor Zhang of Han | Liu Da | 劉炟 | 76–88 AD | Jiànchū | 建初 | 76–84 AD | Emperor Xiaozhang | 孝章皇帝 | Suzong | 肅宗 |
Yuánhé | 元和 | 84–87 AD | ||||||||
Zhānghé | 章和 | 87–88 AD | ||||||||
Emperor He of Han | Liu Zhao | 劉肇 | 89–105 AD | Yǒngyuán | 永元 | 89–105 AD | Emperor Xiaohe | 孝和皇帝 | Muzong3 | 穆宗3 |
Yuánxīng | 元興 | 105 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Shang of Han | Liu Long | 劉隆 | 106 AD | Yánpíng | 延平 | 9 months in 106 AD | Emperor Xiaoshang | 孝殤皇帝 | – | |
Emperor An of Han | Liu Hu | 劉祜 | 106–125 AD | Yǒngchū | 永初 | 107–113 AD | Emperor Xiao'an | 孝安皇帝 | Gongzong3 | 恭宗3 |
Yuánchū | 元初 | 114–120 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngníng | 永寧 | 120–121 AD | ||||||||
Jiànguāng | 建光 | 121–122 AD | ||||||||
Yánguāng | 延光 | 122–125 AD | ||||||||
Marquess of Beixiang | Liu Yi | 劉懿 | 125 AD | – | – | |||||
Emperor Shun of Han | Liu Bao | 劉保 | 125–144 AD | Yǒngjiàn | 永建 | 126–132 AD | Emperor Xiaoshun | 孝順皇帝 | Jingzong3 | 敬宗3 |
Yángjiā | 陽嘉 | 132–135 AD | ||||||||
Yǒnghé | 永和 | 136–141 AD | ||||||||
Hàn'ān | 漢安 | 142–144 AD | ||||||||
Jiànkāng | 建康 | 144 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Chong of Han | Liu Bing | 劉炳 | 144–145 AD | Yōngxī | 永嘉 | 145 AD | Emperor Xiaochong | 孝沖皇帝 | – | |
Emperor Zhi of Han | Liu Zuan | 劉纘 | 145–146 AD | Běnchū | 本初 | 146 AD | Emperor Xiaozhi | 孝質皇帝 | – | |
Emperor Huan of Han | Liu Zhi | 劉志 | 146–168 AD | Jiànhé | 建和 | 147–149 AD | Emperor Xiaohuan | 孝桓皇帝 | Weizong3 | 威宗3 |
Hépíng | 和平 | 150 AD | ||||||||
Yuánjiā | 元嘉 | 151–153 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngxīng | 永興 | 153–154 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngshòu | 永壽 | 155–158 AD | ||||||||
Yánxī | 延熹 | 158–167 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngkāng | 永康 | 167 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Ling of Han | Liu Hong | 劉宏 | 168–189 AD | Jiànníng | 建寧 | 168–172 AD | Emperor Xiaoling | 孝靈皇帝 | – | |
Xīpíng | 熹平 | 172–178 AD | ||||||||
Guānghé | 光和 | 178–184 AD | ||||||||
Zhōngpíng | 中平 | 184–189 AD | ||||||||
Prince of Hongnong | Liu Bian | 劉辯 | 189 AD | Guīngxī | 光熹 | 189 AD | – | – | ||
Zhàoníng | 昭寧 | 189 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Xian of Han | Liu Xie | 劉協 | 189–220 AD | Yǒnghàn | 永漢 | 189 AD | Emperor Xiaoxian | 孝獻皇帝 | – | |
Chūpíng | 初平 | 190–193 AD | ||||||||
Xīngpíng | 興平 | 194–195 AD | ||||||||
Jiàn'ān | 建安 | 196–220 AD | ||||||||
Yánkāng | 延康 | 220 AD | ||||||||
1 — Emperors Qianshao and Houshao reigned as children and were subsequently deposed. Their reigns were completely dominated by Empress Dowager Lü (吕后, personal name: Lü Zhi, 吕雉), who is often listed in their place on lists of Han rulers and Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.
2 — Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD. 3 — Temple name was subsequently withdrew. |
Xin dynasty (新朝) (9–23 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Mang | Wang Mang | 王莽 | 9–23 AD | Shǐjiànguó | 始建國 | 9–13 AD | – | – |
Tiānfēng | 天鳳 | 14–19 AD | ||||||
Dìhuáng | 地皇 | 20–23 AD |
Three Kingdoms (三國) (220–280 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal name
Cao Wei (曹魏) (220–266 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Courtesy name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cao Pi | Cáo Pī | 曹丕 | Zihuan | 子桓 | 220–226 AD | Huángchū | 黃初 | 220–226 AD | Emperor Wen | 文皇帝 |
Cao Rui | Cáo Ruì | 曹叡 | Yuanzhong | 元仲 | 226–239 AD | Tàihé | 太和 | 227–233 AD | Emperor Ming | 明皇帝 |
Qīnglóng | 青龍 | 233–237 AD | ||||||||
Jǐngchū | 景初 | 237–239 AD | ||||||||
Cao Fang | Cáo Fāng | 曹芳 | Lanqing | 蘭卿 | 239–254 AD | Zhèngshǐ | 正始 | 240–249 AD | Duke Li | 厲公 |
Jiāpíng | 嘉平 | 249–254 AD | ||||||||
Cao Mao | Cáo Máo | 曹髦 | Yanshi | 彥士 | 254–260 AD | Zhèngyuán | 正元 | 254–256 AD | – | |
Gānlù | 甘露 | 256–260 AD | ||||||||
Cao Huan | Cáo Huàn | 曹奐 | Jingming | 景明 | 260–266 AD | Jǐngyuán | 景元 | 260–264 AD | Emperor Yuan | 元皇帝 |
Xiánxī | 咸熙 | 264–266 AD |
Shu Han (蜀漢) (221–263 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Courtesy name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Bei | Liú Bèi | 劉備 | Xuande | 玄德 | 221–223 AD | Zhāngwǔ | 章武 | 221–223 AD | Emperor Zhaolie | 昭烈皇帝 |
Liu Shan | Liú Shàn | 劉禪 | Gongsi | 公嗣 | 223–263 AD | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 223–237 AD | Emperor Xiaohuai | 孝懷皇帝 |
Yánxī | 延熙 | 238–257 AD | ||||||||
Jǐngyào | 景耀 | 258–263 AD | ||||||||
Yánxīng | 炎興 | 263 AD |
Eastern Wu (東吳) (222–280 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Courtesy name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun Quan | Sūn Quán | 孫權 | Zhongmou | 仲謀 | 222–252 AD | Huángwǔ | 黃武 | 222–229 | Emperor Da | 大皇帝 |
Huánglóng | 黃龍 | 229–231 AD | ||||||||
Jiāhé | 嘉禾 | 232–238 AD | ||||||||
Chìwū | 赤烏 | 238–251 AD | ||||||||
Tàiyuán | 太元 | 251–252 AD | ||||||||
Shénfèng | 神鳳 | 252 AD | ||||||||
Sun Liang | Sūn Liàng | 孫亮 | Ziming | 子明 | 252–258 | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 252–253 AD | – | |
Wǔfèng | 五鳳 | 254–256 AD | ||||||||
Tàipíng | 太平 | 256–258 AD | ||||||||
Sun Xiu | Sūn Xiū | 孫休 | Zilie | 子烈 | 258–264 AD | Yǒngān | 永安 | 258–264 AD | Emperor Jing | 景皇帝 |
Sun Hao | Sūn Hào | 孫皓 | Yuanzong | 元宗 | 264–280 AD | Yuánxīng | 元興 | 264–265 AD | – | |
Gānlù | 甘露 | 265–266 AD | ||||||||
Bǎodǐng | 寶鼎 | 266–269 AD | ||||||||
Jiànhéng | 建衡 | 269–271 AD | ||||||||
Fènghuáng | 鳳凰 | 272–274 AD | ||||||||
Tiāncè | 天冊 | 275–276 AD | ||||||||
Tiānxǐ | 天璽 | 276 AD | ||||||||
Tiānjì | 天紀 | 277–280 AD |
Jin dynasty (晉朝) (266–420 AD)
Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name
Note that the posthumous names of some Jin monarchs bore the character "xiao" (孝; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when referencing these monarchs by their posthumous names (i.e. "Emperor Xiaohui" is normally known as "Emperor Hui")
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years |
Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) |
Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Jin (西晉) (266–316 AD) | ||||||||||
Emperor Wu of Jin | Sīmǎ Yán | 司馬炎 | 266–290 AD | Tàishǐ | 泰始 | 266–274 AD | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 | Shizu | 世祖 |
Xiánníng | 咸寧 | 275–280 AD | ||||||||
Tàikāng | 太康 | 280–289 AD | ||||||||
Tàixī | 太熙 | 290 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Hui of Jin | Sīmǎ Zhōng | 司馬衷 | 290–306 AD | Yǒngxī | 永熙 | 290 AD | Emperor Xiaohui | 孝惠皇帝 | – | |
Yǒngpīng | 永平 | 291 AD | ||||||||
Yuánkāng | 元康 | 291–299 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngkāng | 永康 | 300–301 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngníng | 永寧 | 301–302 AD | ||||||||
Tàiān | 太安 | 302–303 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngān | 永安 | 304 AD | ||||||||
Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 304 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngān | 永安 | 304 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngxīng | 永興 | 304–306 AD | ||||||||
Guāngxī | 光熙 | 306 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Huai of Jin | Sīmǎ Chì | 司馬熾 | 307–313 AD | Yǒngjiā | 永嘉 | 307–313 AD | Emperor Xiaohuai | 孝懷皇帝 | – | |
Emperor Min of Jin | Sīmǎ Yè | 司馬鄴 | 313–317 AD | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 313–317 AD | Emperor Xiaomin | 孝愍皇帝 | – | |
Eastern Jin (東晉) (317–420 AD) | ||||||||||
Emperor Yuan of Jin | Sīmǎ Ruì | 司馬睿 | 317–322 AD | Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 317–318 AD | Emperor Yuan | 元皇帝 | Zhōngzōng | 中宗 |
Dàxīng | 大興 | 318–321 AD | ||||||||
Yǒngchāng | 永昌 | 321–322 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Míng of Jin | Sīmǎ Shào | 司馬紹 | 322–325 AD | Yǒngchāng | 永昌 | 322–323 AD | Emperor Ming | 明皇帝 | Suzu | 肅祖 |
Tàiníng | 太寧 | 323–325 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Cheng of Jin | Sīmǎ Yǎn | 司馬衍 | 325–342 AD | Tàiníng | 太寧 | 325 AD | Emperor Cheng | 成皇帝 | Xianzong | 顯宗 |
Xiánhé | 咸和 | 326–334 AD | ||||||||
Xiánkāng | 咸康 | 335–342 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Kang of Jin | Sīmǎ Yuè | 司馬岳 | 342–344 AD | Jiànyuán | 建元 | 343–344 AD | Emperor Kang | 康皇帝 | – | |
Emperor Mu of Jin | Sima Dān | 司馬聃 | 345–361 AD | Yǒnghé | 永和 | 345–356 AD | Emperor Mu | 穆皇帝 | Xianzong | 顯宗 |
Shēngpíng | 升平 | 357–361 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Ai of Jin | Sīmǎ Pī | 司馬丕 | 361–365 AD | Lónghé | 隆和 | 362–363 AD | Emperor Ai | 哀皇帝 | – | |
Xīngníng | 興寧 | 363–365 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Fei of Jin | Sīmǎ Yì | 司馬奕 | 365–371 AD | Tàihé | 太和 | 365–371 AD | – | – | ||
Emperor Jianwen of Jin | Sīmǎ Yù | 司馬昱 | 371–372 AD | Xiánān | 咸安 | 371–372 AD | Emperor Jianwen | 簡文皇帝 | Taizong | 太宗 |
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin | Sīmǎ Yào | 司馬曜 | 372–396 AD | Níngkāng | 寧康 | 373–375 AD | Emperor Xiaowu | 孝武皇帝 | Lièzōng | 烈宗 |
Tàiyuán | 太元 | 376–396 AD | ||||||||
Emperor An of Jin | Sīmǎ Dézōng | 司馬德宗 | 396–418 AD | Lóngān | 隆安 | 397–401 AD | Emperor An | 安皇帝 | – | |
Yuánxīng | 元興 | 402–404 AD | ||||||||
Yìxī | 義熙 | 405–418 AD | ||||||||
Emperor Gong of Jin | Sīmǎ Déwén | 司馬德文 | 419–420 AD | Yuánxī | 元熙 | 419–420 AD | Emperor Gong | 恭皇帝 | – |
Sixteen Kingdoms (十六國) (304–439 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal name
Han Zhao (漢趙) (304–329 AD)
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han (漢) and Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Han (北漢) (304–318 AD) | |||||||||
Liu Yuan | 劉淵 | 304–310 AD | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 304–307 AD | Emperor Guangwen | 光文皇帝 | Gao Zu | 高祖 |
Yǒngfèng | 永鳳 | 308 AD | |||||||
Héruì | 河瑞 | 309 AD | |||||||
Guāngxīng | 光興 | 310 | |||||||
Liu He | 劉和 | 7 days in 310 AD | – | – | |||||
Liu Cong | 劉聰 | 310–318 AD | Emperor Zhaowu | 昭武皇帝 | Lie Zong | 烈宗 | |||
Jiāpíng | 嘉平 | 311–315 AD | |||||||
Jiànyuán | 建元 | 316 AD | |||||||
Línjiā | 麟嘉 | 317–318 AD | |||||||
Liu Can | 劉粲 | a month and some days in 318 AD | Hànchāng (until renaming as Former Zhao) | 漢昌 | 318 AD | Emperor Yin | 隱皇帝 | – | |
Former Zhao (前趙) (318–329 AD) | |||||||||
Liu Yao | 劉曜 | 318–329 AD | Guāngchū (until conquest by Later Zhao) | 光初 | 318–329 AD | – | – |
Cheng Han (成漢) (304–347 AD)
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng (成) and Han (漢)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cheng (成) (304–338 AD) | |||||||||
Li Te | 李特 | 303 AD | Jiànchū
or Jǐngchū |
建初
or 景初 |
303 AD | Emperor Jing | 景皇帝 | Shǐzu or Shìzu |
始祖
or 世祖 |
Li Liu | 李流 | several months in 303 AD | Prince Wen of Qin | 秦文王 | – | ||||
Li Xiong | 李雄 | 303–334 AD | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 | Taizong | 太宗 | |||
Jiànxīng | 建興 | 304–305 AD | |||||||
Yànpīng | 晏平 | 306–310 AD | |||||||
Yùhéng | 玉衡 | 311–334 AD | |||||||
Li Ban | 李班 | 7 months in 334 AD | Emperor Ai | 哀皇帝 | – | ||||
Li Qi | 李期 | 334–338 AD | Hànxīng | 漢興 | 337–338 AD | Duke You | 幽公 | – | |
Han (漢) (338–347 AD) | |||||||||
Li Shou | 李壽 | 338–343 AD | Hànxīng (漢興) 338–343 AD (continuation) | 漢興 | 338–343 AD (continuation) | Emperor Zhaowen | 昭文皇帝 | Zhongzong | 中宗 |
Li Shi | 李勢 | 343–347 | Tàihé | 太和 | 344–345 AD | – | – | ||
Jiāníng | 嘉寧 | 346–347 AD (until conquest by Eastern Jin) |
Later Zhao (後趙) (319–351 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shi Le | 石勒 | 319–333 AD | Prince Zhao | 趙王 | 319–327 | Emperor Ming | 明皇帝 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Tàihé | 太和 | 328–329 AD | |||||||
Jiànpíng | 建平 | 330–332 AD | |||||||
Yánxī | 延熙 | 333 AD | |||||||
Shi Hong | 石弘 | 333–334 AD | Yánxī | 延熙 | 333 AD | – | – | ||
Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 334 AD | |||||||
Shi Hu | 石虎 | 334–349 | Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 335–348 AD | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Taìníng | 太寧 | 349 AD | |||||||
Shi Shi | 石世 | 73 days in 349 AD | – | – | |||||
Shi Zun | 石遵 | 183 days in 349 AD | – | – | |||||
Shi Jian | 石鑒 | 103 days within 349–350 AD | Qīnglóng | 青龍 | (changed mid-year) | – | – | ||
Shi Zhi | 石祗 | 350–351 AD | Yǒngníng | 永寧 | 350–351 AD (until Ran Min's coup) | – | – |
Former Liang (前涼) (320–376 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang Mao | 張茂 | 320–324 AD | Jianxing | 建興 | 320–354 AD | Prince Cheng | 成王 | – | |
Zhang Jun | 張駿 | 324–346 AD | Prince Wen | 文王 | – | ||||
Zhang Chonghua | 張重華 | 346–353 AD | Prince Huan | 桓王 | – | ||||
Zhang Yaoling | 張曜靈 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 AD | Duke Ai | 哀公 | – | ||||
Zhang Zuo | 張祚 | 353–355 AD | Prince Wei | 威王 | – | ||||
Heping | 和平 | 354–355 AD | |||||||
Zhang Xuanjing | 張玄靚 | 355–363 AD | Jianxing | 建興 | 355–361 | Duke Jingdao or Prince Chong |
敬悼公
or 沖王 |
– | |
Shengping | 升平 | 361–376 AD | |||||||
Zhang Tianxi | 張天錫 | 364–376 AD | Duke Dao | 悼公 | – |
Former Yan (前燕) (337–370 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong Huang | 慕容皝 | 337–348 AD | Yànwáng | 燕王 | 337–348 AD | Emperor Wenming | 文明皇帝 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Murong Jun | 慕容俊 | 348–360 AD | Yànyuán | 燕元 | 349–351 AD | Emperor Jingzhao | 景昭皇帝 | Liezong | 烈宗 |
Yuánxǐ | 元璽 | 352–357 AD | |||||||
Shēngpíng | 升平 | 357 AD (as vassal of Jin) | |||||||
Guāngshòu | 光壽 | 357–359 AD | |||||||
Murong Wei | 慕容暐 | 360–370 AD | Jiànxī | 建熙 | 359–365 AD | Emperor You | 幽皇帝 | – | |
Jiànyuán | 建元 | 366–370 AD |
Former Qin (前秦) (351–394 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fu Jian | 苻健 | 351–355 AD | Huangshi | 皇始 | 351–355 AD | Emperor Jingming | 景明皇帝 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Fu Sheng | 苻生 | 355–357 AD | Shouguang | 壽光 | 355–357 AD | Prince Li | 厲王 | – | |
Fu Jian | 苻堅 | 357–385 AD | Yongxing | 永興 | 357–359 AD | Emperor Xuanzhao | 宣昭皇帝 | Shizu | 世祖 |
Ganlu | 甘露 | 359–364 AD | |||||||
Jianyuan | 建元 | 365–385 AD | |||||||
Fu Pi | 苻丕 | 385–386 AD | Taian | 太安 | 385–386 AD | Emperor Aiping | 哀平皇帝 | – | |
Fu Deng | 苻登 | 386–394 AD | Taichu | 太初 | 385–394 AD | Emperor Gao | 高皇帝 | Taizong | 太宗 |
Fu Chong | 苻崇 | several months in 394 AD | Yanchu | 延初 | 394 AD | – | – |
Later Yan (後燕) (384–409 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong Chui | 慕容垂 | 384–396 AD | Yànwáng | 燕王 | 384–385 AD | Emperor Chengwu | 成武皇帝 | Shizu | 世祖 |
Jianxing | 建興 | 386–396 AD | |||||||
Murong Bao | 慕容寶 | 396–398 AD | Yongkang | 永康 | 396–398 AD | Emperor Huimin | 惠愍皇帝 | Liezong | 烈宗 |
Murong Sheng | 慕容盛 | 398–401 AD | Jianping | 建平 | 398 AD | Emperor Zhaowu | 昭武皇帝 | Zhongzong | 中宗 |
Changle | 長樂 | 399–401 AD | |||||||
Murong Xi | 慕容熙 | 401–407 AD | Guangshi | 光始 | 401–406 AD | Emperor Zhaowen | 昭文皇帝 | – | |
Jianshi | 建始 | 407 AD |
Later Qin (後秦) (384–417 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yao Chang | 姚萇 | 384–393 AD | Baique | 白雀 | 384–386 AD | Emperor Wuzhao | 武昭皇帝 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Jianchu | 建初 | 386–393 AD | |||||||
Yao Xing | 姚興 | 394–416 | Huangchu | 皇初 | 394–399 AD | Emperor Wenhuan | 文桓皇帝 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Hongshi | 弘始 | 399–416 AD | |||||||
Yao Hong | 姚泓 | 416–417 AD | Yonghe | 永和 | 416–417 AD | – | – |
Western Qin (西秦) (385–400 AD, 409–431 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qifu Guoren | 乞伏國仁 | 385–388 AD | Jianyi | 建義 | 385–388 AD | Prince Xuanlie | 宣烈王 | Liezu | 烈祖 |
Qifu Qiangui | 乞伏乾歸 | 388–400 AD | Taichu | 太初 | 388–400 AD | Prince Wuyuan | 武元王 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
409–412 AD | Gengshi | 更始 | 409–412 AD | ||||||
Qifu Chipan | 乞伏熾磐 | 412–428 AD | Yongkang | 永康 | 412–419 AD | Prince Wenzhao | 文昭王 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Jianhong | 建弘 | 420–428 AD | |||||||
Qifu Mumo | 乞伏暮末 | 428–431 AD | Yonghong | 永弘 | 428–431 AD | – | – |
Later Liang (後涼) (386–403 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lü Guang | 呂光 | 386–399 AD | Taian | 太安 | 386–389 AD | Emperor Yiwu | 懿武皇帝 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Linjia | 麟嘉 | 389–396 AD | |||||||
Longfei | 龍飛 | 396–399 AD | |||||||
Lü Shao | 呂紹 | 399 AD | Prince Yin | 隱王 | – | ||||
Lü Zuan | 呂纂 | 399–401 AD | Xianning | 咸寧 | 399–401 AD | Emperor Ling | 靈皇帝 | – | |
Lü Long | 呂隆 | 401–403 AD | Shending | 神鼎 | 401–403 AD | – | – |
Southern Liang (南涼) (397–414 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tufa Wugu | 禿髮烏孤 | 397–399 AD | Taichu | 太初 | 397–399 AD | Prince Wu | 武王 | Liezu | 烈祖 |
Tufa Lilugu | 禿髮利鹿孤 | 399–402 AD | Jianhe AD | 建和 | 399–402 AD | Prince Kang | 康王 | – | |
Tufa Rutan | 禿髮傉檀 | 402–414 AD | Hongchang | 弘昌 | 402–404 AD | Prince Jǐng | 景王 | – | |
Jiaping | 嘉平) | 409–414 AD |
Northern Liang (北涼) (397–439 AD)
Note: The Northern Liang was re-established at Gaochang in 442 AD.
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duan Ye | 段業 | 397–401 AD | Shenxi | 神璽 | 397–399 AD | – | – | ||
Tianxi | 天璽 | 399–401 AD | |||||||
Juqu Mengxun | 沮渠蒙遜 | 401–433 AD | Yongan | 永安 | 401–412 AD | Prince Wuxuan | 武宣王 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Xuanshi | 玄始 | 412–428 AD | |||||||
Chengxuan | 承玄 | 428–430 AD | |||||||
Yihe | 義和 | 430–433 AD | |||||||
Juqu Mujian | 沮渠牧犍 | 433–439 AD | Yonghe | 永和 | 433–439 AD | Prince Ai | 哀王 | – | |
Juqu Wuhui | 沮渠無諱 | 442–444 AD | Chengping | 承平 | 442–443 AD | – | – | ||
Qianshou | 乾壽 | 443–444 AD | |||||||
Juqu Anzhou | 沮渠安周 | 444–460 AD | Chengping | 承平 | 444–460 AD | – | – |
Southern Yan (南燕) (398–410 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong De | 慕容德 | 398–405 AD | Yanwang | 燕王 | 398–400 AD | Emperor Xianwu | 獻武皇帝 | Shizong | 世宗 |
Jianping | 建平 | 400–405 AD | |||||||
Murong Chao | 慕容超 | 405–410 AD | Taishang | 太上 | 405–410 AD | – | – |
Western Liang (西涼) (400–421 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li Gao | 李暠 | 400–417 AD | Gengzi | 庚子 | 400–405 AD | Prince Wuzhao | 武昭王 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Jianchu | 建初 | 406–416 AD | |||||||
Li Xin | 李歆 | 417–420 AD | Jiaxing | 嘉興 | 417–420 AD | – | – | ||
Li Xun | 李恂 | 420–421 AD | Yongjian | 永建 | 420–421 AD | – | – |
Hu Xia (胡夏) (407–431 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Helian Bobo | 赫連勃勃 | 407–425 AD | Longsheng | 龍升 | 407–413 AD | Emperor Wulie | 武烈皇帝 | Shizu | 世祖 |
Fengxiang | 鳳翔 | 413–418 AD | |||||||
Changwu | 昌武 | 418–419 AD | |||||||
Zhenxing | 真興 | 419–425 AD | |||||||
Helian Chang | 赫連昌 | 425–428 AD | Chengguang | 承光 | 425–428 AD | – | – | ||
Helian Ding | 赫連定 | 428–431 AD | Shengguang | 勝光 | 425–428 AD | – | – |
Northern Yan (北燕) (407–436 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gao Yun | 高雲/慕容雲 | 407–409 AD | Zhengshi | 正始 | 407–409 AD | Emperor Huiyi | 惠懿皇帝 | – | |
Feng Ba | 馮跋 | 409–430 AD | Taiping | 太平 | 409–430 AD | Emperor Wencheng | 文成皇帝 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Feng Hong | 馮弘 | 430–436 AD | Daxing | 大興 | 430–436 AD | Emperor Zhaocheng | 昭成皇帝 | – |
Other sovereignties traditionally not counted among the Sixteen Kingdoms
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei (冉魏) (350–352 AD)
Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ran Min | 冉閔 | 350–352 AD | Yongxing | 永興 | 350–352 AD | Heavenly King Wudao or Emperor Ping |
武悼天王 or 平皇帝 |
Western Yan (西燕) (384–394 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong Hong | 慕容泓 | 384 AD | Yanxing | 燕興 | 384–385 AD | Emperor Liewen | 烈文皇帝 |
Murong Chong | 慕容沖 | 384–386 AD | |||||
Gengshi | 更始 | 385–386 AD | Emperor Wei | 威皇帝 | |||
Duan Sui | 段隨 | 386 AD | Changping | 昌平 | 386 AD | – | |
Murong Yi | 慕容顗 | 386 AD | Jianming | 建明 | 386 AD | – | |
Murong Yao | 慕容瑤 | 386 AD | Jianping | 建平 | 386 AD | – | |
Murong Zhong | 慕容忠 | 386 AD | Jianwu | 建武 | 386 | – | |
Murong Yong | 慕容永 | 386–394 AD | Zhongxing | 中興 | 386–394 AD | – |
Western Shu (西蜀) (405–413 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qiao Zong | 譙縱 | 405–413 AD | – | – |
Tiefu tribe (匈奴 鐵弗部) (mid 3rd century–391 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Qubei | 劉去卑 | mid-3rd century | – | – | |||
Liu Gaoshengyuan | 劉誥升爰 | mid-3rd century – late 3rd century | – | – | |||
Liu Hu | 劉虎 | early 4th century (309?) – 341 AD | – | – | |||
Liu Wuheng | 劉務恒 | 341–356 AD | – | – | |||
Liu Eloutou | 劉閼陋頭 | 356–358 AD | – | – | |||
Liu Xiwuqi | 劉悉勿祈 | 358–359 AD | – | – | |||
Liu Weichen | 劉衛辰 | 359–391 AD | – | – |
Yuwen tribe (鮮卑 宇文部) (late 3rd century–345 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yuwen Mohuai | 宇文莫槐 | late 3rd century – 293 AD | – | – | |||
Yuwen Puhui or Yuwen Pubo |
宇文普回
or 宇文普撥 |
293 AD – late 3rd century | – | – | |||
Yuwen Qiubuqin | 宇文丘不勤 | late 3rd century | – | – | |||
Yuwen Mogui | 宇文莫圭 | late 3rd century (299?) – early 4th century (302?) | – | – | |||
Yuwen Xiduguan | 宇文悉獨官 | early 3rd century | – | – | |||
Yuwen Qidegui | 宇文乞得歸 | early 3rd century – 333 AD | – | – | |||
Yuwen Yidougui | 宇文逸豆歸 | 333–345 AD | – | – |
Duan tribe (鮮卑 段部) (303–338 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duan Wuwuchen | 段務勿塵 | 303 – 310 or 311 AD | – | – | |||
Duan Jilujuan | 段疾陸眷 | 310 or 311 – 318 AD | – | – | |||
Duan Shefuchen | 段涉復辰 | 318 AD | – | – | |||
Duan Pidi | 段匹磾 | 318–321 AD | – | – | |||
Duan Mopei | 段末柸 | 318–325 AD | – | – | |||
Duan Ya | 段牙 | 325 AD | – | – | |||
Duan Liao | 段遼 | 326–338 AD | – | – |
Chouchi (仇池) (296–371 AD, 385–443 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Former Chouchi (前仇池) (296–371 AD) | |||||||
Yang Teng | 楊騰 | late 2nd century – early 3rd century | – | – | |||
Yang Ju | 楊駒 | early 3rd century | – | – | |||
Yang Qianwan | 楊千萬 | early 3rd century – mid-3rd century | – | – | |||
Yang Feilong | 楊飛龍 | mid-3rd century – late 3rd century | – | – | |||
Yang Maosou | 楊茂搜 | late 3rd century – 317 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Nandi | 楊難敵 | 317–334 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Yi | 楊毅 | 334–337 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Chu | 楊初 | 337–355 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Guo | 楊國 | 355–356 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Jun | 楊俊 | 356–360 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Shi | 楊世 | 360–370 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Cuan | 楊篡 | 370–371 AD | – | – | |||
Later Chouchi (後仇池) (385–473 AD) | |||||||
Yang Ding | 楊定 | 385–394 AD | – | King Wǔ | 武王 | ||
Yang Sheng | 楊盛 | 394–425 AD | – | King Huìwén | 惠文王 | ||
Yang Xuan | 楊玄 | 425–429 AD | – | King Xiàozhāo | 孝昭王 | ||
Yang Baozong | 楊保宗 | 429 and 443 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Nandang | 楊難當 | 429–441 AD | Jianyi | 建義 | 436–440 AD | – | |
Yang Baochi | 楊保熾 | 442–443 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Wende | 楊文德 | 443–454 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Yuanhe | 楊元和 | 455–466 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Sengsi | 楊僧嗣 | 466–473 AD | – | – |
Wuxing (武興) (473–506 AD, 534–555 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang Wendu | 楊文度 | 473–477 AD | – | – | |
Yang Wenhong | 楊文弘 | 477–482 AD | – | – | |
Yang Houqi | 楊後起 | 482–486 AD | – | – | |
Yang Jishi | 楊集始 | 482–503 AD | – | King An | 安王 |
Yang Shaoxian | 楊紹先 | 503–506 AD, 534–535 AD | – | – | |
Yang Zhihui1 | 楊智慧 | 535–545 AD | – | – | |
Yang Bixie1 | 楊辟邪 | 545–553 AD | – | – | |
1 — Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person. |
Yinping (陰平) (477 AD–mid-6th century)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang Guangxiang | 楊廣香 | 477–483? | – | – | |||
Yang Jiong | 楊炯 | 483–495 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Chongzu | 楊崇祖 | 495-before 502 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Mengsun | 楊孟孫 | before 502–511 AD | – | – | |||
Yang Ding | 楊定 | 511- ? | – | – |
Tuoba tribe (鮮卑 拓拔部) (219–376 AD) & Dai (代) (310–376 AD)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuoba Liwei3 | 拓拔力微 | 219–277 AD | – | Emperor Shényuán | 神元皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Xilu | 拓拔悉鹿 | 277–286 AD | – | Emperor Zhāng | 章皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Chuo | 拓拔綽 | 286–293 AD | – | Emperor Píng | 平皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Fu | 拓拔弗 | 293–294 AD | – | Emperor Sī | 思皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Luguan | 拓拔祿官 | 294–307 AD | – | Emperor Zhāo | 昭皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Yituo | 拓拔猗㐌 | 295–305 AD | – | Emperor Huán | 桓皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Yilu | 拓拔猗盧 | 295–316 AD | – | Emperor Mù | 穆皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Liugen | 拓跋六根 | 316 AD | – | – | |||
Tuoba Pugen | 拓拔普根 | 316 AD | – | – | |||
Tuoba Shisheng | 拓跋始生 | 316 AD | – | – | |||
Tuoba Yulü | 拓拔鬱律 | 316–321 AD | – | Emperor Píngwén | 平文皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Heru | 拓拔賀傉 | 321–325 AD | – | Emperor Huì | 惠皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Hena | 拓拔紇那 | 325–329 AD and 335–337 AD | – | Emperor Yáng | 煬皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Yihuai | 拓拔翳槐 | 329–335 AD and 337–338 AD | – | Emperor Liè | 烈皇帝 | ||
Tuoba Shiyijian | 拓拔什翼健 | 338–376 AD | Jianguo | 建國 | 338–376 AD | Emperor Zhāochéng | 昭成皇帝 |
1 — All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as king (wáng) (王) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
2 — The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. 3 — Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu (始祖). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name |
Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝) (386–589 AD)
Northern dynasties (北朝) (386–581 AD)
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name
Northern Wei (北魏) (386–535 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei | Tuoba Gui | 拓拔珪 | 386–409 | Dengguo | 登國 | 386–396 | Emperor Daowu | 道武皇帝 |
Huangsh | 皇始 | 396–398 | ||||||
Tianxing | 天興 | 398–404 | ||||||
Tianci | 天賜 | 404–409 | ||||||
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei | Tuoba Si | 拓拔嗣 | 409–423 | Yongxing | 永興 | 409–413 | Emperor Mingyuan | 明元皇帝 |
Shenrui | 神瑞 | 414–416 | ||||||
Taichang | 泰常 | 416–423 | ||||||
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei | Tuoba Tao | 拓拔燾 | 424–452 | Shiguang | 始光 | 424–428 | Emperor Taiwu | 太武皇帝 |
Shenjia | 神䴥 | 428–431 | ||||||
Yanhe | 延和 | 432–434 | ||||||
Taiyan | 太延 | 435–440 | ||||||
Taipingzhenjun | 太平真君 | 440–451 | ||||||
Zhengping | 正平 | 451–452 | ||||||
Tuoba Yu | Tuoba Yu | 拓拔余 | 452 | Chengping | 承平 | 452 | Prince Yin | 隱王 |
Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei | Tuoba Jun | 拓拔濬 | 452–465 | Xingan | 興安 | 452–454 | Emperor Wencheng | 文成皇帝 |
Xingguang | 興光 | 454–455 | ||||||
Tai'an | 太安 | 455–459 | ||||||
Heping | 和平 | 460–465 | ||||||
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei | Tuoba Hong | 拓拔弘 | 466–471 | Tian'an | 天安 | 466–467 | Emperor Xianwen | 獻文皇帝 |
Huangxing | 皇興 | 467–471 | ||||||
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei | Yuan1 Hong (Tuoba Hong) | 元宏 (拓跋宏) | 471–499 | Yanxing | 延興 | 471–476 | Emperor Xiaowen | 孝文皇帝 |
Chengming | 承明 | 476 | ||||||
Taihe | 太和 | 477–499 | ||||||
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei | Yuan Ke | 元恪 | 499–515 | Jingming | 景明 | 500–503 | Emperor Xuanwu | 宣武皇帝 |
Zhengshi | 正始 | 504–508 | ||||||
Yongping | 永平 | 508–512 | ||||||
Yanchang | 延昌 | 512–515 | ||||||
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei | Yuan Xu | 元詡 | 516–528 | Xiping | 熙平 | 516–518 | Emperor Xiaoming | 孝明皇帝 |
Shengui | 神龜 | 518–520 | ||||||
Zhengguang | 正光 | 520–525 | ||||||
Xiaochang | 孝昌 | 525–527 | ||||||
Wutai | 武泰 | 528 | ||||||
Yuan Zhao | Yuan Zhao | 元釗 | 528 | – | – | |||
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei | Yuan Ziyou | 元子攸 | 528–530 | Jianyi | 建義 | 528 | Emperor Xiaozhuang | 孝莊皇帝 |
Yong'an | 永安 | 528–530 | ||||||
Yuan Ye | Yuan Ye | 元曄 | 530–531 | Jianming (建明) 530–531 | 建明 | 530–531 | – | |
Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei | Yuan Gong | 元恭 | 531–532 | Putai (普泰) 531–532 | 普泰 | 531–532 | Emperor Jiemin | 節閔皇帝 |
Yuan Lang | Yuan Lang | 元朗 | 531–532 | Zhongxing (中興) 531–532 | 中興 | 531–532 | – | |
Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei | Yuan Xiu | 元脩 | 532–535 | Taichang | 太昌 | 532 | Emperor Xiaowu | 孝武皇帝 |
Yongxing | 永興 | 532 | ||||||
Yongxi | 永熙 | 532–535 | ||||||
1 – The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of the Emperor Xiaowen in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well. |
Eastern Wei (東魏) (534–550 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei | Yuan Shanjian | 元善見 | 534–550 | Tianping | 天平 | 534–537 | Emperor Xiaojing | 孝靜皇帝 |
Yuanxiang | 元象 | 538–539 | ||||||
Xinghe | 興和 | 539–542 | ||||||
Wuding | 武定 | 543–550 |
Western Wei (西魏) (535–557 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wen of Western Wei | Yuan Baoju | 元寶炬 | 535–551 | Datong | 大統 | 535–551 | Emperor Wen | 文皇帝 |
Emperor Fei of Western Wei | Yuan Qin | 元欽 | 552–554 | – | – | |||
Emperor Gong of Western Wei | Tuoba Kuo | 拓拔廓 | 554–557 | – | Emperor Gong | 恭皇帝 |
Northern Qi (北齊) (550–577 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reigns | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi | Gao Yang | 高洋 | 550–559 | Tianbao | 天保 | 550–559 | Emperor Wenxuan | 文宣皇帝 |
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi | Gao Yin | 高殷 | 559–560 | Qianming | 乾明 | 560 | – | |
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi | Gao Yan | 高演 | 560–561 | Huangjian | 皇建 | 560–561 | Emperor Xiaozhao | 孝昭皇帝 |
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi | Gao Zhan | 高湛 | 561–565 | Taining | 太寧 | 561–562 | Emperor Wucheng | 武成皇帝 |
Heqing | 河清 | 562–565 | ||||||
Gao Wei | Gao Wei | 高緯 | 565–577 | Tiantong | 天統 | 565–569 | – | |
Wuping | 武平 | 570–576 | ||||||
Longhua | 隆化 | 576 | ||||||
Gao Heng | Gao Heng | 高恆 | 577 | Chengguang | 承光 | 577 | – | |
Gao Shaoyi | Gao Shaoyi | 高紹義 | 577–579? | – | – |
Northern Zhou (北周) (557–581 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reigns | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Jue | 宇文覺 | 557 | – | Emperor Xiaomin | 孝閔皇帝 | ||
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Yu | 宇文毓 | 557–560 | Wucheng | 武成 | 559–560 | Emperor Ming or Emperor Xiaoming |
明皇帝
or 孝明皇帝 |
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Yong | 宇文邕 | 561–578 | Baoding | 保定 | 560–565 | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 |
Tianhe | 天和 | 566–572 | ||||||
Jiande | 建德 | 572–578 | ||||||
Xuanzheng | 宣政 | 578 | ||||||
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Yun | 宇文贇 | 578–579 | Dacheng | 大成 | 579 | Emperor Xuan | 宣皇帝 |
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Chan | 宇文闡 | 579–581 | Daxiang | 大象 | 579–581 | Emperor Jing | 靜皇帝 |
Dading | 大定 | 581 |
Southern dynasties (南朝) (420–589 AD)
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name
Liu Song (劉宋) (420–479 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wu of Liu Song | Liu Yu | 劉裕 | 420–422 | Yongchu | 永初 | 420–422 | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 |
Emperor Shao of Liu Song | Liu Yifu | 劉義符 | 423–424 | Jingping | 景平 | 423–424 | – | |
Emperor Wen of Liu Song | Liu Yilong | 劉義隆 | 424–453 | Yuanjia | 元嘉 | 424–453 | Emperor Wen | 文皇帝 |
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song | Liu Jun | 劉駿 | 454–464 | Xiaojian | 元嘉 | 454–456 | Emperor Xiaowu | 孝武皇帝 |
Daming | 大明 | 457–464 | ||||||
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song | Liu Ziye | 劉子業 | 465 | Yongguang | 永光 | 465 | – | |
Jinghe | 景和 | 465 | ||||||
Emperor Ming of Liu Song | Liu Yu | 劉彧 | 465–472 | Taishi | 泰始 | 465–471 | Emperor Ming |
明皇帝 |
Taiyu | 泰豫 | 472 | ||||||
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song | Liu Yu | 劉昱 | 473–477 | Yuanhui | 元徽 | 473–477 | Prince Cangwu | 蒼梧王 |
Emperor Shun of Liu Song | Liu Zhun | 劉準 | 477–479 | Shengming | 昇明 | 477–479 | Emperor Shun | 順皇帝 |
Southern Qi (南齊) (479–502 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi | Xiao Daocheng | 蕭道成 | 479–482 | Jianyuan | 建元 | 479–482 | Emperor Gao | 高皇帝 |
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi | Xiao Ze | 蕭賾 | 482–493 | Yongming | 永明 | 483–493 | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 |
Xiao Zhaoye | Xiao Zhaoye | 蕭昭業 | 493–494 | Longchang | 隆昌 | 494 | – | |
Xiao Zhaowen | Xiao Zhaowen | 蕭昭文 | 494 | Yanxing | 延興 | 494 | Prince Gong | 恭王 |
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi | Xiao Luan | 蕭鸞 | 494–498 | Jianwu | 建武 | 494–498 | Emperor Ming | 明皇帝 |
Yongtai | 永泰 | 498 | ||||||
Xiao Baojuan | Xiao Baojuan | 蕭寶卷 | 499–501 | Yongyuan | 永元 | 499–501 | Marquess Yang | 煬侯 |
Emperor He of Southern Qi | Xiao Baorong | 蕭寶融 | 501–502 | Zhongxing | 中興 | 501–502 | Emperor He | 和皇帝 |
Liang dynasty (梁朝) (502–557 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wu of Liang | Xiao Yan | 蕭衍 | 502–549 | Tianjian | 天監 | 502–519 | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 |
Putong | 普通 | 520–527 | ||||||
Datong | 大通 | 527–529 | ||||||
Zhongdatong | 中大通 | 529–534 | ||||||
Datong | 大同 | 535–546 | ||||||
Zhongdatong | 中大同 | 546–547 | ||||||
Taiqing | 太清 | 547–549 | ||||||
Emperor Jianwen of Liang | Xiao Gang | 蕭綱 | 549–551 | Dabao | 大寶 | 550–551 | Emperor Jianwen | 簡文皇帝 |
Xiao Dong | Xiao Dong | 蕭棟 | 551–552 | Tianzheng | 天正 | 551–552 | – | |
Emperor Yuan of Liang | Xiao Yi | 蕭繹 | 552–555 | Chengsheng | 承聖 | 552–555 | Emperor Xiaoyuan | 孝元皇帝 |
Xiao Yuanming | Xiao Yuanming | 蕭淵明 | 555 | Tiancheng | 天成 | 555 | Emperor Min | 閔皇帝 |
Emperor Jing of Liang | Xiao Fangzhi | 蕭方智 | 555–557 | Shaotai | 紹泰 | 555–556 | Emperor Jing | 敬皇帝 |
Taiping | 太平 | 556–557 | ||||||
Western Liang (西梁) (555–587 AD) | ||||||||
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang | Xiao Cha | 蕭詧 | 555–562 | Dading | 大定 | 555–562 | Emperor Xuan | 宣皇帝 |
Emperor Ming of Western Liang | Xiao Kui | 蕭巋 | 562–585 | Tianbao | 天保 | 562–585 | Emperor Xiaoming | 孝明皇帝 |
Emperor Jing of Western Liang | Xiao Cong | 蕭琮 | 585–587 | Guangyun | 廣運 | 562–585 | Emperor Xiaojing | 孝靖皇帝 |
Chen dynasty (陳朝) (557–589 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wu of Chen | Chen Baxian | 陳霸先 | 557–559 | Yongding | 永定 | 557–559 | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 |
Emperor Wen of Chen | Chen Qian | 陳蒨 | 559–566 | Tianjia | 天嘉 | 560–566 | Emperor Wen | 文皇帝 |
Tiankang | 天康 | 566 | ||||||
Emperor Fei of Chen | Chen Bozong | 陳伯宗 | 566–568 | Guangda | 光大 | 566–568 | – | |
Emperor Xuan of Chen | Chen Xu | 陳頊 | 569–582 | Taijian | 太建 | 569–582 | Emperor Xiaoxuan | 孝宣皇帝 |
Chen Shubao | Chen Shubao | 陳叔寶 | 583–589 | Zhide | 至德 | 583–586 | – | |
Zhenming | 禎明 | 587–589 |
Sui dynasty (隋朝) (581–619 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wen of Sui | Yáng Jiān | 楊堅 | 4 March 581 - 13 August 604 AD | Kāihuáng | 開皇 | 581–600 | Emperor Wen | 文皇帝 |
Rénshòu | 仁壽 | 601–604 | ||||||
Emperor Yang of Sui | Yáng Guǎng | 楊廣 | 605–617 | Dàyè | 大業 | 605–617 | Emperor Yang | 煬皇帝 |
Yang You1 | Yáng Yòu | 楊侑 | 617–618 | Yìníng | 義寧 | 617–618 | Emperor Gong | 恭皇帝 |
Yang Hao2 | Yáng Hào | 楊浩 | 618 | Huángtài | 皇泰 | 618–619 | – | |
Yang Tong3 | Yáng Tóng | 楊侗 | 618–619 | Emperor Gong | 恭皇帝 | |||
1 — Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan. 2 — Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor. 3 — After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed. |
Tang dynasty (唐朝) (618–690 AD, 705–907 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Tang" + temple name (except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong (唐玄宗) is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty (唐明皇))
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (and the corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name | Temple name (Miao Hao 庙号) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Lǐ Yuān | 李渊 | 618–626 | Wude | 武德 | 618–626 | Emperor Shenyao Dasheng Daguang Xiao | 神堯大聖大光孝皇帝 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Emperor Taizong of Tang | Lǐ Shìmín | 李世民 | 627–649 | Zhenguan | 貞觀 | 627–649 | Emperor Wenwu Dasheng Daguang Xiao | 文武大聖大廣孝皇帝 | Taizong | 太宗 |
Emperor Gaozong of Tang | Lǐ Zhì | 李治 | 650–683 | Yonghui | 永徽 | 650–655 | Emperor Tianhuang Dasheng Dahong Xiao | 天皇大聖大弘孝皇帝 | Gaozong | 高宗 |
Xianqing | 顯慶 | 656–661 | ||||||||
Longshuo | 龍朔 | 661–663 | ||||||||
Linde | 麟德 | 664–665 | ||||||||
Qianfeng | 乾封 | 666–668 | ||||||||
Zongzhang | 總章 | 668–670 | ||||||||
Xianheng | 咸亨 | 670–674 | ||||||||
Shangyuan | 上元 | 674–676 | ||||||||
Yifeng | 儀鳳 | 676–679 | ||||||||
Tiaolu | 調露 | 679–680 | ||||||||
Yonglong | 永隆 | 680–681 | ||||||||
Kaiyao | 開耀 | 681–682 | ||||||||
Yongchun | 永淳 | 682–683 | ||||||||
Hongdao | 弘道 | 683 | ||||||||
Emperor Zhongzong of China | Li Xian
or Li Zhe |
李显
or 李哲 |
684
and 705–710 |
Sisheng | 嗣聖 | 684 | Emperor Dahe Dasheng Dazhao Xiao | 大和大聖大昭孝皇帝 | Zhongzong | 中宗 |
Shenlong | 神龍 | 705–707 | ||||||||
Jinglong | 景龍 | 707–710 | ||||||||
Emperor Ruizong of Tang | Li Dan | 李旦 | 684–690
and 710–712 |
Wenming | 文明 | 684–690 | Emperor Xuanzhen Dasheng Daxing Xiao | 玄真大聖大興孝皇帝 | Ruizong | 睿宗 |
Jingyun | 景雲 | 710–711 | ||||||||
Taiji | 太極 | 712 | ||||||||
Yanhe | 延和 | 712 | ||||||||
Interregnum (690–705) | ||||||||||
Emperor Shang of Tang | Li Chongmao | 李重茂 | 710 | Tanglong | 唐隆 | 710 | Emperor Shang | 殤皇帝 | – | |
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang | Li Longji | 李隆基 | 712–756 | Xiantian | 先天 | 712–713 | Emperor Zhidao Dasheng Daming Xiao | 至道大聖大明孝皇帝 | Xuanzong | 玄宗 |
Kaiyuan | 開元 | 713–741 | ||||||||
Tianbao | 天寶 | 742–756 | ||||||||
Emperor Suzong of Tang | Li Heng | 李亨 | 756–762 | Jide | 至德 | 756–758 | Emperor Wenming Wude Dasheng Daxuan Xiao | 文明武德大聖大宣孝皇帝 | Suzong | 肅宗 |
Qianyuan | 乾元 | 758–760 | ||||||||
Shangyuan | 上元 | 760–761 | ||||||||
Emperor Daizong of Tang | Li Yu | 李豫 | 762–779 | Baoying | 寶應 | 762–763 | Emperor Ruiwen Xiaowu | 睿文孝武皇帝 | Daizong | 代宗 |
Guangde | 廣德 | 763–764 | ||||||||
Yongtai | 永泰 | 765–766 | ||||||||
Dali | 大曆 | 766–779 | ||||||||
Emperor Dezong of Tang | Li Gua | 李适 | 780–805 | Jianzhong | 建中 | 780–783 | Emperor Shenwu Xiaowen | 神武孝文皇帝 | Dezong | 德宗 |
Xingyuan | 興元 | 784 | ||||||||
Zhenyuan | 貞元 | 785–805 | ||||||||
Emperor Shunzong of Tang | Li Song | 李誦 | 805 | Yongzhen | 永貞 | 805 | Emperor Zhide Hongdao Dasheng Da'an Xiao | 至德弘道大聖大安孝皇帝 | Shunzong | 順宗 |
Emperor Xianzong of Tang | Li Chun | 李純 | 806–820 | Yuanhe | 元和 | 806–820 | Emperor Zhaowen Zhangwu Dasheng Zhishen Xiao | 昭文章武大聖至神孝皇帝 | Xianzong | 憲宗 |
Emperor Muzong of Tang | Li Heng | 李恆 | 821–824 | Changqing | 長慶 | 821–824 | Emperor Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao | 睿聖文惠孝皇帝 | Muzong | 穆宗 |
Emperor Jingzong of Tang | Li Zhan | 李湛 | 824–826 | Baoli | 寶曆 | 824–826 | Emperor Ruiwu Zhaomin Xiao | 睿武昭愍孝皇帝 | Jingzong | 敬宗 |
Emperor Wenzong of Tang | Li Ang | 李昂 | 826–840 | Emperor Yuansheng Zhaoxian Xiao | 元聖昭獻孝皇帝 | Wenzong | 文宗 | |||
Dahe
or Taihe |
大和
or 太和 |
827–835 | ||||||||
Kaicheng | 開成 | 836–840 | ||||||||
Emperor Wuzong of Tang | Li Yan | 李炎 | 840–846 | Huichang | 會昌 | 841–846 | Emperor Zhidao Zhaosu Xiao | 至道昭肅孝皇帝 | Wuzong | 武宗 |
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang | Li Chen | 李忱 | 846–859 | Dachong | 大中 | 847–859 | Emperor Yuansheng Zhiming Chengwu Xianwen Ruizhi Zhangren Shencong Yidao Daxiao | 元聖至明成武獻文睿智章仁神聰懿道大孝皇帝 | Xuanzong | 宣宗 |
Emperor Yizong of Tang | Li Cui | 李漼 | 859–873 | Emperor Zhaosheng Gonghui Xiao | 昭聖恭惠孝皇帝 | Yizong | 懿宗 | |||
Xiantong | 咸通 | 860–874 | ||||||||
Emperor Xizong of Tang | Li Xuan | 李儇 | 873–888 | Emperor Huisheng Gongding Xiao | 惠聖恭定孝皇帝 | Xizong | 僖宗 | |||
Qianfu | 乾符 | 874–879 | ||||||||
Guangming | 廣明 | 880–881 | ||||||||
Zhonghe | 中和 | 881–885 | ||||||||
Guangqi | 光啟 | 885–888 | ||||||||
Wende | 文德 | 888 | ||||||||
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang | Li Ye | 李曄 | 888–904 | Longji | 龍紀 | 889 | Emperor Shengmu Jingwen Xiao | 聖穆景文孝皇帝 | Zhaozong | 昭宗 |
Dashun | 大順 | 890–891 | ||||||||
Jingfu | 景福 | 892–893 | ||||||||
Qianning | 乾寧 | 894–898 | ||||||||
Guanghua | 光化 | 898–901 | ||||||||
Tianfu | 天復 | 901–904 | ||||||||
Tianyou | 天佑 | 904 | ||||||||
Emperor Ai of Tang | Li Zhu | 李柷 | 904–907 | Tianyou | 天佑 | 904–907 | Emperor Ai or Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao |
哀皇帝 or 昭宣光烈孝皇帝 |
Jingzong | 景宗 |
Wu Zhou (武周) (690–705 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal Name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號) | Posthumous name | Temple name | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wu Zetian | Wǔ Zhào | 武曌 | 690–705 | Tianshou | 天授 | 690–692 | Empress Regnant Tiance Jinlun Shengshen | 天冊金輪聖神皇帝 | Empress Consort Zetian Shunsheng1 | 則天順聖皇后1 | – | |
Ruyi | 如意 | 692 | ||||||||||
Changshou | 長壽 | 692–694 | ||||||||||
Yanzai | 延載 | 694 | ||||||||||
Zhengsheng | 證聖 | 695 | ||||||||||
Tiancewansui | 天冊萬歲 | 695–696 | ||||||||||
Wansuidengfeng | 萬歲登封 | 696 | ||||||||||
Wansuitongtian | 萬歲通天 | 696–697 | ||||||||||
Shengong | 神功 | 697 | ||||||||||
Shengli | 聖曆 | 698–700 | ||||||||||
Jiushi | 久視 | 700 | ||||||||||
Dazu | 大足 | 701 | ||||||||||
Chang'an | 長安 | 701–705 | ||||||||||
1 — While Wu Zetian was empress regnant from 690 to 705, she was posthumously honored as empress consort of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang. |
Huang Qi (黃齊) (881–884 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal Name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huang Chao | Huang Chao | 黃巢 | 881–884 | Wángbà | 王霸 | 878–880 | – |
Jīntǒng | 金統 | 881–884 |
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十國) (907–979 AD)
Five Dynasties (五代) (907–960 AD)
Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Later Liang (後梁) (907–923 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhū Wēn | 朱溫 | 907–912 | Emperor Shenwu Yuansheng Xiao | 神武元聖孝皇帝 | Kaīpíng | 開平 | 907–911 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Qiánhuà | 乾化 | 911–912 | |||||||
Zhu Yougui | 朱友珪 | 912–913 | – | Qiánhuà | 乾化 | 912–913 | – | ||
Fengli | 鳳曆 | 913 | |||||||
Zhū Zhèn | 朱瑱 | 913–923 | – | Qiánhuà | 乾化 | 913–915 | – | ||
Zhēnmíng | 貞明 | 915–921 | |||||||
Lóngdé | 龍德 | 921–923 |
Later Tang (後唐) (923–937 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lǐ Cúnxù | 李存勗 | 923–926 | Emperor Guangsheng Shenmin Xiao | 光聖神閔孝皇帝 | Tongguang | 同光 | 923–926 | Zhuangzong | 莊宗 |
Lǐ Sìyuán
or Lǐ Dǎn |
李嗣源
or 李亶 |
926–933 | Emperor Shengde Hewu Qinxiao | 聖德和武欽孝皇帝 | Tiancheng | 天成 | 926–930 | Mingzong | 明宗 |
Changxing | 長興 | 930–933 | |||||||
Lǐ Cónghòu | 李從厚 | 933–934 | Emperor Min | 閔皇帝 | Yingshun | 應順 | 933–934 | – | |
Lǐ Cóngkē | 李從珂 | 934–937 | – | Qingtai | 清泰 | 934–936 | – |
Later Jin (後晉) (936–947 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shi Jingtang | 石敬瑭 | 936–942 | Emperor Shengwen Zhangwu Mingde Xiao | 聖文章武明德孝皇帝 | Tianfu | 天福 | 936–944 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Shi Chonggui | 石重貴 | 942–947 | Emperor Chu | 出皇帝 | – | ||||
Kaiyun | 開運 | 944–947 |
Later Han (後漢) (947–951 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Zhiyuan | 劉知遠 | 947–948 | Emperor Ruiwen Shengwu Zhaosu Xiao | 睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝 | Tianfu | 天福 | 947 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Liu Chengyou | 劉承祐 | 948–951 | Emperor Yin | 隱皇帝 | Qianyou | 乾祐 | 948–951 | – |
Later Zhou (後周) (951–960 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guo Wei | 郭威 | 951–954 | Emperor Shengshen Gongsu Wenwu Xiao | 聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝 | Guangshun | 廣順 | 951–954 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Chai Rong | 柴榮 | 954–959 | Emperor Ruiwu Xiaowen | 睿武孝文皇帝 | Xiande | 顯德 | 954–960 | Shizong | 世宗 |
Chai Zongxun | 柴宗訓 | 959–960 | Emperor Gong | 恭皇帝 | – |
Ten Kingdoms (十國) (907–979 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise
Former Shu (前蜀) (907–925 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Jian | 王建 | 907–918 | Emperor Shenwu Shengwen Xiaode Minghui | 神武圣文孝德明惠皇帝 | Tianfu | 天復 | 907 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Wucheng | 武成 | 908–910 | |||||||
Yongping | 永平 | 911–915 | |||||||
Tongzheng | 通正 | 916 | |||||||
Tianhan | 天漢 | 917 | |||||||
Guangtian | 光天 | 918 | |||||||
Wang Zongyan | 王宗衍 | 918–925 | – | Qiande | 乾德 | 918–925 | – | ||
Xiankang | 咸康 | 925 |
Yang Wu (楊吳) (907–937 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang Xingmi | 楊行密 | 904–905 | Emperor Wu | 武皇帝 | Tianyou | 天祐 | 904–919 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Yang Wo | 楊渥 | 905–908 | Emperor Jing | 景皇帝 | Liezong | 烈宗 | |||
Yang Longyan | 楊隆演 | 908–921 | Emperor Xuan | 宣皇帝 | Gaozu | 高祖 | |||
Wuyi | 武義 | 919–921 | |||||||
Yang Pu | 楊溥 | 921–937 | Emperor Rui | 睿皇帝 | Shunyi | 順義 | 921–927 | – | |
Qianzhen | 乾貞 | 927–929 | |||||||
Dahe | 大和 | 929–935 | |||||||
Tianzuo | 天祚 | 935–937 |
Ma Chu (馬楚) (907–951 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ma Yin | 馬殷 | 897–930 | King Wumu | 武穆王 | – | – |
Ma Xisheng | 馬希聲 | 930–932 | – | – | – | |
Ma Xifan | 馬希範 | 932–947 | King Wenzhao | 文昭王 | – | – |
Ma Xiguang | 馬希廣 | 947–950 | – | – | – | |
Ma Xi'e | 馬希萼 | 950 | King Gongxiao | 恭孝王 | – | – |
Ma Xichong | 馬希崇 | 950–951 | – | – | – |
Wuyue (吳越) (907–978 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qian Liu | 錢鏐 | 904–932 | King Wusu | 武肅王 | Tianbao | 天寶 | 908–923 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Baoda | 寶大 | 923–925 | |||||||
Baozheng | 寶正 | 925–932 | |||||||
Qian Yuanguan | 錢元瓘 | 932–941 | King Wenmu | 文穆王 | – | Shizong | 世宗 | ||
Qian Hongzuo | 錢弘佐 | 941–947 | King Zhongxian | 忠獻王 | – | Chengzong | 成宗 | ||
Qian Hongzong | 錢弘倧 | 947 | King Zhongxun | 忠遜王 | – | – | |||
Qian Chu (Qian Hongchu) | 錢俶 (錢弘俶) | 947–978 | King Zhongyi | 忠懿王 | – | – |
Min (閩) (909–945 AD) & Yin (殷) (943–945 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Shenzhi | 王審知 | 909–925 | Emperor Zhaowu Xiao | 昭武孝皇帝 | – | Taizu | 太祖 | ||
Wang Yanhan | 王延翰 | 925–926 | – | – | – | ||||
Wang Yanjun | 王延鈞 | 926–935 | Emperor Qisu Mingxiao | 齊肅明孝皇帝 | Longqi | 龍啟 | 933–935 | Huizong | 惠宗 |
Yonghe | 永和 | 935 | |||||||
Wang Jipeng | 王繼鵬 | 935–939 | Emperor Shengshen Yingrui Wenming Guangwu Yingdao Dahong Xiao | 聖神英睿文明廣武應道大弘孝皇帝 | Tongwen | 通文 | 936–939 | Kangzong | 康宗 |
Wang Yanxi | 王延羲 | 939–944 | Emperor Ruiwen Guangwu Mingsheng Yuande Longdao Daxiao | 睿文廣武明聖元德隆道大孝皇帝 | Yonglong | 永隆 | 939–944 | Jingzong | 景宗 |
Wang Yanzheng | 王延政 | 943–945 | Prince Gongyi | 恭懿王 | Tiande | 天德 | 943–945 | – |
Southern Han (南漢) (917–971 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liú Yán or Liú Yǎn |
劉巖
or 劉龑 |
917–925 | Emperor Tianhuang Da | 天皇大帝 | Qiánhēng | 乾亨 | 917–925 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Báilóng | 白龍 | 925–928 | |||||||
Dàyǒu | 大有 | 928–941 | |||||||
Liú Bīn | 劉玢 | 941–943 | Emperor Shang | 殤皇帝 | Guāngtiān | 光天 | 941–943 | – | |
Liú Shèng | 劉晟 | 943–958 | Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao | 文武光圣明孝皇帝 | Yìngqián | 應乾 | 943 | Zhongzong | 中宗 |
Qiánhé | 乾和 | 943–958 | |||||||
Liú Chǎng | 劉鋹 | 958–971 | – | Dàbǎo | 大寶 | 958–971 | – |
Jingnan (荊南) (924–963 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gao Jixing | 高季興 | 909–928 | King Wuxin | 武信王 | – | – |
Gao Conghui | 高從誨 | 928–948 | King Wenxian | 文獻王 | – | – |
Gao Baorong | 高寶融 | 948–960 | King Zhenyi | 貞懿王 | – | – |
Gao Baoxu | 高寶勗 | 960–962 | – | – | – | |
Gao Jichong | 高繼沖 | 962–963 | – | – | – |
Later Shu (後蜀) (934–965 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meng Zhixiang | 孟知祥 | 934 | Emperor Wenwu Shengde Yinglie Mingxiao | 文武聖德英烈明孝皇帝 | Mingde | 明德 | 934–938 | Gaozu | 高祖 |
Meng Chang | 孟昶 | 938–965 | Prince Gongxiao | 恭孝王 | Guangzheng | 廣政 | 938–965 | – |
Southern Tang (南唐) (937–976 AD)
Chinese convention for this dynasty only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + "Qianzhu" (lit. "first lord"), "Zhongzhu" (lit. "middle lord") or "Houzhu" (lit. "last lord").
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li Bian | 李昪 | 937–943 | Emperor Guangwen Suwu Xiaogao | 光文肅武孝高皇帝 | Shengyuan | 昇元 | 937–943 | Liezu | 烈祖 |
Li Jing | 李璟 | 943–961 | Emperor Mingdao Chongde Wenxuan Xiao | 明道崇德文宣孝皇帝 | Baoda | 保大 | 943–958 | Yuanzong | 元宗 |
Jiaotai | 交泰 | 958 | |||||||
Zhongxing | 中興 | 958 | |||||||
Li Yu | 李煜 | 961–976 | – | – | – |
Northern Han (北漢) (951–979 AD)
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Min | 劉旻 | 951–954 | Emperor Shenwu | 神武皇帝 | Qianyou | 乾祐 | 951–957 | Shizu | 世祖 |
Liu Chengjun | 劉承鈞 | 954–968 | Emperor Xiaohe | 孝和皇帝 | Ruizong | 睿宗 | |||
Tianhui | 天會 | 957–968 | |||||||
Liu Ji'en | 劉繼恩 | 970 | – | – | – | ||||
Liu Jiyuan | 劉繼元 | 970–982 | Emperor Yingwu | 英武皇帝 | Guangyun | 廣運 | 970–982 | – |
Independent regimes during Ten Kingdoms
(local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)
Qingyuan Jiedushi (清源節度使) (949–978 AD)
Personal name | Name of posts | Period on post | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Congxiao | 留從效 | Commander-in-Chief of Quanzhang | 泉漳都指揮使 | 945–962 |
Liu Shaozi | 留紹鎡 | Regent of Quanzhang | 泉漳留守 | 962 |
Zhang Hansi | 張漢思 | Military Commissioner of Quanzhang | 泉漳節度使 | 962–963 |
Chen Hongjin | 陳洪進 | 963–978 |
Wuping Jiedushi (武平節度使) (950–963 AD)
Personal name | Name of posts | Period on post | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Yan | 劉言 | Military Commissioner of Wuping | 武平節度使 | 950–953 |
Wang Kui
or Wang Jinkui |
王逵
or 王進逵 |
953–956 | ||
Zhou Xingfeng | 周行逢 | Military Commissioner of Hunan | 湖南節度使 | 956–962 |
Zhou Baoquan | 周保權 | 962–963 |
Liao dynasty (遼朝) (916–1125 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + regnal name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Taizu of Liao | Yēlǜ Ābǎojī | 耶律阿保機 | 916–926 | Emperor Dasheng Daming Shenlie Tian | 大聖大明神烈天皇帝 | Shence | 神冊 | 916–922 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Tianzan | 天贊 | 922–926 | ||||||||
Tianxian | 天顯 | 926 | ||||||||
Emperor Taizong of Liao | Yēlǜ Déguāng | 耶律德光 | 926–947 | Emperor Xiaowu Huiwen | 孝武惠文皇帝 | Tianxian | 天顯 | 927–938 | Taizong | 太宗 |
Huitong | 會同 | 938–947 | ||||||||
Datong | 大同 | 947 | ||||||||
Emperor Shizong of Liao | Yēlǜ Ruǎn | 耶律阮 | 947–951 | Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian | 孝和莊憲皇帝 | Tianlu | 天祿 | 947–951 | Shizong | 世宗 |
Emperor Muzong of Liao | Yēlǜ Jǐng | 耶律璟 | 951–969 | Emperor Xiao'an Jingzheng | 孝安敬正皇帝 | Yingli | 應曆 | 951–969 | Muzong | 穆宗 |
Emperor Jingzong of Liao | Yēlǜ Xián | 耶律賢 | 969–982 | Emperor Xiaocheng Kangjing | 孝成康靖皇帝 | Baoning | 保寧 | 969–979 | Jingzong | 景宗 |
Qianheng | 乾亨 | 979–982 | ||||||||
Emperor Shengzong of Liao | Yēlǜ Lóngxù | 耶律隆緒 | 982–1031 | Emperor Wenwu Daxiao Xuan | 文武大孝宣皇帝 | Qianheng | 乾亨 | 982 | Shengzong | 聖宗 |
Tonghe | 統和 | 983–1012 | ||||||||
Kaitai | 開泰 | 1012–1021 | ||||||||
Taiping | 太平 | 1021–1031 | ||||||||
Emperor Xingzong Liao | Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn | 耶律宗真 | 1031–1055 | Emperor Shensheng Xiaozhang | 神聖孝章皇帝 | Jingfu | 景福 | 1031–1032 | Xingzong | 興宗 |
Chongxi | 重熙 | 1032–1055 | ||||||||
Emperor Daozong of Liao | Yēlǜ Hóngjī | 耶律洪基 | 1055–1101 | Emperor Rensheng Daxiao Wen | 仁聖大孝文皇帝 | Qingning | 清寧 | 1055–1064 | Daozong | 道宗 |
Xianyong | 咸雍 | 1065–1074 | ||||||||
Taikang
or Dakang |
太康
or 大康 |
1075–1084 | ||||||||
Da'an | 大安 | 1085–1094 | ||||||||
Shouchang
or Shoulong |
壽昌
or 壽隆 |
1095–1101 | ||||||||
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao1 | Yēlǜ Yánxǐ | 耶律延禧 | 1101–1125 | – | Qiantong | 乾統 | 1101–1110 | – | ||
Tianqing | 天慶 | 1111–1120 | ||||||||
Baoda | 保大 | 1121–1125 | ||||||||
1 — "Emperor Tianzuo" was the regnal name (尊號) of Yelü Yanxi. |
Northern Liao (北遼) (1122–1123 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal name or "Northern Liao" + temple name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yelü Chun | Yelü Chun | 耶律淳 | 1122 | Emperor Xiaozhang | 孝章皇帝 | Jianfu | 建福 | 1122 | Xuanzong | 宣宗 |
Xiao Puxiannü (regent) |
Xiao Puxiannü | 蕭普賢女 | 1122–1123 | – | Dexing | 德興 | 1122–1123 | – |
Western Liao (西遼) (1124–1218 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yelü Dashi | Yēlǜ Dàshí
or Yēlǜ Dáshí1 |
耶律大石
or 耶律達實 |
1124–1144 | Emperor Tianyou Wulie | 天祐武烈皇帝 | Yanqing | 延慶 | 1124 or 1125–1134 | Dezong | 德宗 |
Kangguo | 康國 | 1134–1144 | ||||||||
Xiao Tabuyan (regent) |
Xiāo Tǎbùyān | 蕭塔不煙 | 1144–1150 | Empress Consort Gantian | 感天皇后 | Xianqing | 咸清 | 1144–1150 | – | |
Yelü Yilie | Yēlǜ Yíliè | 耶律夷列 | 1150–1164 | – | Shaoxing
or Xuxing2 |
紹興
or 續興 |
1150–1164 | Renzong | 仁宗 | |
Yelü Pusuwan (regent) |
Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán | 耶律普速完 | 1164–1178 | Empress Dowager Chengtian | 承天太后 | Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164–1178 | 崇福 | 1164–1178 | – | |
Yelü Zhilugu | Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ | 耶律直魯古 | 1178–1211 | – | Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī) 1178–1218 | 天禧 | 1178–1218 | – | ||
Kuchlug | Qūchūlǜ | 屈出律 | 1211–1218 | – | – | – | ||||
1 — "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.
2 — Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[1] |
Dongdan (東丹) (926–952 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yelü Bei | Yelü Bei | 耶律倍 | 926–930 | Emperor Wenxian Qinyi | 文獻欽義皇帝 | Ganlu | 甘露 | 926–936 | Yizong | 義宗 |
Empress Consort Duanshun | Lady Xiao (name unknown) (regent) |
蕭氏 | 930–940 | Empress Consort Duanshun | 端順皇后 | – | ||||
Emperor Shizong of Liao (same person as the third Liao emperor) |
Yelü Ruan | 耶律阮 | 940–947 | Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian | 孝和莊憲皇帝 | – | – | |||
Yelü Anduan | Yelü Anduan | 耶律安端 | 947–952 | – | – | – |
Song dynasty (宋朝) (960–1279 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng))
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Song (北宋) (960–1127 AD) | ||||||||||
Emperor Taizu of Song | Zhao Kuangyin | 趙匡胤 | 960–976 | Emperor Qiyun Liji Yingwu Ruiwen Shende Shenggong Zhiming Daxiao | 啟運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝 | Jianlong | 建隆 | 960–963 | Taizu | 太祖 |
Qiande | 乾德 | 963–968 | ||||||||
Kaibao | 開寶 | 968–976 | ||||||||
Emperor Taizong of Song | Zhao Kuangyi
or Zhao Guangyi or Zhao Jiong |
趙匡義
or 趙光義 or 趙炅 |
976–997 | Emperor Zhiren Yingdao Shengong Shengde Wenwu Ruilie Daming Guangxiao | 至仁應道神功聖德文武睿烈大明廣孝皇帝 | Taipingxingguo | 太平興國 | 976–984 | Taizong | 太宗 |
Yongxi | 雍熙 | 984–987 | ||||||||
Duangong | 端拱 | 988–989 | ||||||||
Chunhua | 淳化 | 990–994 | ||||||||
Zhidao | 至道 | 995–997 | ||||||||
Emperor Zhenzong of Song | Zhao Heng | 趙恆 | 997–1022 | Emperor Yingfu Jigu Shengong Rangde Wenming Wuding Zhangsheng Yuanxiao | 應符稽古神功讓德文明武定章聖元孝皇帝 | Xianping | 咸平 | 998–1003 | Zhenzong | 真宗 |
Jingde | 景德 | 1004–1007 | ||||||||
Dazhongxiangfu | 大中祥符 | 1008–1016 | ||||||||
Tianxi | 天禧 | 1017–1021 | ||||||||
Qianxing | 乾興 | 1022 | ||||||||
Emperor Renzong of Song | Zhao Zhen | 趙禎 | 1022–1063 | Emperor Titian Fadao Jigong Quande Shenwen Shengwu Ruizhe Mingxiao | 體天法道極功全德神文聖武睿哲明孝皇帝 | Tiansheng | 天聖 | 1023–1032 | Renzong | 仁宗 |
Mingdao | 明道 | 1032–1033 | ||||||||
Jingyou | 景祐 | 1034–1038 | ||||||||
Baoyuan | 寶元 | 1038–1040 | ||||||||
Kangding | 康定 | 1040–1041 | ||||||||
Qingli | 慶曆 | 1041–1048 | ||||||||
Huangyou | 皇祐 | 1049–1054 | ||||||||
Zhihe | 至和 | 1054–1056 | ||||||||
Jiayou | 嘉祐 | 1056–1063 | ||||||||
Emperor Yingzong of Song | Zhao Shu | 趙曙 | 1063–1067 | Emperor Tiqian Yingli Longgong Shengde Xianwen Suwu Ruisheng Xuanxiao | 體乾應曆隆功盛德憲文肅武睿聖宣孝皇帝 | Zhiping | 治平 | 1064–1067 | Yingzong | 英宗 |
Emperor Shenzong of Song | Zhao Xu | 趙頊 | 1067–1085 | Emperor Tiyuan Xiandao Fagu Lixian Dide Wanggong Yingwen Liewu Qinren Shengxiao | 體元顯道法古立憲帝德王功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝 | Xining | 熙寧 | 1068–1077 | Shenzong | 神宗 |
Yuanfeng | 元豐 | 1078–1085 | ||||||||
Emperor Zhezong of Song | Zhao Xu | 趙煦 | 1085–1100 | Emperor Xianyuan Jidao Shede Yanggong Qinwen Ruiwu Qisheng Zhaoxiao | 憲元繼道世德揚功欽文睿武齊聖昭孝皇帝 | Yuanyou | 元祐 | 1086–1094 | Zhezong | 哲宗 |
Shaosheng | 紹聖 | 1094–1098 | ||||||||
Yuanfu | 元符 | 1098–1100 | ||||||||
Emperor Huizong of Song | Zhao Ji | 趙佶 | 1100–1125 | Emperor Tishen Hedao Junlie Xungong Shengwen Rende Cixian Xianxiao | 體神合道駿烈遜功聖文仁德慈憲顯孝皇帝 | Jianzhongjingguo | 建中靖國 | 1101 | Huizong | 徽宗 |
Chongning | 崇寧 | 1102–1106 | ||||||||
Daguan | 大觀 | 1107–1110 | ||||||||
Zhenghe | 政和 | 1111–1118 | ||||||||
Chonghe | 重和 | 1118–1119 | ||||||||
Xuanhe | 宣和 | 1119–1125 | ||||||||
Emperor Qinzong of Song | Zhao Huan | 趙桓 | 1126–1127 | Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao | 恭文順德仁孝皇帝 | Jingkang | 靖康 | 1125–1127 | Qinzong | 欽宗 |
Southern Song (南宋) (1127–1279 AD) | ||||||||||
Emperor Gaozong of Song | Zhao Gou | 趙構 | 1127–1162 | Emperor Shouming Zhongxing Quangong Zhide Shengshen Wuwen Zhaoren Xianxiao | 受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝 | Jianyan | 建炎 | 1127–1130 | Gaozong | 高宗 |
Shaoxing | 紹興 | 1131–1162 | ||||||||
Emperor Xiaozong of Song | Zhao Shen | 趙昚 | 1162–1189 | Emperor Shaotong Tongdao Guande Zhaogong Zhewen Shenwu Mingsheng Chengxiao | 紹統同道冠德昭功哲文神武明聖成孝皇帝 | Longxing | 隆興 | 1163–1164 | Xiaozong | 孝宗 |
Qiandao | 乾道 | 1165–1173 | ||||||||
Chunxi | 淳熙 | 1174–1189 | ||||||||
Emperor Guangzong of Song | Zhao Dun | 趙惇 | 1189–1194 | Emperor Xundao Xianren Minggong Maode Wenwen Shunwu Shengzhe Cixiao | 循道憲仁明功茂德溫文順武聖哲慈孝皇帝 | Shaoxi | 紹熙 | 1190–1194 | Guangzong | 光宗 |
Emperor Ningzong of Song | Zhao Kuo | 趙擴 | 1194–1224 | Emperor Fatian Beidao Chunde Maogong Renwen Zhewu Shengrui Gongxiao | 法天備道純德茂功仁文哲武聖睿恭孝皇帝 | Qingyuan | 慶元 | 1195–1200 | Ningzong | 寧宗 |
Jiatai | 嘉泰 | 1201–1204 | ||||||||
Kaixi | 開禧 | 1205–1207 | ||||||||
Jiading | 嘉定 | 1208–1224 | ||||||||
Emperor Lizong of Song | Zhao Yun | 趙昀 | 1224–1264 | Emperor Jiandao Beide Dagong Fuxing Liewen Renwu Shengming Anxiao | 建道備德大功復興烈文仁武聖明安孝皇帝 | Baoqing | 寶慶 | 1225–1227 | Lizong | 理宗 |
Shaoding | 紹定 | 1228–1233 | ||||||||
Duanping | 端平 | 1234–1236 | ||||||||
Jiaxi | 嘉熙 | 1237–1240 | ||||||||
Chunyou | 淳祐 | 1241–1252 | ||||||||
Baoyou | 寶祐 | 1253–1258 | ||||||||
Kaiqing | 開慶 | 1259 | ||||||||
Jingding | 景定 | 1260–1264 | ||||||||
Emperor Duzong of Song | Zhao Qi | 趙禥 | 1264–1274 | Emperor Duanwen Mingwu Jingxiao | 端文明武景孝皇帝 | Xianchun | 咸淳 | 1265–1274 | Duzong | 度宗 |
Emperor Gong of Song | Zhao Xian | 趙顯 | 1274–1276 | – | Deyou | 德祐 | 1275–1276 | – | ||
Emperor Duanzong of Song | Zhao Shi | 趙昰 | 1276–1278 | Emperor Yuwen Zhaowu Minxiao | 裕文昭武愍孝皇帝 | Jingyan | 景炎 | 1276–1278 | Duanzong | 端宗 |
Zhao Bing | Zhao Bing | 趙昺 | 1278–1279 | – | Xiangxing | 祥興 | 1278–1279 | – |
Dali Kingdom (大理) (937–1094 AD, 1096–1253 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Former Dali (前大理) (937–1094 AD) | ||||||||||
Duan Siping | Duan Siping | 段思平 | 937–944 | Emperor Shengshen Wenwu | 聖神文武皇帝 | Wende | 文德 | 938–? | Taizu | 太祖 |
Shenwu | 神武 | ?–944 | ||||||||
Duan Siying | Duan Siying | 段思英 | 944–945 | – | Wenjing | 文經 | 945 | – | ||
Duan Siliang | Duan Siliang | 段思良 | 945–952 | Emperor Shengci Wenwu | 聖慈文武皇帝 | Zhizhi | 至治 | 946–951 | – | |
Duan Sicong | Duan Sicong | 段思聰 | 952–968 | Emperor Zhidao Guangci | 至道廣慈皇帝 | Mingde | 明德 | 952–? | – | |
Guangde | 廣德 | ?–967 | ||||||||
Shunde | 順德 | 968 | ||||||||
Duan Sushun | Duan Sushun | 段素順 | 968–985 | Emperor Yingdao | 應道皇帝 | Mingzheng | 明政 | 969–985 | – | |
Duan Suying | Duan Suying | 段素英 | 985–1009 | Emperor Zhaoming | 昭明皇帝 | Guangming | 廣明 | 986–? | – | |
Mingying | 明應 | ? | ||||||||
Mingtong | 明統 | ? | ||||||||
Mingsheng | 明聖 | ? | ||||||||
Mingzhi | 明治 | ? | ||||||||
Duan Sulian | Duan Sulian | 段素廉 | 1009–1022 | Emperor Xuansu | 宣肅皇帝 | Mingqi | 明啟 | 1010–1022 | – | |
Duan Sulong | Duan Sulong | 段素隆 | 1022–1026 | Emperor Bingyi | 秉義皇帝 | Mingtong | 明通 | 1023–1026 | – | |
Duan Suzhen | Duan Suzhen | 段素真 | 1026–1041 | Emperor Shengde | 聖德皇帝 | Zhengzhi | 正治 | 1027–1041 | – | |
Duan Suxing | Duan Suxing | 段素興 | 1041–1044 | – | Shengming | 聖明 | 1042–? | – | ||
Tianming | 天明 | ?–1044 | ||||||||
Duan Silian | Duan Silian | 段思廉 | 1044–1075 | Emperor Xiaode | 孝德皇帝 | Bao'an | 保安 | 1045–1052 | Xingzong | 興宗 |
Zheng'an | 政安 | 1053–? | ||||||||
Zhengde | 正德 | ? | ||||||||
Baode | 保德 | ?–1074 | ||||||||
Minghou | 明侯 | ? | ||||||||
Duan Lianyi | Duan Lianyi | 段廉義 | 1075–1080 | – | Shangde | 上德 | 1076 | – | ||
Duan Shouhui | Duan Shouhui | 段壽輝 | 1080–1081 | – | Shangming | 上明 | 1081 | – | ||
Duan Zhengming | Duan Zhengming | 段正明 | 1081–1094 | Emperor Baoding | 保定皇帝 | Baoli | 保立 | 1082 | – | |
Jian'an | 建安 | 1083–1091 | ||||||||
Tianyou | 天祐 | 1091–1094 | ||||||||
Later Dali (後大理) (1096–1253 AD) | ||||||||||
Duan Zhengchun | Duan Zhengchun | 段正淳 | 1096–1108 | Emperor Wen'an | 文安皇帝 | Tianshou | 天授 | 1096 | Zhongzong | 中宗 |
Mingkai | 明開 | 1097–1103 | ||||||||
Tianzheng | 天政 | 1103–1104 | ||||||||
Wen'an | 文安 | 1104–1108 | ||||||||
Duan Zhengyan | Duan Zhengyan | 段正嚴 | 1108–1147 | Emperor Xuanren | 宣仁皇帝 | Rixin | 日新 | 1109–1110 | Xianzong | 憲宗 |
Wenzhi | 文治 | 1110–? | ||||||||
Yongjia | 永嘉 | ?–1128 | ||||||||
Baotian | 保天 | 1129–1137 | ||||||||
Guangyun | 廣運 | 1138–1147 | ||||||||
Duan Zhengxing | Duan Zhengxing | 段正興 | 1147–1171 | Emperor Zhengkang | 正康皇帝 | Yongzhen | 永貞 | 1148 | Jingzong | 景宗 |
Dabao | 大寶 | 1149–1156 | ||||||||
Longxing | 龍興 | 1157–1161 | ||||||||
Shengming | 盛明 | 1162–? | ||||||||
Jiande | 建德 | ?–1171 | ||||||||
Duan Zhixing | Duan Zhixing | 段智興 | 1171–1200 | Emperor Gongji | 功極皇帝 | Lizhen | 利貞 | 1172–1174 | Xuanzong | 宣宗 |
Shengde | 盛德 | 1176–1180 | ||||||||
Jiahui | 嘉會 | 1181–1184 | ||||||||
Yuanheng | 元亨 | 1185–1195 | ||||||||
Ding'an | 定安 | 1195–1200 | ||||||||
Duan Zhilian | Duan Zhilian | 段智廉 | 1200–1204 | Emperor Hengtian | 亨天皇帝 | Fengli | 鳳曆 | 1200–? | Yingzong | 英宗 |
Yuanshou | 元壽 | ?–1204 | ||||||||
Duan Zhixiang | Duan Zhixiang | 段智祥 | 1204–1238 | – | Tiankai | 天開 | 1205–1225 | Shenzong | 神宗 | |
Tianfu | 天輔 | 1226 | ||||||||
Tianshou | 仁壽 | 1227–1238 | ||||||||
Duan Xiangxing | Duan Xiangxing | 段祥興 | 1238–1251 | Emperor Xiaoyi | 孝義皇帝 | Daolong | 道隆 | 1239–1251 | – | |
Duan Xingzhi | Duan Xingzhi | 段興智 | 1251–1254 | – | Tianding | 天定 | 1251–1254 | – |
Western Xia (西夏) (1038–1227 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name (or use personal name)
The Tangut names for about half of the Western Xia eras are known from Tangut texts or monumental inscriptions, or from Western Xia coins.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Jǐngzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Yuánhào | 李元昊 | 1032–1048 | Emperor Wǔliè | 武烈皇帝 | Xiǎndào | 顯道 | 1032–1034 | Jǐngzōng | 景宗 |
Kāiyùn | 開運 | 1034 | ||||||||
Guǎngpíng | 廣平 | 1035–1036 | ||||||||
Dàqìng | 大慶 | 1036–1038 | ||||||||
Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò | 天授禮法延祚 | 1038–1048 | ||||||||
Emperor Yìzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Liàngzuò | 李諒祚 | 1048–1067 | Emperor Zhāoyīng | 昭英皇帝 | Yánsìníngguó | 延嗣寧國 | 1048–1049 | Yìzōng | 毅宗 |
Tiānyòuchuíshèng | 天祐垂聖 | 1050–1052 | ||||||||
Fúshèngchéngdào | 福聖承道 | 1053–1056 | ||||||||
Duǒdū | 奲都 | 1057–1063 | ||||||||
Gǒnghuà | 拱化 | 1063–1067 | ||||||||
Emperor Huìzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Bǐngcháng | 李秉常 | 1067–1086 | Emperor Kāngjìng | 康靖皇帝 | Qiándào | 乾道 | 1067–1069 | Huìzōng | 惠宗 |
Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng | 天賜禮盛國慶 | 1070–1074 | ||||||||
Dà'ān | 大安 𘜶𗵐 |
1075–1085 | ||||||||
Tiān'ānlǐdìng | 天安禮定 𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯 |
1085–1086 | ||||||||
Emperor Chóngzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Qiánshùn | 李乾順 | 1086–1139 | Emperor Shèngwén | 聖文皇帝 | Tiānyízhìpíng | 天儀治平 | 1086–1089 | Chóngzōng | 崇宗 |
Tiānyòumín'ān | 天祐民安 𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴 |
1090–1097 | ||||||||
Yǒng'ān | 永安 | 1098–1100 | ||||||||
Zhēnguān | 貞觀 𗣼𘝯 |
1101–1113 | ||||||||
Yōngníng | 雍寧 𗖠𗪚 |
1114–1118 | ||||||||
Yuándé | 元德 𗣼𗪘 |
1119–1127 | ||||||||
Zhèngdé | 正德 𗣼𘇚 |
1127–1134 | ||||||||
Dàdé | 大德 𘜶𗣼 |
1135–1139 | ||||||||
Emperor Rénzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Rénxiào | 李仁孝 | 1139–1193 | Emperor Shengde | 聖德皇帝 | Dàqìng | 大慶 𘜶𘅝 |
1139–1143 | Rénzōng | 仁宗 |
Rénqìng | 人慶 𗸦𘅝 |
1144–1148 | ||||||||
Tiānshèng | 天盛 𘓺𘃸 |
1149–1170 | ||||||||
Qiányòu | 乾祐 𘀗𘑨 |
1170–1193 | ||||||||
Emperor Huánzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Chúnyòu | 李純佑 | 1193–1206 | Emperor Zhāojiǎn | 昭簡皇帝 | Tiānqìng | 天慶 𘓺𘅝 |
1193–1206 | Huánzōng | 桓宗 |
Emperor Xiāngzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Ānquán | 李安全 | 1206–1211 | Emperor Jingmu | 敬穆皇帝 | Yīngtiān | 應天 | 1206–1209 | Xiāngzōng | 襄宗 |
Huángjiàn | 皇建 𘓺𘚪 |
1210–1211 | ||||||||
Emperor Shénzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Zūnxū | 李遵頊 | 1211–1223 | Emperor Yīngwén | 英文皇帝 | Guāngdìng | 光定 𗪚𗏴 |
1211–1223 | Shénzōng | 神宗 |
Emperor Xiànzōng of Western Xia | Lǐ Déwàng | 李德旺 | 1223–1226 | Emperor Xiao'ai | 孝哀皇帝 | Qiándìng | 乾定 | 1223–1226 | Xiànzōng | 獻宗 |
Emperor Mò of Western Xia | Lǐ Xiàn | 李晛 | 1226–1227 | – | Bǎoyì | 寶義 | 1226–1227 | – |
Jin dynasty (金朝) (1115–1234 AD)
Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Taizu of Jin | Āgǔdǎ or Wányán Mǐn |
阿骨打 or 完顏旻 |
1115–1123 | Shōuguó | 收國 | 1115–1116 | Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode Dinggong Renming Zhuangxiao Dasheng Wuyuan | 應乾興運昭德定功仁明莊孝大聖武元皇帝 | Tàizǔ | 太祖 |
Tiānfǔ | 天輔 | 1117–1123 | ||||||||
Emperor Taizong of Jin | Wúqǐmǎi or Wányán Shèng |
吳乞買 or 完顏晟 |
1123–1134 | Tiānhuì | 天會 | 1123–1134 | Emperor Tiyuan Yingyun Shide Zhaogong Zhehui Rensheng Wenlie | 體元應運世德昭功哲惠仁聖文烈皇帝 | Tàizōng | 太宗 |
Emperor Xizong of Jin | Hélá or Wányán Dǎn |
合剌 or 完顏亶 |
1135–1149 | Tiānhuì | 天會 | 1135–1138 | Emperor Hongji Zuanwu Zhuangjing Xiaocheng | 弘基纘武莊靖孝成皇帝 | Xīzōng | 熙宗 |
Tiānjuàn | 天眷 | 1138–1141 | ||||||||
Huángtǒng | 皇統 | 1141–1149 | ||||||||
Wanyan Liang | Dígǔnǎi or Wányán Liàng |
迪古乃 or 完顏亮 |
1149–1161 | Tiāndé | 天德 | 1149–1153 | Prince Yáng | 煬王 | – | |
Zhènyuán | 貞元 | 1153–1156 | ||||||||
Zhènglóng | 正隆 | 1156–1161 | ||||||||
Emperor Shizong of Jin | Wūlù or Wányán Yōng |
烏祿 or 完顏雍 |
1161–1189 | Dàdìng | 大定 | 1161–1189 | Emperor Guangtian Xingyun Wende Wugong Shengming Renxiao | 光天興運文德武功聖明仁孝皇帝 | Shìzōng | 世宗 |
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin | Mádágě or Wányán Jǐng |
麻達葛 or 完顏璟 |
1190–1208 | Míngchāng | 明昌 | 1190–1196 | Emperor Xiantian Guangyun Renwen Yiwu Shensheng Yingxiao | 憲天光運仁文義武神聖英孝皇帝 | Zhāngzōng | 章宗 |
Chéng'ān | 承安 | 1196–1200 | ||||||||
Tàihé | 泰和 | 1200–1208 | ||||||||
Wanyan Yongji | Wányán Yǒngjì | 完顏永濟 | 1209–1213 | Dà'ān | 大安 | 1209–1212 | Prince Shào | 紹王 | – | |
Chóngqìng | 崇慶 | 1212–1213 | ||||||||
Zhìníng | 至寧 | 1213 | ||||||||
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin | Wúdúbǔ or Wányán Xú |
吾睹補 or 完顏珣 |
1213–1223 | Zhēnyòu | 貞祐 | 1213–1217 | Emperor Jitian Xingtong Shudao Qinren Yingwu Shengxiao | 繼天興統述道勤仁英武聖孝皇帝 | Xuānzōng | 宣宗 |
Xīngdìng | 興定 | 1217–1222 | ||||||||
Yuánguāng | 元光 | 1222–1223 | ||||||||
Emperor Aizong of Jin | Níngjiǎsù or Wányán Shǒuxù |
寧甲速 or 完顏守緒 |
1224–1234 | Zhèngdà | 正大 | 1224–1232 | Emperor Zhuang | 莊皇帝 | Āizōng | 哀宗 |
Kāixīng | 開興 | 1232 | ||||||||
Tiānxīng | 天興 | 1232–1234 | ||||||||
Emperor Mo of Jin | Hūdūn or Wányán Chénglín |
呼敦 or 完顏承麟 |
1234 | – | – | – |
Yuan dynasty (元朝) (1271–1368 AD)
Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after
Note:
1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).
Khan Name | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號) | Posthumous name | Temple name | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genghis Khan | Borjigin Temüjin | 孛兒只斤鐵木真 | 1206–1227 | – | – | Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu | 法天啟運聖武皇帝 | Tàizǔ | 太祖 | |||
Tolui | Borjigin Tolui | 孛兒只斤拖雷 | 1228 | – | – | Emperor Rensheng Jingxiang | 仁聖景襄皇帝 | Ruìzōng | 睿宗 | |||
Ögedei Khan | Borjigin Ögedei | 孛兒只斤窩闊台 | 1229–1241 | – | – | Emperor Yingwen | 英文皇帝 | Tàizōng | 太宗 | |||
Güyük Khan | Borjigin Güyük | 孛兒只斤貴由 | 1246–1248 | – | – | Emperor Jianping | 簡平皇帝 | Dìngzōng | 定宗 | |||
Möngke Khan | Borjigin Möngke | 孛兒只斤蒙哥 | 1251–1259 | – | – | Emperor Huansu | 桓肅皇帝 | Xiànzōng | 憲宗 | |||
Kublai Khan | Borjigin Kublai | 孛兒只斤忽必烈 | 1260–1294 | Zhōngtǒng | 中統 | 1260–1264 | Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao | 憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝 | Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu | 聖德神功文武皇帝 | Shìzǔ | 世祖 |
Zhìyuán | 至元 | 1264–1294 | ||||||||||
Temür Khan | Borjigin Temür | 孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 | 1294–1307 | Yuánzhēn | 元貞 | 1295–1297 | – | Emperor Qinming Guangxiao | 欽明廣孝皇帝 | Chéngzōng | 成宗 | |
1307–1308 | Dàdé | 大德 | 1297–1307 | |||||||||
Külüg Khan | Borjigin Qayshan | 孛兒只斤海山 | 1308–1311 | Zhìdà | 至大 | 1308–1311 | Emperor Tongtian Jisheng Qinwen Yingwu Dazhang Xiao | 統天繼聖欽文英武大章孝皇帝 | Emperor Renhui Xuanxiao | 仁惠宣孝皇帝 | Wǔzōng | 武宗 |
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan | Borjigin Ayurparibhadra | 孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 | 1311–1320 | Huángqìng | 皇慶 | 1312–1313 | – | Emperor Shengwen Qinxiao | 聖文欽孝皇帝 | Rénzōng | 仁宗 | |
1320–1321 | Yányòu | 延祐 | 1314–1320 | |||||||||
Gegeen Khan | Borjigin Suddhipala | 孛兒只斤碩德八剌 | 1321–1323 | Zhìzhì | 至治 | 1321–1323 | Emperor Jitian Tidao Jingwen Renwu Dazhao Xiao | 繼天體道敬文仁武大昭孝皇帝 | Emperor Ruisheng Wenxiao | 睿聖文孝皇帝 | Yīngzōng | 英宗 |
Yesün Temür1 | Borjigin Yesün-Temür | 孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 | 1323–1328 | Tàidìng | 泰定 | 1324–1328 | – | – | – | |||
Zhìhé | 致和 | 1328 | ||||||||||
Ragibagh Khan1 | Borjigin Arigaba | 孛兒只斤阿里吉八 | 1328 | Tiānshùn | 天順 | 1328 | – | – | – | |||
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür | Borjigin Toq-Temür | 孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 | 1328–1329 and 1329–1332 | Tiānlì | 天曆 | 1328–1330 | Emperor Qintian Tongsheng Zhide Chenggong Dawen Xiao | 欽天統聖至德誠功大文孝皇帝 | Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao | 聖明元孝皇帝 | Wénzōng | 文宗 |
Zhìshùn | 至順 | 1330–1332 | ||||||||||
Khutughtu Khan Kusala | Borjigin Qoshila | 孛兒只斤和世剌 | 1329 | Emperor Shuntian Lidao Ruiwen Zhiwu Dasheng Xiao | 順天立道睿文智武大聖孝皇帝 | Emperor Yixian Jingxiao | 翼獻景孝皇帝 | Míngzōng | 明宗 | |||
Rinchinbal Khan | Borjigin Irinchibal | 孛兒只斤懿璘質班 | 1332 | – | Emperor Chongsheng Sixiao | 沖聖嗣孝皇帝 | Níngzōng | 寧宗 | ||||
Toghon Temür2 | Borjigin Toghan-Temür | 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 | 1333–1368 | 1333 | – | Emperor Xuanren Puxiao or Emperor Shun |
宣仁普孝皇帝 or 順皇帝 |
Huìzōng | 惠宗 | |||
Yuántǒng | 元統 | 1333–1335 | ||||||||||
Zhìyuán | 至元 | 1335–1340 | ||||||||||
Zhìzhèng | 至正 | 1341–1368 | ||||||||||
Zhìyuán | 至元 | 1368–1370 | ||||||||||
1 — Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "Yuan" + era name (e.g. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tàidìng Dì). |
Northern Yuan (北元) (1368–1388 AD)
Retreat of the Yuan court to the Mongolian Plateau after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1368 (1368 – early 15th century)
Convention: use khan names or birth names.
Khan Names | Personal Name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toghon Temür (same person as the last Yuan emperor) |
Borjigin Toghan-Temür | 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 | 1368–1370 | Zhìshùn | 至順 | 1333 | Emperor Xuanren Puxiao or Emperor Shun |
宣仁普孝皇帝 or 順皇帝 |
Huìzōng | 惠宗 |
Yuántǒng | 元統 | 1333–1335 | ||||||||
Zhìyuán | 至元 | 1335–1340 | ||||||||
Zhìzhèng | 至正 | 1341–1368 | ||||||||
Zhìyuán | 至元 | 1368–1370 | ||||||||
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara | Borjigin Ayushiridara | 孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘 | 1370–1378 | Xuānguāng | 宣光 | 1371–1378 | Emperor Wucheng Hexiao | 武承和孝皇帝 | Zhāozōng | 昭宗 |
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür | Borjigin Tögüs Temür | 孛兒只斤脫古思帖木兒 | 1378–1388 | Tiānyuán
or Tiānguāng1 |
天元
or 天光 |
1378–1388 | Emperor Yisheng Ningxiao | 益聖寧孝皇帝 | – | |
1 — Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[2] |
Ming dynasty (明朝) (1368–1644 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name1 (Shi Hao 諡號) | Temple name1 (Miao Hao 廟號) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hongwu Emperor | Zhū Yuánzhāng | 朱元璋 | 1368–1398 | Hóngwǔ | 洪武 | 1368–1398 | Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong Gao | 開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝 | Tàizǔ | 太祖 |
Jianwen Emperor | Zhū Yǔnwén | 朱允炆 | 1398–1402 | Jiànwén | 建文 | 1398–1402 | Emperor Sitian Zhangdao Chengyi Yuangong Guanwen Yangwu Keren Duxiao Rang | 嗣天章道誠懿淵功觀文揚武克仁篤孝讓皇帝 | Huizong2 | 惠宗 |
Yongle Emperor | Zhū Dì | 朱棣 | 1402–1424 | Yǒnglè | 永樂 | 1402–1424 | Emperor Qitian Hongdao Gaoming Zhaoyun Shengwu Shengong Chunren Zhixiao Wen | 啟天弘道高明肇運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝 | Chéngzǔ or Tàizōng | 成祖 / 太宗 |
Hongxi Emperor | Zhū Gāochì | 朱高熾 | 1424–1425 | Hóngxī | 洪熙 | 1424–1425 | Emperor Jingtian Tidao Chuncheng Zhide Hongwen Qinwu Zhangsheng Daxiao Zhao | 敬天體道純誠至德弘文欽武章聖達孝昭皇帝 | Rénzōng | 仁宗 |
Xuande Emperor | Zhū Zhānjī | 朱瞻基 | 1425–1435 | Xuāndé | 宣德 | 1425–1435 | Emperor Xiantian Chongdao Yingming Shensheng Qintian Zhaowu Kuanren Chunxiao Zhang | 憲天崇道英明神聖欽天昭武寬仁純孝章皇帝 | Xuānzōng | 宣宗 |
Emperor Yingzong of Ming | Zhū Qízhèn | 朱祁鎮 | 1435–1449
and 1457–1464³ |
Zhèngtǒng
and Tiānshùn |
正統
and 天順 |
1435–1449
and 1457–1464 |
Emperor Fatian Lidao Renming Chengjing Zhaowen Xianwu Zhide Guangxiao Rui | 法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝睿皇帝 | Yīngzōng | 英宗 |
Jingtai Emperor | Zhū Qíyù | 朱祁鈺 | 1449–1457 | Jǐngtài | 景泰 | 1449–1457 | Emperor Futian Jiandao Gongren Kangding Longwen Buwu Xiande Chongxiao Jing | 符天建道恭仁康定隆文布武顯德崇孝景皇帝 | Dàizōng | 代宗 |
Chenghua Emperor | Zhū Jiànshēn | 朱見深 | 1464–1487 | Chénghuà | 成化 | 1464–1487 | Emperor Jitian Ningdao Chengming Renjing Chongwen Suwu Hongde Shengxiao Chun | 繼天凝道誠明仁敬崇文肅武宏德聖孝純皇帝 | Xiànzōng | 憲宗 |
Hongzhi Emperor | Zhū Yòuchēng | 朱祐樘 | 1487–1505 | Hóngzhì | 弘治 | 1487–1505 | Emperor Jiantian Mingdao Chengchun Zhongzheng Shengwen Shenwu Zhiren Dade Jing | 建天明道誠純中正聖文神武至仁大德敬皇帝 | Xiàozōng | 孝宗 |
Zhengde Emperor | Zhū Hòuzhào | 朱厚照 | 1505–1521 | Zhèngdé | 正德 | 1505–1521 | Emperor Chengtian Dadao Yingsu Ruizhe Zhaode Xiangong Hongwen Sixiao Yi | 承天達道英肅睿哲昭德顯功弘文思孝毅皇帝 | Wǔzōng | 武宗 |
Jiajing Emperor | Zhū Hòucōng | 朱厚熜 | 1521–1566 | Jiājìng | 嘉靖 | 1521–1566 | Emperor Qintian Lüdao Yingyi Shensheng Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Daxiao Su | 欽天履道英毅神聖宣文廣武洪仁大孝肅皇帝 | Shìzōng | 世宗 |
Longqing Emperor | Zhū Zǎihòu | 朱載垕 | 1566–1572 | Lóngqìng | 隆慶 | 1566–1572 | Emperor Qitian Longdao Yuanyi Kuanren Xianwen Guangwu Chunde Hongxiao Zhuang | 契天隆道淵懿寬仁顯文光武純德弘孝莊皇帝 | Mùzōng | 穆宗 |
Wanli Emperor | Zhū Yìjūn | 朱翊鈞 | 1572–1620 | Wànlì | 萬曆 | 1572–1620 | Emperor Fantian Hedao Zhesu Dunjian Guangwen Zhangwu Anren Zhixiao Xian | 範天合道哲肅敦簡光文章武安仁止孝顯皇帝 | Shénzōng | 神宗 |
Taichang Emperor | Zhū Chángluò | 朱常洛 | 1620 | Tàichāng | 泰昌 | 1620 | Emperor Chongtian Qidao Yingrui Gongchun Xianwen Jingwu Yuanren Yixiao Zhen | 崇天契道英睿恭純憲文景武淵仁懿孝貞皇帝 | Guāngzōng | 光宗 |
Tianqi Emperor | Zhū Yóujiào | 朱由校 | 1620–1627 | Tiānqǐ | 天啓 | 1620–1627 | Emperor Datian Chandao Dunxiao Duyou Zhangwen Xiangwu Jingmu Zhuangqin Zhe | 達天闡道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤悊皇帝 | Xīzōng | 熹宗 |
Chongzhen Emperor | Zhū Yóujiǎn | 朱由檢 | 1627–1644 | Chóngzhēn | 崇禎 | 1627–1644 | Emperor Shaotian Yidao Gangming Kejian Kuiwen Fenwu Dunren Maoxiao Lie | 紹天繹道剛明恪儉揆文奮武敦仁懋孝烈皇帝 | Sīzōng or Yìzōng | 思宗 / 毅宗 |
1 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 — The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong. 3 — After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother the Jingtai Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However the Zhengtong Emperor was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun. |
Shun dynasty (順朝) (1644–1645 AD)
The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.
Name most commonly known by | Personal name | Reign years | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Alternative title | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li Zicheng | Li Zicheng | 李自成 | 1644–1645 | Yongchang | 永昌 | 1644–1645 | Chuǎng Wáng (The Dashing King) | 闖王 |
Southern Ming (南明) (1644–1662 AD)
The Southern Ming refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name | Temple name | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhu Yousong | Zhū Yóusōng | 朱由崧 | 1644–1645 | Hóngguāng | 弘光 | 1644–1645 | Emperor Fengtian Zundao Kuanhe Jingmu Xiuwen Buwu Wengong Renxiao Jian | 奉天遵道寬和靜穆修文布武溫恭仁孝簡皇帝 | Ānzōng | 安宗 |
Zhu Yujian | Zhū Yùjiàn | 朱聿鍵 | 1645–1646 | Lóngwǔ | 隆武 | 1645–1646 | Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang | 配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝 | Shàozōng | 紹宗 |
Zhu Changfang | Zhū Chángfāng | 朱常淓 | 1645 | None given, but sometimes referred to as the "Regency of the Prince of Lu/Luh" (Lù Wáng Lín Guó) |
潞王臨國 | 1646 | Prince Min | 閔王 | – | |
Zhu Yihai | Zhū Yǐhǎi | 朱以海 | 1645–1653 | – | – | |||||
Zhu Yuyue | Zhū Yùyuè | 朱聿𨮁 | 1646 | Shàowǔ | 紹武 | 1646 | – | – | ||
Zhu Youlang | Zhū Yóuláng | 朱由榔 | 1646–1662 | Yǒnglì | 永曆 | 1646–1662 | Emperor Yingtian Tuidao Minyi Gongjian Jingwen Weiwu Liren Kexiao Kuang | 應天推道敏毅恭儉經文緯武禮仁克孝匡皇帝 | Zhāozōng | 昭宗 |
*The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name1 | Reign | Era names (and Lifespan) | Posthumous name2 (Shi Hao 諡號) | Temple name2 (Miao Hao 廟號) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Later Jin (後金) (1616–1636 AD) | |||||||||||
Nurhaci | Nurhaci | 努爾哈赤 | 17 February 1616 – 30 September 1636 (20 years, 7 months, and 13 days)3 | Tiānmìng | 天命 | Abkai fulingga | 1616–1626 | Emperor Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye Gao | 承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業高皇帝 | Tàizǔ | 太祖 |
Huang Taiji | Hong Taiji4 | 皇太極 | 1626–1636 | Tiāncōng | 天聰 | Abkai sure | 1627–1636 | Emperor Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong Wen | 應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功文皇帝 | Tàizōng | 太宗 |
Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912 AD) | |||||||||||
Huang Taiji (same person as the last Later Jin khan) |
Hong Taiji4 | 皇太極 | 1636–1643 | Chóngdé | 崇德 | Wesihun erdemungge | 1636–1643 | Emperor Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong Wen | 應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功文皇帝 | Tàizōng | 太宗 |
Shunzhi Emperor | Fúlín | 福臨 | 1643–16615 | Shùnzhì | 順治 | Ijishūn dasan | 1643–1661 | Emperor Titian Longyun Dingtong Jianji Yingrui Qinwen Xianwu Dade Honggong Zhiren Chunxiao Zhang | 體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝 | Shìzǔ | 世祖 |
Kangxi Emperor | Xuányè | 玄燁 | 1661–1722 | Kāngxī | 康熙 | Elhe taifin | 1661–1722 | Emperor Hetian Hongyun Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng Ren | 合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝 | Shèngzǔ | 聖祖 |
Yongzheng Emperor | Yìnzhēn | 胤禛 | 1722–1735 | Yōngzhèng | 雍正 | Hūwaliyasun tob | 1722–1735 | Emperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozheng Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian | 敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠憲皇帝 | Shìzōng | 世宗 |
Qianlong Emperor | Hónglì | 弘曆 | 1735–17966 | Qiánlóng | 乾隆 | Abkai wehiyehe | 1735–1796 | Emperor Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng Chun | 法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖純皇帝 | Gāozōng | 高宗 |
Jiaqing Emperor | Yóngyǎn | 顒琰 | 1796–1820 | Jiāqìng | 嘉慶 | Saicungga fengšen | 1796–1820 | Emperor Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe Rui | 受天興運敷化綏猷崇文經武光裕孝恭勤儉端敏英哲睿皇帝 | Rénzōng | 仁宗 |
Daoguang Emperor | Mínníng | 旻寧 | 1820–1850 | Dàoguāng | 道光 | Doro eldengge | 1820–1850 | Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen Shengwu Zhiyong Renci Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding Cheng | 效天符運立中體正至文聖武智勇仁慈儉勤孝敏寬定成皇帝 | Xuānzōng | 宣宗 |
Xianfeng Emperor | Yìzhǔ | 奕詝 | 1850–1861 | Xiánfēng | 咸豐 | Gubci elgiyengge | 1850–1861 | Emperor Xietian Yiyun Zhizhong Chuimo Maode Zhenwu Shengxiao Yuangong Duanren Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian | 協天翊運執中垂謨懋德振武聖孝淵恭端仁寬敏莊儉顯皇帝 | Wénzōng | 文宗 |
Tongzhi Emperor | Zǎichún | 載淳 | 1861–18757 | Tóngzhì | 同治 | Yooningga dasan | 1861–1875 | Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Mingsu Yi | 繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬明肅毅皇帝 | Mùzōng | 穆宗 |
Guangxu Emperor | Zǎitián | 載湉 | 1875–19087 | Guāngxù | 光緒 | Badarangga doro | 1875–1908 | Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dahong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing | 同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝 | Dézōng | 德宗 |
Xuantong Emperor or Puyi |
Pǔyí (also known as Henry) |
溥儀 | 1908–1912, 191710 | Xuāntǒng | 宣統 | Gehungge yoso | 1908–1912 | Emperor Peitian Tongyun Fagu Shaotong Cuiwen Jingfu Kuanrui Zhengmu Tiren Lixiao Min8, 9 | 配天同運法古紹統粹文敬孚寬睿正穆體仁立孝愍皇帝8, 9 | Gōngzōng9 | 恭宗9 |
1 — The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. 2 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. 3 — Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. 4 — Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). 5 — The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. 6 — The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. 7 — The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. 8 — Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the common name by which mainland China and Taiwan's history books refer to Puyi. 9 — In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Emperor Min (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). Both titles are not commonly used in academia to refer to this sovereign. 10 — The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing dynasty was overthrown with his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917, in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912, and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945). |
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天國) (1851–1864 AD)
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era name (Nian Hao 年號) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Xiuquan | Hong Xiuquan | 洪秀全 | 11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864 | Taiping Tianguo | 太平天國 |
Hong Tianguifu | Hong Tianguifu | 洪天貴福 | 6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864 |
Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915–1916 AD)
A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.
No. | Portrait | Name by which most commonly known (birth/death) |
Personal name | Reign | Era name (Nian Hao 年號) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) |
Yuan Shikai | 袁世凱 | 22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 | Hóngxiàn | 洪憲 |
See also
- Dynasties in Chinese history
- Timeline of Chinese history
- Monarchy of China
- List of Chinese leaders
- List of presidents of China
- List of leaders of the Republic of China
- List of presidents of the Republic of China
- List of leaders of the People's Republic of China
- List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China
- List of presidents of the People's Republic of China
- List of rulers of Taiwan
- List of Khagans of the Göktürks
- List of rulers of Tibet
- List of emperors of Tibet
- List of Khitan rulers
- List of Jurchen chieftains
- List of Mongol rulers
- Chairman of the Kuomintang
- Leader of the Chinese Communist Party
- List of leaders of the Democratic Progressive Party
References
- ^ Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.
- ^ "北元《天光元宝、重宝》篆书光背_咏生藏泉_新浪博客".
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