Letitia Christian Tyler

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Letitia Christian Tyler
Letitia Tyler2.jpg
Tyler's White House Portrait (1842)
First Lady of the United States
In role
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
PresidentJohn Tyler
Preceded byAnna Harrison
Jane Harrison (acting)
Succeeded byPriscilla Tyler (acting)
Second Lady of the United States
In role
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
Vice PresidentJohn Tyler
Preceded byFloride Calhoun (1832)
Succeeded bySophia Dallas (1845)
Personal details
Born
Letitia Christian

(1790-11-12)November 12, 1790
Cedar Grove (plantation) Providence Forge, New Kent County, Virginia, Virginia, U.S.
DiedSeptember 10, 1842(1842-09-10) (aged 51)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Cause of deathStroke
Resting placeCedar Grove Plantation Cemetery, New Kent County, Virginia, USA
Spouse
​
(m. 1813)​
Children

Letitia Tyler (née Christian; November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842) was the first wife of President John Tyler and first lady of the United States from 1841 to 1842.[1]

She married Tyler, then a law student, in 1808 at Cedar Grove, her family home. Their twenty-nine year marriage appears to have been a happy one, althrough Letitia avoided the limelight during her husband's political rise, remaining in Virginia during most of his time in Congress. Her later life was dogged by ill-health; a paralytic stroke suffered in 1839 left her an invalid. As first lady, she remained in the White House living quarters, leaving them only to attend her daughter Elizabeth's wedding in January 1842. She suffered another stroke in September 1842 and died, becoming the first American first lady to die while serving in her role.

Early life

Born at the Cedar Grove plantation in New Kent County, Virginia, Letitia Christian was the daughter of Mary (née Brown) and Colonel Robert Christian. Christian was a prosperous planter.[2] Letitia was shy, quiet, pious, and by all accounts, selfless and devoted to her family.[3]

Personal life

She met John Tyler, then a law student, in 1808. Their five-year courtship was restrained and it was three weeks before the wedding that Tyler first kissed her — on the hand. In his only surviving love letter to her, written a few months before their wedding, Tyler promised, "Whether I float or sink in the stream of fortune, you may be assured of this, that I shall never cease to love you."[4][5]

Marriage

They married on Tyler's 23rd birthday at Cedar Grove, her family's home. Their 29-year marriage appears to have been a happy one. Letitia Tyler avoided the limelight during her husband's political rise, preferring domestic responsibilities to those of a public wife. During his congressional service, she remained in Virginia except for one visit to Washington during the winter of 1828–1829. In 1839, she suffered a paralytic stroke that left her an invalid. As first lady, she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House; she came down once, to attend the wedding of her daughter (Elizabeth) in January 1842.[6]

Children

Together, John and Letitia Tyler had four daughters and three sons live to maturity:[7]

  • Mary Tyler-Jones (1815–1848), who married Henry Lightfoot Jones, a prosperous Tidewater planter, in 1835.
  • Robert Tyler (1816–1877), who was a lawyer, public official who served as his father's private secretary in the White House. He settled in Philadelphia, where he practiced law and served as sheriff's solicitor. He also was chief clerk of the state supreme court. He married Priscilla Cooper Tyler, an actress, who at the age of 24 assumed the position of White House hostess, and she served as official hostess at the White House during the first three years of the Tyler administration. As a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania, Robert Tyler promoted the career of James Buchanan. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, he fled Philadelphia when an anti-southern mob attacked his home. He returned to Virginia, where he served as register of the Treasury of the Confederacy. Penniless after the war, he settled in Montgomery, Alabama, and there regained his fortunes as a lawyer, editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, and leader of the state Democratic Party.
  • John Tyler III (1819–1896), who was a lawyer, public official. Like his older brother, he also became a lawyer and served as private secretary to his father, campaigning for James Buchanan. During the Civil War, he served as assistant secretary of war of the Confederacy. After the war, he settled in Baltimore, where he practiced law. Under the Grant administration, he was appointed to a minor position in the IRS in Tallahassee, FL.
  • Letitia Tyler-Semple (1821–1907), an educator married James Semple, whom her father appointed a purser in the U.S. Navy, in 1839. The marriage was an unhappy one. At the close of the American Civil War, she left her husband to open a school, the Eclectic Institute, in Baltimore. After her mother's death in 1842, and after her sister-in-law Priscilla moved away, Letitia served her father as the White House social hostess, the title later known as First Lady. Her father remarried in 1844.
  • Elizabeth Tyler-Waller (1823–1850), who married William N. Waller at a White House wedding in 1842. She died from the effects of childbirth at the age of 27.
  • Alice Tyler-Denison (1827–1854), who married the Reverend Henry M. Denison, an Episcopal rector in Williamsburg, in 1850. She died suddenly of colic, also at the age of 27.
  • Tazewell Tyler (1830–1874), who was a doctor who served as a surgeon in the Confederate Army during the Civil War.

Death and legacy

External video
video icon America's First Ladies, Anna Harrison, Letitia Tyler & Julia Tyler, 2013, C-SPAN[8]

The first first lady to die in the White House, Letitia Tyler died peacefully, aged 51, in the evening of September 10, 1842, from a stroke.[9] She was taken to Virginia for burial at the plantation of her birth. Tyler, Caroline Harrison (1892) and Ellen Wilson (1914) are the only first ladies to have died in the White House.

Her daughter-in-law Priscilla Cooper Tyler remembered her as "the most entirely unselfish person you can imagine. Notwithstanding her very delicate health, mother attends to and regulates all the household affairs and all so quietly that you can't tell when she does it."

Tyler appears on a 28p (£0.28) commemorative postage stamp from the Isle of Man Post Office, issued May 23, 2006, as part of a series honoring Manx-Americans.[10] She also appears on a one-half ounce gold coin and a bronze medal issued by the United States Mint on July 2, 2009.[11]

Regard by historians

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.[12] Consistently, Tyler has been ranked in the bottom quartile of first ladies by historians in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Tyler has been ranked:

  • 35th of 42 in 1982[13]
  • 30th of 37 in 1993[13]
  • 34th of 38 in 2003[13]
  • 35th of 38 in 2008[13]
  • 37th of 39 in 2014[14]

In the 2014 survey, Tyler and her husband were ranked the 36th out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".[15]

See also

References

Sources
  1. ^ "Letitia Tyler | American first lady". britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  2. ^ "Letitia Tyler Biography :: National First Ladies' Library". www.firstladies.org. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  3. ^ Barden, Cindy (1996). Meet the First Ladies. Carthage, IL: Teaching & Learning Company. p. 29. ISBN 9781429111218. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  4. ^ Waldrup, Carole Chandler (2006). Wives of the American Presidents, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 63. ISBN 9780786424153. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  5. ^ May, Gary (2008). John Tyler: The American Presidents Series: The 10th President, 1841-1845. Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 9781429939218. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  6. ^ Lindsay, Rae (2001). The Presidents' First Ladies. R & R Writers / Agents, Inc. ISBN 9780965375337. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  7. ^ Crapol, Edward P. (2012). John Tyler, the Accidental President: Paperback Edition. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807872239. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  8. ^ "America's First Ladies, Anna Harrison, Letitia Tyler & Julia Tyler". C-SPAN. 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  9. ^ Jeffrey M. Jones; Joni L. Jones. "Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease". CNS Spectrums. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  10. ^ "- Isle of Man Post Office Website". www.gov.im. Archived from the original on May 20, 2009.
  11. ^ "2009 Letitia Tyler First Spouse Gold Coin | US Mint Release Information, Price, Mintage". Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  12. ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d "Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  14. ^ "Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN. 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  15. ^ "2014 Power Couple Score" (PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
Notes

External links

Honorary titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Floride Calhoun 		Second Lady of the United States
1841 		Vacant
Title next held by
Sophia Dallas
Preceded by First Lady of the United States
1841–1842 		Succeeded by
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