Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language
The Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language (Indonesian: Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD)[1] is the spelling system used for the Indonesian language. It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (Indonesian: Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Indonesian: Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.[1] The system is an orthography released in 1972 to replace the Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies.
The adoption of the new EYD system, to begin on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day.[2] Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes proposed in the new system and marked the official use of EYD system.[3]
Changes
Various minor changes were announced after 1975:
- On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree[4] which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years.
- On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes.[5]
- Another update to the spelling system was issued on 26 November 2015.[6] For the first time the term "Indonesian spelling system" was used; previously the term used was "Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language". There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new diphthong of "ei" (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, "ai", "au" and "oi") and new rules on the usage of bold letters.
- On 16 August 2022 and in time for the spelling system's fiftieth anniversary, new update for the spelling system was issued.[7] It restored the "Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language" term. Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong "eu", the diacritic "ê" (optional), and limited the use of number words to singular numbers.[7]
Republican-to-EYD letter changes
| Changes | Republican | EYD | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| /tʃ/: tj becomes c | tjuma, katjang | cuma, kacang | only, peanuts |
| /dʒ/: dj becomes j | djual, edjaan | jual, ejaan | sell, spelling |
| /j/: j becomes y | ajam, pajung | ayam, payung | chicken, umbrella |
| /ɲ/: nj becomes ny | njonja, banjak | nyonya, banyak | madam, many |
| /ʃ/: sj becomes sy | sjair, masjarakat | syair, masyarakat | poem, people |
| /x/: ch becomes kh | tarich, achir | tarikh, akhir | era, end |
Foreign loan letters
Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.[8]
| Letters | Example | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| f | maaf, fakir | (I am) sorry, poor |
| v | valuta, universitas | currency, university |
| z | zeni, lezat | engineer, delicious |
Q and X
The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects.[8] Examples:
- Sinar-X (X-ray)
The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects.[9][10] Examples:
- Quran
- Al-Furqan
- Al-Baqarah
Affixes and prepositions
The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (is being taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it.[8]
Reduplication
Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid.[8] The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.
| Republican | EYD | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anak² | anak-anak | children |
| ber-main² | bermain-main | to play around |
| ke-barat²-an | kebarat-baratan | westernized |
See also
References
- ^ a b "EYD V". ejaan.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
- ^ "Keputusan Presiden No. 57 Tahun 1972 tentang Peresmian Berlakunya "Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan"". Presidential Decree No. 57 of 1972 (PDF) (in Indonesian). President of Indonesia.
- ^ "Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI Nomor: 0196/U/1975 tentang Peresmian Berlakunya "Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan" dan "Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah" di Seluruh Indonesia" [General Guidelines for the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System]. Ministerial Decree No. 0196/U/1975 of 1975 (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
- ^ "Kepmendikbud RI No. 0543a/u/1987 Tentang Penyempurnaan Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan". Ministerial Decree No. 0543a/U/1987 of 1987 (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
- ^ "Permendiknas No. 46 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan". Ministerial Decree No. 46 of 2009 (PDF) (in Indonesian). Minister of National Education.
- ^ "Permendikbud Nomor 50 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia". Ministerial Decree No. 50 of 2015 (PDF) (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
- ^ a b "Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022 Tentang Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan". Language Center Decree No. 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022 of 2022 (in Indonesian). Language Development and Fostering Agency.
- ^ a b c d Tasai, S Amran and E. Zaenal Arifin (2000). Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia: Untuk Perguruan Tinggi.
- ^ "2. QS. Al-Baqarah (Sapi Betina)". Sindonews. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "25. QS. Al-Furqan (Pembeda)". Sindonews. Retrieved 22 September 2021.