Iroquoian peoples
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Iroquoian peoples are Iroquoian speaking Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands and Great Lakes of North America whose territories stretched from southeastern and southern Ontario in Canada along the shores of Lake Huron and Georgian bay, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario to New York state, northern Ohio and Pennsylvania.
Historical Iroquoian people were the Five nations of the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee, Huron or Wendat, Tionontati or Petun, Neutral or Attawandaron, Erie people, Wenro, Susquehannock and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.
The Cherokee are also an Iroquoian-speaking people.
There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE.
List of Iroquoian peoples
- Haudenosaunee of New York, Quebec and Ontario, Canada.
- Huron (Wendat): Georgian bay, Ontario, Canada.
- Petun (Tobacco or Tionontati): Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada.
- Neutral Nation: southwestern and south-central Ontario.
- Nation du chat (Erie) of Upstate New York, Ohio, and Northwest Pennsylvania, United States.
- Conestoga (Susquehannock) of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New York, and Maryland (United States).
- St. Lawrence Iroquoians: St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada, and New York, United States.
- Monongahela: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, United States.
- Scahentoarrhonon: Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania.
- Nottoway of Virginia, United States.
- Senedo: Virginia, United States.
- Westo of Virginia and South Carolina, United States.
- Wenrohronon (Wenro): New York, United States.
- Cherokee: North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, edges of western South Carolina, northern Georgia and northeastern Alabama.
- Meherrin: North Carolina.
History
Iroquois mythology tells that the Iroquoian people have their origin in a woman who fell from the sky,[1] and that they have always been on Turtle Island.[2]
Archaeology
The Hopewell tradition describes the common aspects of an ancient pre-Columbian Native American civilization that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes. This is known as the Hopewell exchange system.
There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE."[3]
The Point Peninsula complex was an indigenous culture located in Ontario and New York from 600 BCE to 700 CE (during the Middle Woodland period).[4] This culture, perhaps in interaction with other complexes eventually developed into the several Iroquoian-speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York.
Culture
The Iroquoian peoples had matrilineal kinship systems.[5] They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack, these settlements were referred to as “towns” by early Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering activities.[5] Longhouses were also common.
References
- ^ "Iroquois | History, Culture, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ^ "Iroquois Creation Story - Lesson Four". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ^ "Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ^ "Middle Woodland Natives". Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b "The Iroquois Peoples". WorldAtlas. 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
Further reading
- Anderson, Chad L. (2020). The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast. Borderlands and Transcultural Studies. University of Nebraska Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvzpv65x.
- Bamann, Susan; Kuhn, Robert; Molnar, James; Snow, Dean (1992). "Iroquoian Archaeology". Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews. 21: 435–460. JSTOR 2155995.
- Birch, Jennifer (October 2012). "Coalescent communities: settlement aggregation and social integration in Iroquoian Ontario". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 77 (4): 646–670. JSTOR 23486483.
- Birch, Jennifer (September 2015). "Current Research on the Historical Development of Northern Iroquoian Societies". Journal of Archaeological Research. Springer. 23 (3): 263–323. JSTOR 43956789.
- Braun, Gregory Vincent (2015). Ritual, Materiality, and Memory in an Iroquoian Village (PDF) (Thesis). University of Toronto.
- Bursey, Jeffrey A. (2003). "Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site: A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association. 27 (2): 191–233. JSTOR 41103448.
- Crawford, Gary W.; Smith, David G. (October 1996). "Migration in Prehistory: Princess Point and the Northern Iroquoian Case". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 61 (4): 782–790. doi:10.2307/282018.
- Creese, John Laurence (2011). Deyughnyonkwarakda – "At the Wood's Edge": The Development of the Iroquoian Village in Southern Ontario, A.D. 900-1500 (PDF) (Thesis). University of Toronto.
- Hart, John P.; Engelbrecht, William (June 2012). "Northern Iroquoian Ethnic Evolution: A Social Network Analysis". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. Springer. 19 (2): 322–349. JSTOR 23256843.
- Jamieson, James Bruce (January 2016). Bone, Antler, Tooth and Shell: A Study in Iroquoian Technology (PDF) (Thesis). McGill University.
- Jamieson, Susan M. (1992). "Regional Interaction and Ontario Iroquois Evolution". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association. 16: 70–88. JSTOR 41102851.
- Johnston, Richard B. (1979). "Notes on Ossuary Burial Among the Ontario Iroquois". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association (3): 91–104. JSTOR 41102198.
- Kapches, Mima (Fall 1980). "Wall Trenches on Iroquoian Sites". Archaeology of Eastern North America. Eastern States Archeological Federation. 8: 98–105. JSTOR 40914190.
- Kerber, Jordan E., ed. (2007). Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources. Syracuse University Press.
- Manning, Sturt W.; Birch, Jennifer; Conger, Megan A.; Dee, Michael W.; et al. (5 December 2018). "Radiocarbon re-dating of contact-era Iroquoian history in northeastern North America". Science Advances. 4 (12). eaav0280. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav0280. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- Noble, William C. (1979). "Ontario Iroquois Effigy Pipes". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association (3): 69–90. JSTOR 41102197.
- Parmenter, Jon (2010). The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701. Michigan State University Press.
- Snow, Dean R. (January 1995). "Migration in Prehistory: The Northern Iroquoian Case". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 60 (1): 59–79. doi:10.2307/282076.
- Traphagan, John W. (2008). "Embodiment, Ritual Incorporation, and Cannibalism Among the Iroquoians after 1300 c.e.". Journal of Ritual Studies. 22 (2): 1–12. JSTOR 44368787.
- Warrick, Gary (December 2000). "The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario". Journal of World Prehistory. Springer. 14 (4): 415–466. JSTOR 25801165.
- Whyte, Thomas R. (Summer 2007). "Proto-Iroquoian Divergence in the Late Archaic-Early Woodland Period Transition of the Appalachian Highlands". Southeastern Archaeology. Taylor & Francis. 26 (1): 134–144. JSTOR 40713422.