1905

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This article is about the year 1905. For the film, see 1905 (film). For the band, see 1905 (band).
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1905 by topic
Subject
By country
Lists of leaders
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1905 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1905
MCMV
Ab urbe condita2658
Armenian calendar1354
ԹՎ ՌՅԾԴ
Assyrian calendar6655
Baháʼí calendar61–62
Balinese saka calendar1826–1827
Bengali calendar1312
Berber calendar2855
British Regnal year4 Edw. 7 – 5 Edw. 7
Buddhist calendar2449
Burmese calendar1267
Byzantine calendar7413–7414
Chinese calendar甲辰年 (Wood Dragon)
4601 or 4541
    — to —
乙巳年 (Wood Snake)
4602 or 4542
Coptic calendar1621–1622
Discordian calendar3071
Ethiopian calendar1897–1898
Hebrew calendar5665–5666
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1961–1962
 - Shaka Samvat1826–1827
 - Kali Yuga5005–5006
Holocene calendar11905
Igbo calendar905–906
Iranian calendar1283–1284
Islamic calendar1322–1323
Japanese calendarMeiji 38
(明治３８年)
Javanese calendar1834–1835
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4238
Minguo calendar7 before ROC
民前7年
Nanakshahi calendar437
Thai solar calendar2447–2448
Tibetan calendar阳木龙年
(male Wood-Dragon)
2031 or 1650 or 878
    — to —
阴木蛇年
(female Wood-Snake)
2032 or 1651 or 879
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1905.

1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1905th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 905th year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1900s decade. As of the start of 1905, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War begins, more than 100,000 die in the largest world battles of that era, and the war chaos leads to the 1905 Russian Revolution against Nicholas II of Russia (Shostakovich's 11th Symphony is subtitled The Year 1905 to commemorate this) and the start of Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland. Canada and the U.S. expand west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. 1905 is also the year in which Albert Einstein, at this time resident in Bern, publishes his four Annus Mirabilis papers in Annalen der Physik (Leipzig) (March 18, May 11, June 30 and September 27), laying the foundations for more than a century's study of theoretical physics.

Events

"Baby New Year", a cartoon by John T. McCutcheon depicting the new year 1905 chasing the old 1904 into the history books
1905: Einstein's "miracle year"

January

January 22 (9 O.S.): The Bloody Sunday massacre of Russian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg
  • January 1 – In a major defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, General Anatoly Stessel of the Russian Army surrendered Port Arthur, located in mainland China, to the Japanese.[1]
  • January 2 – As terms of surrender were drawn up for Russia, the Russian squadron of five battleships and three cruisers put into anchor at Sainte-Marie Island (now Nosy Boraha) off the coast of Africa and Madagascar. [2]
  • January 3 – Japan took former possession of Port Arthur and renamed it Ryojun, holding it for 40 years. The area would revert in 1945 to China and is now the Lushunkou District. [2]
  • January 4 –
    • Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino becomes Prime Minister of Romania for the second time, having previously served from 1899 to 1900, and remains in office for more than two years. [3]
    • Topsy the Elephant, who had killed three of her keepers in a rage, was executed at Coney Island by electrocution, with Thomas Edison filming the event and the public being allowed to watch. [4]
    • The city of Bend, Oregon, plotted out in 1900 by Alexander Drake, was incorporated as a town for local logging companies, and would have a population of 536 in 1910. By the year 2020, it would have almost 100,000 residents. [5]
  • January 5 – Baroness Emma Orczy's play The Scarlet Pimpernel, the forerunner of her novel, opened at the New Theatre in London, beginning a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals.[6]
  • January 6 –
    • The Lick Observatory announced the discovery of a sixth moon of Jupiter, made by their astronomer Charles D. Perrine. Unlike the first five Jovian satellites discovered, the sixth one would be referred to as "Jupiter VI" until 1975, and is now called Himalia. [2]
    • The U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination of William D. Crum, an African-American, to the office of collector of customs at Charleston, South Carolina after Crum's nomination by President Theodore Roosevelt. [2]
    • Danish prime minister Johan Henrik Deuntzer and his cabinet resigned over a disagreement regarding Denmark's military. [2]
  • January 7 – The Colorado State Legislature entered an agreement with Alva Adams to allow him to take office as Governor of Colorado while a challenge by Republican candidate James Peabody was being investigated. Under the arrangement, Adams took office on January 10 on condition that he was to step down voluntarily if the legislature concluded that Peabody had won the popular vote. Adams resigned on March 17 after the investigation concluded that Peabody had won. [2]
  • January 9 – U.S. Secretary of the Navy Paul Morton and Admiral of the Navy George Dewey reviewed the largest concentration of American warships up to that time, as 40 ships, "including six of the most powerful battleships afloat", were brought into port at Hampton Roads, Virginia. [7]
  • January 10 – Chile and Bolivia signed a treaty of peace and amity. [2]
  • January 11 – Under the supervision of five editors, work began on the comprehensive Catholic Encyclopedia, subtitled "An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church" and published by the Robert Appleton Company. The first volume would appear in 1907.
  • January 12 – Marie Walcker, the last victim of German-born American serial killer and bigamist Johann Otto Hoch, died of poisoning in Chicago a month after her their marriage. On January 30, Hoch was arrested in New York City, initially for having married and deserted multiple women (one estimate is 45 women in ten states from 1888 to 1905 [8]), but soon was charged with Marie Walcker's murder, for which he would be convicted. Hoch was suspected of perhaps as many as 50 murders, but only charged with Walcker's death. He would be hanged on February 23, 1906. [9].
  • January 13 – Alexander, Prince of Lippe, the last sovereign monarch of the German principality of Lippe, died after a nominal reign of 10 years, leaving no children to succeed him and ending the Lippe-Detmold line. Prince Alexander's power had been exercised by regents because of his mental illness, and the question of a successor would not be resolved until October until the last regent, Alexander's cousin Leopold IV, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld. After World War One, the principality would be abolished and would exist as a "Free State" until the end of World War Two; it is now part of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. [10]
  • January 14 – Jens Christian Christensen took office as the new Prime Minister of Denmark. [2]
  • January 15 – A series of three 133 feet (41 m) high tsunamis killed 61 people in the Norway in the villages of Ytre Nesdal and Bødal, after a rockslide swept down Mount Ramnefjell and crashed into Lake Lovatnet. [11]
  • January 16 – The Ottawa Hockey Club retained the Stanley Cup, winning the best-2-of-3 series in the second and deciding game against the Dawson City Nuggets, who had traveled 4,000 miles (6,400 km) from Canada's Yukon Territory by dog sled, ship, and train over more than three weeks to challenge Ottawa for the Cup. [12] After prevailing in the first game, 9 to 2 over the Nuggets on January 13, the day after the exhausted Nugget players arrived in the capital, the champions easily won Game 2, with a final score of Ottawa Hockey Club 23, Dawson City Nuggets 2. [13]
  • January 17 – In France, Prime Minister Émile Combes and his cabinet announced their resignations after being implicated in the Affair of the Cards (L'Affaire des Fiches), a system set up by the War Ministry to purge the French Army officers corps of Jesuits.[14]
  • January 18 – U.S. District Judge Charles Swayne of Florida was impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives. [2]
  • January 19 – Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire narrowly escaped injury during the "blessing of the waters" of the Neva River near Saint Petersburg. One of the guns firing a salute malfunctioned and sent grapeshot down into the crowd of dignitaries, narrowly missing the Tsar. [2]
  • January 20 –
    • An arbitration treaty was signed at Washington between the United States, Sweden, and Norway. [2]
    • Lobbyists from the U.S. territory of New Mexico presented their arguments against being consolidated with the Arizona Territory for admission as a single state. [2]
  • January 21 – The Dominican Republic signed an agreement with the United States to allow the U.S. to administer the collection of customs taxes for Santo Domingo for 50 years, with the U.S. to assume responsibility for payment of the Republic's debts to foreign nations from Dominican income. The agreement was done as an exercise of the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine. [15]
  • January 22 (January 9 O.S.) – The Bloody Sunday massacre of peaceful Russian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg took place, leading to an unsuccessful uprising.
  • January 23 – U.S. Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, who also served at the time as one of the Quorum of the Twelve in the governing body of the Mormon Church, refused to testify before a Senate committee about the secret endowment ceremony of church members. [15]
  • January 24 – Maurice Rouvier formed a government as the new List of Prime Ministers of France#French Third Republic (1870–1940)|Prime Minister of France. [15]
  • January 25 – Tsar Nicholas II appointed General Dmitri Trepov to be the Governor-General of Saint Petersburg, with absolute power to issue regulations to keep order. [15]
  • January 26 – (January 13 O.S. in Russia)
  • January 27 – The Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945#Nelson Act was passed into law in the United States, providing for racial segregation of schools in the Alaska Territory. While providing for establishment of a school district in any unincorporated community with a population of at least 20 "white children and children of mixed blood who lead a civilized life", the Act also required that "the education of Eskimos and Indians in Alaska shall remain under the direction and control of the Secretary of the Interior, and school for and among the Eskimos and Indians of Alaska shall have the same right to be admitted to any Indian boarding school as the Indian children in the States or Territories of the United States." [16]
  • January 28 – Two disasters in the Russo-Japanese War took place in different battles. In Manchuria, near Linchinpu, a group of 200 Japanese soldiers armed only with rifles was thrown into battle against Russian Army defenders who had two machine guns available. When the Japanese got within 900 feet (270 m) of the Russians, the firing of 1,000 cartridges began with most of the soldiers killed or wounded within two minutes. [17] At the village of Sandepu, 36 miles (58 km) south of Mukden, General Oskar Gripenberg ordered the Russian Army to attack, but the Japanese repelled the attackers with a bayonet charge. Most of the Russian soldiers were killed or wounded, and those who didn't die immediately were left behind in the retreat and froze to death overnight. [18]
  • January 29 – Rioting broke out in Warsaw, at the time under Russian Imperial rule with a Russian Governor-General. [15]
  • January 30 –
    • The U.S. Supreme Court rendered its unanimous decision in the landmark case of Swift & Co. v. United States, upholding as constitutional the right of the federal government to use antitrust laws to regulate monopolies based on the Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution ("Congress... shall have power to regulate Commerce... among the several States") [15]
  • January 31 – What has been called "the greatest ball of the Gilded Age" [19] was held by James Hazen Hyde, the 28-year-old heir to the fortune of the founder of the Equitable Life Assurance Association" at New York City's Sherry Hotel, who spent $200,000 for a "Louis XV costume ball" for invited guests. [20] Based on purchasing power at the time, the cost of the party would have been equivalent to more than 6.7 million dollars in 2022. [21]

February

March

March 3: Nicholas II of Russia creates the Duma

April

May

May 15: Las Vegas is founded with auction of 110 acres (0.45 km2)

June

July

August

September

October

October 2: HMS Dreadnought

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January – March

Tex Ritter
Takeo Fukuda
Christian Dior
Takashi Shimura
Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
Albert Speer

April – June

Serge Lifar
George H. Hitchings
Henry Fonda
Jean-Paul Sartre

July – September

Dag Hammarskjöld
Myrna Loy
Greta Garbo
Max Schmeling
Felix Bloch

October – December

Howard Hughes

Date unknown

Deaths

January–February

Ernst Abbe
Adolph von Menzel

March–April

Jules Verne

May–June

Francisco Silvela
Giovanni Battista Scalabrini
Małgorzata Szewczyk

July–August

September–October

Rene Goblet
Isabelle Gatti de Gamond

November–December

Date unknown

Nobel Prizes

File:Nobel medal.png

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The American Monthly Review of Reviews (February 1905) pp. 154-156
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Further reading

  • Gilbert, Martin (1997). A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900–1933. pp 105–22.

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