Mark of Cornwall

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"King Mark of Cornwall", illustrated by Howard Pyle (1905)

Mark of Cornwall (Latin: Marcus, Cornish: Margh, Welsh: March, Breton: Marc'h) was a sixth-century King of Kernow (Cornwall), possibly identical with King Conomor. He is most famous for his appearance in the Arthurian legend as the uncle of Tristan and the husband of Iseult, who engages with Tristan in a secret liaison, giving Mark the epithet Cuckold King.[1]

King Mark

14th-century depiction of Mark of Cornwall from the Tristan Quilt
See also: Conomor

In Old Welsh records, Mark is recorded as "March son of Meirchion" of Kernow (Cornwall). He is variously associated with ruling areas in the Gwynedd and Glamorgan regions of Wales.[2] Some identify him with Conomor, a king of Domnonea and Kernev (Domnonée and Cornouaille) in Armorica.[3]

In Wrmonoc of Landévennec's Life of St. Pol de Leon, he refers to a "King Marc whose other name is Quonomorus". Also rendered Cunomorus, this name means literally the 'Hound-of-the-sea'.[4]

An inscription on a sixth-century gravestone near the Cornish town of Fowey memorializes (in Latin) a certain "Drustanus son of Cunomorus" and it has been conjectured that this is the "Tristan son of Mark (alias 'Quonomorus')" of legend.[5] The current location of this stone is grid reference SX112521, but it was originally situated at Castle Dore. The stone has a mid-6th-century two-line inscription which has been interpreted as reading DRVSTANVS HIC IACIT CVNOWORI FILIVS ("Drustan lies here, of Cunomorus the son"). A now missing third line was described by the 16th-century antiquarian John Leland as reading CVM DOMINA OUSILLA ("with the lady Ousilla"). Ousilla is a Latinisation of the Cornish female name Eselt.[6] The stone led to Mark's association with Castle Dore.

In legend

In most versions of the story of Tristan and Iseult, King Mark of Cornwall is Tristan's uncle. His sister is Tristan's mother, Blancheflor alias Elizabeth/Isabelle, or, in some later versions, he is related to Tristan's father, Meliadus.

King Mark and La Belle Iseult by Edward Burne-Jones (1862)

Mark sends Tristan as his proxy to fetch his young bride, the Princess Iseult, from Ireland. Tristan and Iseult fall in love, and, with the help of a magic potion, proceed to have one of the stormiest love affairs in medieval literature. Mark suspects the affair and eventually his suspicions are confirmed. In some versions, he sends for Tristan to be hanged, and banishes Iseult to a leper colony. Tristan escapes the hanging and rescues Iseult from her confinement. Mark later discovers this and eventually forgives them, with Iseult returning to Mark and Tristan leaving the country. The story is cyclical, with Mark repeatedly suspecting Tristan and Iseult of adultery and then believing they were innocent. In Béroul's version, Tristan and Iseult are never in grave danger due to the narrator's declaration that he himself and God were on their side. Mark, as a husband and king, is not idealized like other Arthurian kings since his ties to the story are personal.

Marie de France's Breton lai Chevrefoil (titled sometimes as The Lay of the Honeysuckle) tells a part of the Tristan and Iseult tale. The lai begins with an explanation of Mark's fury at the affair of Tristan and Isoude, which leads Mark to banish Tristan from Cornwall. Tristan spends a year pining for Isoude in his own land of South Wales until his great sorrow drives him to secretly return to Cornwall. Hiding in the woods and sheltering with villagers at night, Tristan hears that Mark plans to hold a Pentecost feast with Isoude in attendance. Tristan knows that the queen will ride through the forest to get there. He determines her most likely path and places onto the trail a stripped hazel stick with a carving of his name on it. Isoude recognizes the sign, and, stopping her party to rest, she and her maid Brangwaine covertly leave to find Tristan. During the illicit meeting, Isoude helps Tristan with a plan to win back the favor of Mark. Marie ends the poem with a revelation that the lai Tristan composed was called "Goatleaf" in English, or "Chèvrefeuille" in French, and that the very lai he composed was the one the reader has just finished.[7]

A 1922 illustration by N. C. Wyeth
"King Mark slew the noble knight Sir Tristram as he sat harping before his lady la Belle Isolde."

In the Prose Tristan, Mark is the son of king Felix, and his character deteriorates from a sympathetic cuckold to a downright villain. He rapes his niece and then murders her when she produces his son, Meraugis. Mark also murders his own brother, Prince Boudwin, later killing Boudwin's vengeful teenage son Alisander (Alisuander, Alexander) the Orphan as well. In earlier variants of the story, Tristan dies in Brittany, far away from Mark; in the Prose Tristan, however, Tristan is mortally stabbed by Mark while he plays the harp under a tree for Iseult. This version of Mark's character was popular in other medieval works, including the Romance of Palamedes and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. In these texts, Mark is usually seen as ruling Cornwall from Tintagel Castle and is often a sworn enemy of Arthur's jester knight Dinadan and (as in the Post-Vulgate Cycle) even the destroyer of Camelot after the death of Arthur. Malory's telling says Alisander's son eventually avenged his father and grandfather, presumably by slaying Mark.

Horse's ears

Mark has become associated with a Celtic variant of the story of Midas and his donkey ears from Greek mythology, due to a pun on marc which is a Celtic word for "horse".[8] The story occurs in Tristan by the 12th century French poet Béroul, where the dwarf divulges the secret that "Mark has horse's ears" addressing a hawthorn tree, in the presence of three lords.[8]

There is a Breton legend which appeared in print in 1794, in which Mark was initially the king of Cornouaille, France, seated at Ploumarch (Portzmarch).[a][9] The king kills every barber who knows the secret about his ears, except one, who speaks the secret into the sand[9] (or wind[10]). Reeds subsequently grow from that spot, and the plants are harvested to make into reeds for the oboe (or simply make pipes[10]). When the instruments are played, it sounds to the audience as if the music is saying the king has horse's ears.[9][10] John Rhys recorded a Welsh tale that differs little from the simpler Breton version.[b][11]

An embellished version collected by Yann ar Floc'h (1905) blends the legend of Ys, with the premise that Marc was condemned by Gradlon's daughter Ahès [fr] (or Dahut[12]). March tried to hunt her when she was assuming the guise of a doe and had his ears exchanged with those of his prized horse Morvarc'h.[13][12]

In modern culture

  • King Mark takes on a gruesome role in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poetry cycle Idylls of the King. While Arthur and many of his knights are away taking on the court of the Red Knight, Lancelot is called upon to judge "The Tournament of the Dead Innocence." The tournament quickly becomes a mockery, full of insults and broken rules. Tristram (that is, Tristan) is the winner of the tournament, winning all of the rubies from the necklace. Tristram then breaks tradition in presenting the rubies to a woman present, saying instead "This day my Queen of Beauty is not here". This enrages the crowd, with many saying that "All courtesy is dead," and "The glory of our Round Table is no more." Tristram, who in this piece married Isolt of the White Hands, carries his winnings instead to Mark's wife Queen Isolt, who is upset that Tristram married another woman. The two mock each other for a brief period before Tristram at last puts the necklace about Isolt's neck, and leans down to kiss her. Just as his lips touch her, Mark makes his appearance, rising up behind Tristram and cleaving him through the brain.[14]
  • Mark (the German "Marke") is a character in Wagner's 1859 opera Tristan und Isolde, where the role was first performed by the bass Ludwig Zottmayer.
  • In the 1954 film The Black Knight, he is portrayed by Patrick Troughton as a pagan looking to overthrow Christianity and King Arthur.
  • In the 1970s TV show Arthur of the Britons, Mark was played by Brian Blessed.[15]
  • In 1981 film Lovespell he was played by Richard Burton (as King Mark of Cornwall).[16]
  • Mark (called "Marc'h of Kernow")[17] is a character in Diana L. Paxson's 1988 novel The White Raven. The book consists of Paxson's take on the Tristan and Iseult story, told from the point of view of Iseult's cousin Branwen.[18]
  • In Bernard Cornwell's 1996 novel Enemy of God in his The Warlord Chronicles series, King Mark is a physically and morally monstrous tyrant who apparently keeps murdering his young wives every few years in order to marry another. When Mark's newest teenage wife Iseult flees with own his young son Tristan, the fugitive lovers take refuge in Mordred's kingdom of Dumnonia under the regency of Tristan's friend Arthur. In an agonizing choice, Arthur allows Mark to arrive with his soldiers and have the prince killed and the queen sadistically burned at the stake. Mark himself later dies from a horrible illness.
  • In the 2006 film Tristan & Isolde, Marke was played by Rufus Sewell. He adopts Tristan as his son after the death of the boys' parents, who loyally supported Marke's plans to unite Britain's peoples. Marke is portrayed as a good ruler and a kind husband to Isolde, unaware that by circumstance she has already fallen for Tristan, and is confused by his adopted son's unhappy, distanced behaviour. When Tristan and Isolde are caught embracing, Marke feels angry and betrayed, but relents after hearing the full story of their meeting and gives them permission to leave together, though Tristan insists on staying to stand against Marke's mobilising enemies. After Tristan is mortally wounded in battle, Marke takes him back to Isolde to share his last moments with her, then goes on to successfully unite Britain.[19]

Notes

  1. ^ He is only known as the "king of Portzmarch", not as Mark, in Cambry's version of 1794.
  2. ^ The reeds sprang from the place where all the king's victims were buried.

References

Citations
  1. ^ Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1895, p. 315
  2. ^ "EBK: King Marc of Cornwall".
  3. ^ "Drustan and Esyllt – the Lost Romance?". 11 February 2022.
  4. ^ Thomas, Charles (1986). Celtic Britain. London: Thames & Hudson ISBN 0-500-02107-4; p. 70
  5. ^ "Tristan Stone [Longstone] Early Christian Sculptured Stone". The Megalithic Portal.
  6. ^ Craig Weatherhill, Cornovia: Ancient sites of Cornwall and Scilly 4000 BC – 1000 AD.
  7. ^ French Mediaeval Romances from the Lays of Marie de France. Project Gutenberg.
  8. ^ a b Sargent-Baur, Barbara N. (2015), The Romance of Tristran by Beroul and Beroul II: Student Edition and English Translation, University of Toronto Press, pp. 35–37 (vv. 1306–50), and endnote, p. 127, ISBN 9782849525203
  9. ^ a b c Cambry, F., Voyage dans le Finistere en 1749, II, 287; cited by Loomis (1950), pp. 290–291
  10. ^ a b c Wood, Charles W. (1891). "The Bretons at Home". The Argosy. 52: 226.
  11. ^ Rhys, John (1901). Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 233–234. ISBN 9780384506107.
  12. ^ a b Brékilien, Yann (1973). Le roi Marc'h aux oreilles de cheval. Contes et légendes du pays breton. Nature et Bretagne. pp. 37–.
  13. ^ Milin, Gaël (1991). Le roi Marc aux oreilles de cheval. Librairie Droz. pp. 245–252. ISBN 9782600028868.
  14. ^ Tennyson, Alfred (1983). "The Last Tournament". In Gray, J. M. (ed.). Idylls of the King. Penguin Books. pp. 248–268. ISBN 978-0-140-42253-5.
  15. ^ "Arthur of the Britons (TV Series 1972-1973) - Full Cast & Crew". IMDb.
  16. ^ "Lovespell (1981) - Full Cast & Crew". IMDb.
  17. ^ Paxson, Diana L. (1988). The White Raven: Diana L. Paxson: 9780688074968: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 0688074960.
  18. ^ Paxson, Diana. "Historical and Mythic Fantasy". diana-paxson.com/.
  19. ^ "Tristan + Isolde (2006) - Full Cast & Crew". IMDb.
Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to King Mark of Cornwall.
  • Mark at The Camelot Project
Legendary titles
Preceded by King of Cornwall Unknown
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