M142 HIMARS

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M142 HIMARS
HIMARS - missile launched.jpg
M142 HIMARS launching a GMLRS rocket at the White Sands Missile Range in 2005
Type
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service2010–present
Wars
Production history
ManufacturerLockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control
Unit cost$3.5 million per one launcher+carrier, $110,000 per one M31 GMLRS (2014);[3]
$3.8 million (in 2020)[4] per one launcher+carrier
No. built> 540[5]
Specifications
Mass16,250 kg (35,800 lb)[6]
Length7 m (23 ft 0 in)
Width2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)
Height3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Crew3
Traverse360°
Effective firing rangedepends on armament
  • starting from 9 km (5.6 mi) armed with MLRS
  • up to 499 km (310 mi) (planned) armed with PrSM
ArmorLight
Main
armament
or 2 x PrSM
EngineCaterpillar 3115 ATAAC 6.6-liter diesel
290 hp[7]
Operational
range
480 km (300 mi)
Maximum speed 85 km/h (53 mph)

The M142 HIMARS (M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System) is a light multiple rocket launcher developed in the late 1990s for the United States Army and mounted on a standard United States Army Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) truck frame.

The HIMARS carries one pod with either six GMLRS rockets or one ATACMS missile. It is based on the United States Army's FMTV five-ton truck, and is capable of launching all rockets specified in the Multiple Launch Rocket System Family of Munitions (MFOM). HIMARS ammunition pods are interchangeable with the M270 MLRS; however, it is limited to a single pod as opposed to the standard two for the M270 and its variants.

The launcher can be transported by Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.[8] The FMTV truck that transports the HIMARS was initially produced by BAE Systems Mobility & Protection Systems (formerly Armor Holdings Aerospace and Defense Group Tactical Vehicle Systems Division), the original equipment manufacturer of the FMTV. It was produced by the Oshkosh Corporation from 2010 to 2017.[9] Both chassis and launcher system are now produced by Lockheed Martin Missiles & Fire Control in Camden, Arkansas.[10]

Development

The HIMARS was developed as a private venture by Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control to meet a U.S. Army requirement. The system first appeared publicly in 1993. In 1996, the U.S. Army Missile Command awarded Lockheed Martin a $23.2 million contract to build four prototypes. The vehicles were delivered to the XVIII Airborne Corps for a two-year evaluation. In July 1998, the Army conducted a test firing of the ATACMS. In December 1999, the Aviation and Missile Command awarded Lockheed Martin a $65 million contract for engineering and manufacturing development. Under this contract, Lockheed Martin delivered six HIMARs in late 2001 for Army evaluation. In April 2003, the Army awarded Lockheed Martin a $96 million contract to begin low rate initial production. Around this time, the Marine Corps placed an order for two units for evaluation purposes.[11]

Design

The HIMARS is similar in design to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), with the main exception being that it is a wheeled vehicle as opposed to tracked vehicle. The HIMARS carries one ordnance pod, which is identical to the pods used by the M270. The windows are made of sheets of sapphire laminated with glass and polycarbonate.[12]

The HIMARS was also tested as a unified launch system for both artillery rockets and the SLAMRAAM surface-launched variant of the AMRAAM anti-aircraft missile.[13]

In October 2017, a Marine Corps HIMARS fired a rocket while at sea against a land target for the first time from the deck of the amphibious transport dock USS Anchorage, demonstrating the system's ability to operate while on ships to deliver precision fire from a standoff range against shore defenses.[14] The vehicle's targeting software was reworked so it can better fire while on a launch platform that is in motion.[15]

By early 2022, Lockheed Martin was producing HIMARS at a rate of 48 launchers annually, but following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that rate was increased to 60. In October 2022 the company announced it would boost production to 96 systems annually in response to increased demand caused by the war; limitations in building new industrial capacity means it will be several months before production can be ramped up from five to eight vehicles monthly.[16][17]

Operational history

Afghanistan and the Middle East

A HIMARS launcher with armored cab
A HIMARS launcher being loaded into a C-130 Hercules aircraft in 2011
Reloading a HIMARS with a pod of six rockets

In February 2010, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) for Afghanistan indicated in a press release that two rockets fired from a HIMARS were believed to have fallen 300 metres short of their intended target, killing 12 civilians during Operation Moshtarak. ISAF suspended the use of the HIMARS until a full review of the incident was completed.[18] A British officer later said that the rockets were on target, that the target was in use by the Taliban, and that use of the system had been reinstated.[19] Reports indicated that the civilian deaths were due to the Taliban's use of human shields; the presence of civilians at that location had not been known to the ISAF forces.[20] A report in the New York Times in October 2010 credited the HIMARS with aiding the NATO offensive in Kandahar by targeting Taliban commanders' hideouts, forcing many to flee to Pakistan, at least temporarily.[21]

In November 2015, the U.S. Army revealed that it had deployed the HIMARS to Iraq, firing at least 400 rockets at Islamic State (ISIL) targets since the beginning of that summer.[22] HIMARS detachments were sent to Al Asad Airbase and Al-Taqaddum Air Base in Al Anbar Governorate. In March 2016, a U.S. Army HIMARS fired rockets into Syria for the first time in support of Syrian rebels fighting ISIL, from launchers based in neighboring Jordan.[23]

In January 2016, Lockheed announced that the HIMARS had reached 1 million operational hours with U.S. forces, achieving a 99 percent operational readiness rate.[24]

In April 2016, it was announced that the U.S. would be deploying the HIMARS in Turkey near the border with Syria as part of the battle with ISIL.[25] In early September, international media and the U.S. State Department reported a newly deployed HIMARS had engaged ISIL targets in Syria near the Turkish border.[26][27][28]

In October 2016, HIMARS were stationed at Qayyarah Airfield West, some 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of Mosul, taking part in the Battle of Mosul.[29]

In June 2017, a HIMARS was deployed at Al-Tanf, Syria, to support U.S.-backed rebels in the area.[30][31]

On 24 May 2018, a HIMARS strike killed 50 Taliban fighters and leaders in Musa Qala, Afghanistan.[32] Three rockets struck the building within a 14-second timespan.[33]

In September 2018, US support forces coordinated with Syrian Democratic Forces fighting to defeat ISIS in east Syria in the Deir ez-Zor campaign, sometimes striking ISIS positions with GMLRS rockets 30 times per day.[34][35][36][37][38] The HIMARS used in this support operation were located in the Omar oilfields, some 25 km (16 mi) north of the ISIS-controlled targets.[39]

Ukraine

Ukrainian HIMARS in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, early July 2022.

On 31 May 2022, the US announced that it would be supplying HIMARS to Ukraine with M31 GMLRS unitary rockets.[40][41][42] The next day, it was reported that four units would be sent. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl said that the US would be able to send more systems as the fighting evolves.[43] On 23 June, the first HIMARS arrived in Ukraine, according to Ukrainian Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov.[44] On 25 June 2022, Ukraine started deploying the system against Russian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to Ukraine's Chief of General Staff, Valeriy Zaluzhnyi, "Artillerymen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine hit ... military targets of the enemy on our, Ukrainian, territory".[45] The Ukrainian military claimed that this first strike, on a Russian base in Izyum, killed over 40 soldiers. The day before, a second batch of four was announced to be delivered in mid-July.[46]

On 1 July, a US defense official told reporters that Ukraine had been using the system to destroy Russian command posts: "selecting targets and then accurately hitting them ... degrading Russian capability".[47] On 18 July, Zaluzhnyi said: "An important factor contributing to our retention of defensive lines and positions is the timely arrival of M142 HIMARS, which deliver surgical strikes on enemy control posts, ammunition and fuel storage depots."[48]

Another four HIMARS were announced for delivery on 8 July, the delivery spacing driven by the weeks-long process to train Ukrainian troops on how to use the platform. To avoid escalating the conflict, US restricted Ukraine from firing HIMARS rockets into Russian territory.[49] For the same reason, the US has not provided Ukraine with the longer-range ATACMS missile, which could easily engage targets inside of Russia.[50][51]

A fourth batch of four was announced on 20 July, bringing the total number of HIMARS committed to Ukraine to 16. Ukrainian Defense Minister Reznikov claimed that the country needed "at least 100" of the system and that by that point, eight systems had destroyed 30 command stations and ammunition storage facilities, decreasing the intensity of Russian shelling and slowing their advance.[52] In that announcement, it was revealed that the number delivered had reached 12 launchers.[53][54][55] That number had increased to 16 by 1 August.[56]

On 30 August, 2022, The Washington Post reported on Ukrainian claims to have successfully used decoy HIMARS units made out of wood to draw at least 10 Russian 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles. One US diplomat was reported to state that Russian sources had claimed more HIMARS destroyed than the US had sent. A Pentagon official had earlier in the month asserted that no HIMARS had been destroyed at that time.[57]

On 8 September, US General Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told reporters: "We are seeing real and measurable gains from Ukraine in the use of these systems. For example, the Ukrainians have struck over 400 targets with the HIMARS and they've had devastating effect".[58]

A further 18 HIMARS were announced on 28 September, however it was part of an aid package aimed at meeting Ukraine's mid- and long-term needs, so deliveries would begin in six months at the earliest.[59][60] Ukraine had previously been provided with only M31 Unitary Warhead missiles, which are "not ideal against targets spread over large areas, as the deadly chunks are not designed to fly far." As of early October they have been granted the M30A1 which uses the Alternative Warhead that can cover up to "half a square mile of land in a single salvo" with 180,000 tungsten steel BB sized balls.[61] The US also announced on 4 October that four more HIMARS launchers would be provided from US military stockpiles, bringing the total to 20 HIMARS in Ukrainian service.[62][63][64][65]

In response to the effects of HIMARS, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu declared the HIMARS system as a high priority target for Russian troops. Ukrainian officials identified Russia's kamikaze drones as the biggest threat to the HIMARS system.[50]

Armament

The HIMARS can fire the following rockets and missiles:

MLRS

MLRS is series of 227 mm rockets.

The M28 rockets are a variant of the unguided M26 rockets of the M270 system.[66] Each rocket pod contains 6 identical rockets.

  • M28 practice rockets. An M26 variant with three ballast containers and three smoke-marking containers in place of the submunition payload.
  • M28A1 Reduced-Range Practice Rocket (RRPR) with blunt nose. Range reduced to 9 km (5.6 mi).
  • M28A2 Low-Cost Reduced-Range Practice Rocket (LCRRPR) with blunt nose. Range reduced to 9 km (5.6 mi).

GMLRS

Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) rockets have an extended range and add GPS-aided guidance to their Inertial Navigation System. GMLRS rockets were introduced in 2005 and the M30 and M31 rockets are, except for their warheads, identical.[67] As of 1 December 2021 50,000 GMLRS rockets have been produced,[68] with yearly production now exceeding 9,000 rockets. Each rocket pod contains 6 identical rockets. Most of GMLRS series rockets have effective range of up to 92 km.[69]

  • M30 rockets carrying 404 DPICM M101 submunitions. Range: 15–92 km (9.3–57.2 mi). 3,936 produced between 2004 and 2009, production ceased in favor of the M30A1.[67] The remaining M30 rockets are being updated with either the M30A1 or M31A1 warhead.[66]
  • M30A1 rockets with Alternative Warhead (AW). Range: 15–92 km (9.3–57.2 mi). GMLRS rocket that replaces the M30's submunitions with approximately 182,000 pre-formed tungsten fragments for area effects without unexploded ordnance.[70] Entered production in 2015.[67][66] This warhead is superior not just because it doesn't use cluster munitions but is also superior to a normal high explosive round: "A high explosive round is very impressive because it produces a big bomb and large pieces of shrapnel, but this round is small pellets and covers a much larger area."[71]
  • M30A2 rockets with Alternative Warhead (AW). Range: 15–92 km (9.3–57.2 mi). Improved M30A1 with Insensitive Munition Propulsion System (IMPS). Only M30 variant in production since 2019.[72]
  • M31 rockets with 200 lb (91 kg) high-explosive unitary warhead. Range: 15–92 km (9.3–57.2 mi). Entered production in 2005. The warhead is produced by General Dynamics and contains 51 pounds (23 kg) of PBX-109 high explosive in a steel blast-fragmentation case.[73]
  • M31A1 rockets with 200 lb (91 kg) high-explosive unitary warhead. Range: 15–92 km (9.3–57.2 mi). Improved M31 with new multi-mode fuze that added airburst to the M31's fuze point detonation and delay.[74]
  • M31A2 rockets with 200 lb (91 kg) high-explosive unitary warhead. Range: 15–92 km (9.3–57.2 mi). Improved M31A1 with Insensitive Munition Propulsion System (IMPS). Only M31 variant in production since 2019.
  • ER GMLRS rockets with extended range of up to 150 km (93 mi).[75] Rockets use a slightly increased rocket motor size, a newly designed hull, and tail-driven guidance while still containing six per pod. It will come in unitary and AW variants.[76] The first successful test flight of an ER GMLRS occurred in March 2021.[77] Lockheed Martin anticipates adding the ER to its production line in the fiscal year 2023 contract award, and is planning to produce the new rockets at its Camden facility. Full operational capability is planned for 2025.[78] In 2022 Finland became the first foreign customer to order ER GMLRS.[79]

ATACMS

Main article: ATACMS

The Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) is a series of 610 mm surface-to-surface missile (SSM) with a range of up to 300 km (190 mi).[80] Each rocket pod contains one ATACMS missile. As of 2022, only the M48, M57, and M57E1 remain in the US military's arsenal.

  • M39 (ATACMS BLOCK I) missile with inertial guidance. The missile carries 950 M74 Anti-personnel and Anti‑materiel (APAM) bomblets. Range: 25–165 km (16–103 mi). 1,650 M39 were produced between 1990 and 1997, when production ceased in favor of the M39A1. During Desert Storm 32 M39 were fired at Iraqi targets, and during Operation Iraqi Freedom a further 379 M39 were fired.[67][66] The remaining M39 missiles are being updated to M57E1 missiles.[81][82] The M39 is the only ATACMS variant, which can be fired by all MLRS and HIMARS variants.
  • M39A1 (ATACMS BLOCK IA) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The missile carries 300 M74 APAM bomblets. Range: 20–300 km (12–186 mi). 610 M39A1 were produced between 1997 and 2003. During Operation Iraqi Freedom 74 M39A1 were fired at Iraqi targets.[67][66] The remaining M39A1 missiles are being updated to M57E1 missiles.[81][82] The M39A1 and all subsequently introduced ATACMS missiles can be used only with the M270A1 (or variants thereof) and the HIMARS.
  • M48 (ATACMS Quick Reaction Unitary; QRU) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The missile carries the 500 lb WDU-18/B penetrating high-explosive blast fragmentation warhead of the US Navy's Harpoon anti-ship missile. Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi). 176 M48 were produced between 2001 and 2004, when production ceased in favor of the M57. During Operation Iraqi Freedom 16 M48 were fired at Iraqi targets; a further 42 M48 were fired during Operation Enduring Freedom.[67][66] The remaining M48 missiles remain in the U.S. Army and US Marine Corps' arsenal.
  • M57 (ATACMS TACMS 2000) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The missile carries the same WDU-18/B warhead as the M48. Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi). 513 M57 were produced between 2004 and 2013.[67][66]
  • M57E1 (ATACMS Modification; MOD) missile with GPS-aided guidance. The M57E1 is the designation for upgraded M39 and M39A1 with re-grained motor, updated navigation and guidance software and hardware, and a WDU-18/B unitary warhead instead of the M74 APAM bomblets. The M57E1 ATACMS MOD also includes a proximity sensor for airburst detonation.[81] Production commenced in 2017 with an initial order for 220 upgraded M57E1.[67][66] The program is slated to end in 2024 with the introduction of the Precision Strike Missile (PrSM), which will replace the ATACMS missiles in the US arsenal.

PrSM

Main article: Precision Strike Missile

The Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) is a new series of GPS-guided missiles, which will begin to replace ATACMS missiles in 2024. PrSM carries a newly designed area-effects warhead and has a range of 60–499 km (37–310 mi). PrSM missiles can be launched from the M270A2 and the HIMARS, with rockets pods containing 2 missiles. As of 2022 the PrSM is in low-rate initial production with 110 missiles being delivered to the US military over the year. PrSM will enter operational service in 2023.[83][67][84]

Related developments

Lockheed Martin UK and INSYS had jointly developed a demonstrator rocket artillery system similar to HIMARS for the British Army's "Lightweight Mobile Artillery Weapon System/Rocket" (LIMAWS(R)) program. The system consisted of a single MLRS pod, mounted on a Supacat SPV600 chassis.[85] The LIMAWS(R) program was canceled in September 2007.[86]

Lockheed Martin and Thales Australia are discussing with the Australian government, manufacturing HIMARS rockets in Australia. Due in part to concerns of resupply during conflict. Australia has the ability to manufacture the rockets but it depends on the technology (specifically the guidance components) being authorised by the US government. [87]

Operators

HIMARS operators in blue

Current operators

 United States
United States Army
Army National Guard (ARNG)
United States Marine Corps
 Romania
Romanian Land Forces (54)[89]
 Singapore
Singapore Army (24)
 Ukraine
Ukrainian Ground Forces (20 delivered, plus 18 future deliveries)[95][96][59][60]
 United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Army (12)[97]
 Jordan
Royal Jordanian Army (12)
  • 29th HIMARS Battalion, Jordan Royal Artillery Command

Future operators

 Australia
  • Australian Army: The Pentagon reported that the Australian Army had asked to purchase 20 HIMARS, with the sale being approved by the U.S. State Department on 26 May 2022.[98][99]
 Estonia
  • Estonian Land Forces: On 15 July 2022, United States approved the sale of 6 systems to Estonia as part of package estimated at $500 million.[100]
 Latvia
  • Latvian Land Forces: On 12 October 2022, Latvian Ministry of Defense announced that the country will acquire 6 systems.[101]
 Lithuania
  • Lithuanian Land Forces: On 9 October 2022, the Lithuanian Minister of National Defence announced an agreement with the USA to acquire 8 systems.[102]
 Poland
  • Polish Land Forces: On 29 November 2018 the US State Department approved the sale to Poland.[103] In 2022, according to a tweet by Poland's Minister of National Defense, Poland has requested a buy order of an additional 500 systems to strengthen its military.[104][105]
 Taiwan
  • Republic of China Army: On 21 October 2020, the US government approved the sale of 11 HIMARS to Taiwan.[106][107] Following the successful use of HIMARS in Ukraine, the order may increase up to 29 launchers.

See also

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External links

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