Khanate

A khaganate or khanate was a polity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. That political territory was typically found on the Eurasian Steppe and could be equivalent in status to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or empire.

Mongol-ruled khanates

Flag of the Chagatai Khanate

Flag of the II-Khanate

Chagatai Khanate (1226–1347)

After Genghis Khan established appanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below.

In 1226, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai Khan established the Chagatai Khanate. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders.

Il-Khanate (1252–1335)

In 1256, Il-Khanate was established by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulagu Khan. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.

List of Mongol khanates
Bogd Khanate (1911–1924), under rule of the Bogd Khan, the last Mongol khagan

Dzungar Khanate, formed in 1634, covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan and western Mongolia; 2 December 1717 – 1720, also styled Protector of Tibet; 1755 tributary to the Qing dynasty, 1755 annexed by Qing dynasty

Golden Horde
Blue Horde

White Horde

Kalmyk Khanate, established c.1630 by the Torghut branch of the Mongol Oirats, settled along the lower Volga River (in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771

Kara Del

Keraite Khanate

Khamag Mongol Khanate

Khoshut Khanate

Khotgoid Khanate

Mergid Khanate

Moghul Khanate

Naiman Khanate

Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty)

Rouran Khaganate

Tatar Khanate

Yuan dynasty
Northern Yuan dynasty

Turkic khanates

First Turkic Khaganate
- Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Second Turkic Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Xueyantuo
Kara-Khanid Khanate
Khazar Khaganate
Turgesh Khaganate
Golden Horde
Cumania
Pechenegs
Old Great Bulgaria
- Volga Bulgaria, predecessor to the modern Chuvash Republic and the Chuvash people.
- First Bulgarian Empire, which started as a Turko-Slavic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the same Bulgar clan), but later became fully Slavicized and a Tsardom.
Keraite Khanate
Naiman Khanate
Tatar Khanate
Merkit Khanate

Central Asian Turkic khanates

The Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century

Senior zhuz
Middle zhuz
Junior zhuz
Astrakhan Khanate
Besh Tau El
Bukey Horde, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde – This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe settled between the Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region
Khanate of Bukhara
Crimean Khanate
Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate [ky]
Karluk Khanate
Khanate of Kashgaria – Kashgaria was founded in 1514 as part of Chagatai Khanate; in the 17th century it was divided into several minor khanates without importance, with real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders. It became the Yarkent Khanate which was annexed by the Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680
Kazakh Khanate
Khanate of Kazan – The Mongol term khan became active when the Genghisid dynasty was settled in Kazan Duchy in the 1430s; imperial Russia added to its titles the former Kazan khanate with the royal style tsar
Kimek Khanate
Kokand Khanate
Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930
Maimana Khanate
Nogai Khanate
Oghuz Yabgu State
Qasim Khanate (hence modern Kasimov) – named after its founder, a vassal of Moscovia/Russia
Khanate of Sibir – source of the name Siberia, as the first significant conquest during Russia's great eastern expansion across the Urals
The Khanate of Tuva near Outer Mongolia
Uzbek Khanate
Western Turkic Khaganate
Yarkent Khanate