Greece–Turkey relations

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For relations before 1923 with the Ottoman Empire, see Greece–Ottoman Empire relations.
Greece–Turkey relations
Map indicating locations of Greece and Turkey

Greece
Turkey
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Greece, AnkaraEmbassy of Turkey, Athens

Relations between Greece and Turkey begin in 1830 following Greece's formation after declaring independence from the Ottoman Empire. Modern relations begin when Turkey declared its formation in 1923 following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.

Greece and Turkey, since their formation, have used real and imagined trauma of each other to justify their nationalism.[1] This includes issues such as the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Varlık Vergisi, the Istanbul pogrom and Cypriot intercommunal violence. Yet, Greek-Turkish feuding was not a significant factor in international relations from 1930 to 1955, and during the cold war decades, domestic and bipolarity politics limited their competitiveness.[2][3] By the mid-1990s and decades to follow, the restraint on their rivalry was removed, and both nations had become each other's biggest security risk.[4][5]

Control of the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean remain the basis of their rivalry. Post World War II, the UNCLOS treaty, decolonisation of Cyprus, and the addition of the Dodecanese to Greece's territory have been what unpins their turbulent contemporary history and relations. There are several issues that are frequent in their current relations, which include territory disputes over the sea and air, minority rights, and Turkey's relationship with the European Union and its members especially Cyprus.[6][7] Control over energy pipelines is increasingly a focus in their relations.

Diplomatic missions

The first official diplomatic contacts between Greece and the Ottoman Empire occurred in 1830.[8] Consular relations between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were established in 1834.[9] An embassy opened in 1853 in Istanbul, discontinued during periods of crisis after and eventually transferred to the new capital Ankara in 1923 when Turkey was formed.[9]


History

Background

Main articles: Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire § Byzantine and Persian-Turk relations, and Greece–Ottoman Empire relations § The Rum Millet: 15th–19th centuries
See also: Names of the Greeks, Background of the Greek War of Independence, and Greek Plan

The Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire are different regimes to the modern nations of Greece and Turkey, but factor into the nations' modern relations as heritage.[20] Some view the Byzantine Empire, the Roman Empire during the medieval era, the medieval expression of a Greek nation and a pre-modern nation state.[21] Some academics claim Turkey is not a successor state but the legal continuation of the Ottoman Empire as a Republic.[22][23]

The Greek presence in Asia Minor dates at least from the Late Bronze Age (1450 BC).[24] The Göktürks of the First Turkic Khaganate were the first Turkic state to use the name Türk politically.[25] The first contact with the Romans (Byzantine Empire) is believed to be 563.[26][27] The 10th century saw the rise of the Seljuk Turks.[28] Later, Turkish Anatolian beyliks were established both in formerly Byzantine lands and in the territory of the fragmenting Seljuk Sultanate.[29] One of those beylinks was the Ottoman dynasty and become the Ottoman Empire.[30] In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.[31]

Modern Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century.[32] During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule.[33] Greek nationalism started to appear in the 18th century.[34] In March 1821. the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire began.[35]

Greece and the Ottoman Empire relations: 1822–1923

Main article: Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
See also: Eastern Question, Megali Idea, Greco-Turkish War (1897), and Balkan Wars
The black area indicates the territory claimed by Venizelos, a proponent of the Megali Idea, at the Paris Peace conference after WW1 in 1919. The shaded region is where Greek and French claims conflict.

Following the Greek War of Independence, Greece was formed as an independent state in 1830.[36] The relations between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were shaped by two concepts: the Eastern Question and the Megali Idea.[37][38] Conflict would occur with the Epirus Revolt of 1854 (during the Crimean War) and the 1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion and Epirus Revolt of 1878 (during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)). War occurred with the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and the two Balkan Wars. By the end of the Second Balkan War due to the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) Greece grew by two-thirds: it went from 64,790 to 108,610 km2 (25,020 to 41,930 sq mi) and its population from 2,660,000 to 4,363,000.[39] With the Allies victory in World War I, Greece was rewarded with territorial acquisitions, specifically Western Thrace (Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine) and Eastern Thrace and the Smyrna area (Treaty of Sèvres). Greek gains were largely undone by the subsequent Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).[40]

Population of Greeks in Asia Minor after the Balkan Wars
Overcrowded boats with refugees fleeing the Great fire of Smyrna. The photo was taken from the launch boat of a US warship.

Greece occupied Smyrna on 15 May 1919, while Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later Atatürk), who was to become the leader of the Turkish opposition to the Treaty of Sèvres, landed in Samsun on 19 May 1919, an action that is regarded as the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. He united the protesting voices in Anatolia and set in motion a nationalist movement to repel the Allied armies that had occupied the Ottoman Empire and establish new borders for a sovereign Turkish nation. The Turkish nation would be Western in civilization and elevated its Turkish culture (which had faded under Arab culture), which included disassociating Islam from Arab culture and restricted into the private sphere.[41]

The Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) ended all conflict and replaced previous treaties to constitute modern Turkey.[42][43] The treaty provided for a Population exchange between Greece and Turkey.[44]

The treaty also contained a declaration of amnesty for the perpetrators of crimes which were committed between 1914 and 1922, a period which was marked by many atrocities[45][46] The Greek genocide was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which started before the World War I, continued during the war and its aftermath (1914–1922).[47][48]

Initial relations between Greece and Turkey: 1923–1945

See also: Atatürk's Reforms, Second Hellenic Republic, 4th of August Regime, and Axis occupation of Greece
Territorial Expansion of Greece from 1832 to 1947

Following the population exchange, Greece no longer wished hostility but negotiations stalled because of the issue of valuations of the properties of the exchanged populations.[49][50] Driven by Eleftherios Venizelos in co-operation with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as well as İsmet İnönü's government, a series of treaties were signed between Greece and Turkey in 1930 which, in effect, restored Greek-Turkish relations and established a de facto alliance between the two countries.[51] As part of these treaties, Greece and Turkey agreed that the Treaty of Lausanne would be the final settlement of their respective borders, while they also pledged that they would not join opposing military or economic alliances and to stop immediately their naval arms race.[51]

The Balkan Pact of 1934 was signed, in which Greece and Turkey joined Yugoslavia and Romania in a treaty of mutual assistance and settled outstanding issues (Bulgaria refused to join). Venizelos nominated Atatürk for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934.[52]

Greece was a signatory to a 1936 agreement that gives Turkey control over the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits and regulates the transit of naval warships. The nations signed the 1938 Salonika Agreement which abandoned the demilitarised zones along the Turkish border with Greece, a result of the Treaty of Lausanne.[53]

In 1941, due to Turkey's neutrality during the war, Britain lifted the blockade and allowed shipments of grain to come from the Turkey to relieve the great famine in Athens during the Axis occupation. Using the vessel SS Kurtuluş, foodstuffs were collected by a nationwide campaign of Kızılay (Turkish Red Crescent) with the operation funded by the American Greek War Relief Association and the Hellenic Union of Constantinopolitans.[54]

During this period the Greek minority that remained in Turkey faced discriminatory targeting.

  • In anticipation of WWII in 1941, there was the incident of the Twenty Classes which was the conscription of adult male Armenian, Greeks and Jewish males who were sent in labour battalions.[55]
  • In 1942, Turkey imposed the Varlık Vergisi, a special tax, which heavily impacted the non-Muslim minorities of Turkey. Officially, the tax was devised to fill the state treasury that would have been needed had Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union invaded the country. However, the main reason for the tax was to nationalize the Turkish economy by reducing minority populations' influence and control over the country's trade, finance, and industries.[56]

Post World War II relations: 1945–1982

Main articles: Cyprus conflict and Greeks in Turkey § Republic_of_Turkey
Further information: Istanbul pogrom, Cypriot intercommunal violence, and Expulsion of Istanbul Greeks

Following the power vacuum left by the Axis occupation at the end of the war, a Greek Civil War erupted that was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War. It represented the first example of Cold War postwar involvement on the part of the Allies in the internal affairs of a foreign country.[57] Turkey was a focus for the Soviet Union due to foreign control of the straights; it would be a central reason for the outbreak of the Cold War [58] In 1950 both fought in the Korean War which brought Turkey out of diplomatic isolation and an invitation into NATO;[59] in 1952, both countries joined NATO;[60][61] and in 1953 Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia formed a new Balkan Pact for mutual defence against the Soviet Union.

The think-tank Geopolitical Futures claims three events contributed to the deterioration of bilateral relations after World War II[62]

The Dodecanese islands
Ethnic map of Cyprus in 1973. Gold denotes Greek Cypriots, purple denotes Turkish Cypriot enclaves and red denotes British bases.[63]
6 nautical miles (nmi): Current territorial waters recognized by Greece and Turkey, and airspace as recognized by Turkey
  1. The Dodecanese archipelago. By virtue of Italy being defeated in the Second World War, the long-standing issue since the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement between Greece and Italy was resolved to Greece's favour in 1946 to Turkey's chagrin as it changed the balance of power.[64][65] Turkey renounced claims to the Dodecanese in the Treaty of Lausanne but future administrations wanted them for security reasons, and possibly due to the Cyprus issue.[65]
  2. The decolonization of Cyprus. Conflict broke out between the Greeks and Turks on the island instead of the needed nation building process.[62] In the 1950s, the pursuit of enosis became a part of Greece's national policy.[66] Taksim became the slogan by some of the Turkish Cypriots in reaction to enosis.[67][68][69] Tensions would increase between Greece and Turkey, and the ambivalence towards Cyprus by the Greek government of George Papandreou set the stage for the Greek military coup.[70] This junta would later stage a coup against the Cypriot President and Archbishop Makarios by invading Cyprus and establishing a puppet regime.[71][72][73][74][75] Soon after, Turkey—using its guarantor status arising from the trilateral accords of the 1959–1960 Zürich and London Agreement—invaded Cyprus.[76] The Turkish Federated State of Cyprus was declared one year later[77]
  3. The U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Starting from 1958 and expanded in 1982 for the issue of territorial waters—UNCLOS replaced the older 'freedom of the seas' concept, dating from the 17th century. According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's coast lines, usually 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (three-mile limit). By 1967, only 30 nations still used the old three nautical mile convention.[78] It was ratified by Greece in 1972 but Turkey has not ratified it, asking for a bilateral solution since 1974 which uses the mid-line of the Aegean instead[79]

In 1955, the Adnan Menderes government is believed to have orchestrated the Istanbul pogrom, which targeted the city's substantial Greek ethnic minority and other minorities.[80][81] In September 1955 a bomb exploded close to the Turkish consulate in Greece's second-largest city, Thessaloniki, also damaging the Atatürk Museum, site of Atatürk's birthplace. The damage to the house was minimal, with some broken windows.[82] In retaliation, in Istanbul thousands of shops, houses, churches and even graves belonging to members of the ethnic Greek minority were destroyed within a few hours, over a dozen people were killed and many more injured.[83] The ongoing struggle between Turkey and Greece over control of Cyprus, and Cypriot intercommunal violence, formed part of the backdrop to the pogrom.[84][85] Pressure over the resulting London Conference to discuss Cyprus, and to direct attention away from the domestic political problems likely the motivation of the Turkish Menderes government.[86]

In 1964 Turkish prime minister İsmet İnönü renounced the Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1930 and took actions against the Greek minority.[87][88] An estimated 50,000 Greeks were expelled.[89] A 1971 Turkish law nationalized religious high schools and closed the Halki seminary on Istanbul's Heybeli Island, an issue that affects current relations[90][91]

Contemporary history and issues

Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou meeting with Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Özal in Davos, February 1986

Military and diplomatic tensions

Towards the end of the 20th century, there were several high profile incidents

Lesser incidents often occur where both sides still exchange fire.[94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102] This creates volatility when relations are most tense and a risk of war starting.[103][104]

Greece in the 1990s pursued a strategy of encircling Turkey.[105] Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, both Greece and Turkey viewed each other with suspicion as they developed relations with the new countries.[106] It wasn't until 1995, however, that this fear materialised.[105] Greece formed a defense cooperation agreement with Syria and between 1995 and 1998 established good relations with Turkey's other neighbors, Iran and Armenia.[107] In reaction, Turkey spoke with Israel in 1996, which caused outroar by the Arab countries.[108]

Some view that the conflict between the nations has ultimately become who has control over the Aegean Sea and the eastern Mediterranean.[109]

Positive relations

Main article: Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy
Abdullah Öcalan, founder of the PKK, designated a terrorist organization and banned in the US, UK, EU and Turkey[110][111][112]

In 1995, relations began to change with the Greek election of Kostas Simitis who redefined priorities but it wasn't until the meeting of the foreign ministers the following years that this was noticed.[113] In 1998, the capture of the Kurdish separatist Abdullah Öcalan– on the way from the Greek embassy in Kenya – and the related fallout led to the Greek foreign minister resigning, whose replacement was with a strong supporter for discussions with Turkey.[114][115] The 1999 İzmit earthquake followed by the 1999 Athens earthquake led to an outpouring of goodwill and what has been called earthquake diplomacy that aided in a change of relations.[116][117]

In the years that followed, relations improved.[118] They included agreements on fighting organised crime, reducing military spending, preventing illegal immigration, and clearing land mines on the border. Additionally, Greece lifted its opposition to Turkey's accession to the EU.[119] According to Dr R. Craig Nation in a report commissioned by a US military think tank, there was a lot of progress but ultimately not on the issues that mattered.[120]

The Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean conflicts

Main article: Aegean dispute

The conflict is largely whether the Greek islands are allowed an Exclusive economic zone, the basis of claiming rights over the sea.[121][122]

Islands and islets Iying within three miles of the coast were included as part of the respective state under the Treaty of Lausanne.[123] Greece controversially extended it to six miles in 1936, which Turkey did not dispute due to good relations and reciprocated in 1964.[124] The conference for the UN sea treaty UNCLOS defined territorial waters in 1982 and came into force in 1994.[125][126]

There are 168 nations as signatories of the treaty, including Greece but not Turkey.[127] Turkey disputes that Greece can claim 12 miles off the coast of their islands, which the sea treaty permits, implying only the mainland has this right as otherwise it will give Greece dominant control of the Aegean.[121] Turkey has made a claim for the economic zone by splitting the Aegean Sea in the middle.[128] The EU requires the sea treaty's membership as a pre-condition.[129]

Ultimately, fear of sovereignty loss is what is believed by experts to be driving this conflict.[130] The Greek junta's coup in Cyprus that led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the Greek reaction with the 1974 militarisation of the Greek islands by the coast of Turkey (the legality of which is challenged by Turkey), and the Turkish creation of the 1975 Izmir army base has created permanent military tensions.[131][132] In recent years, the Blue Homeland policy of Turkey has emerged.[133] More recently, an extension of the conflict is seen with other nations in the Mediterranean. Turkey in 2019 made a deal with Libya to extend its economic rights over the sea, which was then countered with Greece and Egypt.[134][135]

In October 2022, Turkey and the Government of National Unity (Libya) signed a preliminary energy exploration deal based on the previous deal (Libya (GNA)–Turkey maritime deal), but Greece and Egypt warned that they would oppose any activity in disputed areas.[136]

In October 2022, Turkey announced that will use Sonobuoy in the sea, dropping from TAI Anka and TAI Aksungur UAVs, in order to reveal the Greek submarines in the Aegean and the Mediterranean.[137]

Cyprus and the EU

The self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has been recognised only by Turkey since its establishment in 1983.
Main articles: Cyprus problem, Accession of Turkey to the European Union, Turkey–European_Union_relations, and Operation Irini

Greece has been a member of the EU since 1981.[138] Cyprus joined in 2004.[139] Turkey submitted its application to join in 1987 and became a full candidate in 1999.[140]

Until 1999, Greece concentrated its diplomatic efforts on barring Turkey's admission to the EU.[105][119] Concerns about Turkey like its human rights record and Greece's veto ultimately had Turkey side-lined by the EU.[141] Domestically, this contributed to the shift away from Turkey's founding secular doctrine Kemalism and the rise of political Islam.[142] There would be a change to the Kemalism amnesia of the Ottoman Empire's past, to be a source of pride and identity instead.[143] It also evolved to an alternate identity of European orientation, as a regional center in the emerging Eurasian political formation.[143]

The 1990s saw EU accession friction of Cyprus which was parallel to military tension.[144] In 1994, Greece and Cyprus agreed on a security doctrine that would mean any Turkish attempt on Cyprus would cause war for Greece.[145] In 1997 Cyprus purchased two Soviet-era missile systems, the S-300s, resulting in a Turkish uproar.[146] Negotiations never settled the division on the island in the 1990s because of the non-negotiable by the Turkish side to recognise North Cyprus as an independent state, an issue that remains in the 2022.[147][148] When Cyprus joined the EU in 2002, the negotiation took a different flare by virtue of Cyprus's veto on Turkish accession.[149]

Turkey's migrant crisis has also had a big impact on its relationship with the EU.[150] The enforcement of the arms embargo against Libya brought other EU members into conflict with Turkey on Operation Irini. The gas drilling on disputed territory with Greece with the RV MTA Oruç Reis led to EU sanctions[151][152][153]

Energy pipelines

61% of the world's proven gas reserves come from three predominant nations (Russia, Iran, Qatar) and the CIS nations that surround the Caspian Sea.

The 2010 discovery of gas deposits in the eastern Mediterranean first by Israel and then Egypt, has created new energy to fan the disputes.[154] It is estimated 5% of the worlds known natural gas reserves are in the eastern Mediterranean.[155] The historical security issues of the Aegean and Cyprus are now a focal point to resolving Europe's energy needs.[155] For example, the 2016 Turkey-Israel reconciliation led to Greece torpedoing the 2017 Cyprus UN talks due to their relationship's risk for developing a gas pipeline.[154] In 2019, the east Mediterranean gas forum was created, including seven countries but excluding Turkey.[154]

The region is considered the end-point for east–west pipelines.[144] In 2007, the countries inaugurated the Greek-Turkish natural gas pipeline giving Caspian gas its first direct Western outlet.[156] The Caspian Sea is one of the oldest oil-producing regions: it's estimated to have 48 billion barrels of oil in proven and probable reserves.[157] Its estimated it has 292 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.[157] The opening up of these fields is recent after more than 20 years of negotiation following the 2018 A Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea.[158] Outside of the Caspian Sea nations, there are other suppliers that wish to leverage the geographical positioning of the nations. Most recently, in May 2022, Greece signed a deal with Turkey's rival the UAE for the distribution of its liquefied natural gas.[159][160]

Minority rights

Main articles: Greeks in Turkey and Turks in Greece

The treaty of Lausanne provided for the protection of the Greek Orthodox Christian minority in Turkey and the Muslim minority in Greece.[161]

Minorities in both countries since have been affected by the state of relations of the nations. They are used as a point of leverage, using the principle of reciprocity.[162] For example, Turkey would put pressure on the Greek minority in Turkey when the Cyprus issue escalated in the 1960s.[163] Turkey put the election of Muftis by the Muslim Turkish minority in Greece as a precondition for opening the Halki Seminary which was closed in 1971.[163] Greece in 1972 as a reaction, closed the Turkish school in Rhodes.[163] Turkey in recent years has used its cultural heritage, such as the Sumela Monastery, in order to achieve specific political ends.[164][165]

The Theological School of Halki at the top of the Hill of Hope.

Examples of minority mistreatment include:

  • During World War II, the nationalisation of industry with the Varlık Vergisi that targeted minorities[166]
  • The scapegoating of Greeks due to Turkey's economic problems that resulted in the Istanbul pogrom[163]
  • The Greek junta deporting Turkish citizens on the Dodecanese in 1967[163]
  • Article 19 of the Nationality Code established in 1955 two classes of Greek citizenship, whereby "non-Greek descent" lost their citizenship if they left the country. By the time of its abolition in 1998, 60,000 people has lost their citizenship and the abolition had no retroactive effect.[167]

In recent years, the election of Muftis in Greece and the reopening of the Halki Seminary in Turkey have been most prominent.[91] Issues around political authority and pre-conditions contribute to the stalemate.[168][169][170]

Former Greek prime minister George Papandreou has said the respective nations would benefit if they treated the minorities as citizens not foreigners.[168]

Migrants

Main article: Turkey's migrant crisis
Basis for the EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan; Syrian asylum applications highest among all nationalities between 1 January and 30 June 2015[171]

Turkey has become a transit country for people entering Europe.[172] In 2015, the route that passes from Turkey to Greece and then through the Balkan countries became the most used route for migrants escaping conflicts and war in the Middle East and North Africa, with irregular migration from further East continuing.[150] Turkey assumed the role of guardian of the Schengen Area, protecting it from irregular migration.[150] This, combined with the migrant crisis – has resulted in it being a key issue between Turkey and the EU.[150] People moving across the border of both nations are a common sight and frequent cause of incidents.[173][174][175][176][177][178]

In 2016, there was an EU-Turkey deal on migrant crisis. There was some success with the four-year agreement extended to 2022, but there have been several incidents and in 2019 the Greek government warned that a new migrant crisis similar to the previous one would repeat.[179][180][181]

Turkish insurgents and asylum seekers

During the 2010 trial for an alleged plot to stage a military coup dating back to 2003, named Sledgehammer, the conspirators were accused of planning attacks on mosques, triggering a conflict with Greece by shooting down one of Turkey's own warplanes and then accusing Greeks of this and planting bombs in Istanbul to pave the way for a military takeover.[182][183][184]

Greece over the years has arrested on many occasions members of the DHKP-C who planned attacks in Turkey.[185][186][187] Turkey has accused Greece of supporting terrorists such as the DHKP-C.[188]

Turkey has seen a slide to authoritarianism resulting in Turkish refugees becoming more common, like politician Leyla Birlik accused of insulting the president.[189] This is especially since the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, where 995 people applied for asylum (including military personnel) immediately after[190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201] More than 1,800 Turkish citizens requested asylum in Greece in 2017, including those who plotted the assassination[202][203] Sometimes, this causes tensions between the nations in other areas.[204][205][206]

Timeline

Year Date Event
1923 30 January Turkey and Greece sign the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations agreement[207]
24 July Treaty of Lausanne is signed.[208] It would come into force 6 August 1924.
1926 26 June Mahalli Idareler Kanunu (the local government act; no. 1151/1927), concerning the local administration of Imbros and Tenedos was published which stripped the islands of their local governance.[209] This was seen as revoking article 14 of the Treaty of Lausanne; it's argued the provisions were simply never observed in the first place.[210]
1933 14 September Greece and Turkey sign Pact of Cordial Friendship.[211]
1934 9 February Greece and Turkey, as well as Romania and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact, a mutual defense treaty.[212]
1938 27 April Greece and Turkey sign the "Additional Treaty to the Treaty of Friendship, Neutrality, Conciliation and Arbitration of 30 October 1930, and to the Pact of Cordial Friendship of 14 September 1933.[213]
1941 6 October SS Kurtuluş starts the first of five voyages, carrying first aid to Greece, to alleviate the Great Famine during the Axis occupation of Greece.[214]
1942 11 November Turkey enacts Varlık Vergisi. Industry was nationalised and targeted the Greek minority[166]
1947 31 March Handover ceremony of the Dodecanese to Greece by the British authorities.[215] This was following the Treaty of Peace with Italy.
1950 Greece and Turkey both fight at the Korean War at the side of the UN forces.[216]
1952 18 February Greece and Turkey officially become members of NATO.[217]
1953 28 February Balkan Pact (1953) between Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia[218]
1955 6–7 September Istanbul pogrom where the Greek population of Istanbul were targeted.[163]
1963 21 December Bloody Christmas (1963)[219][220]
1964 Turkish prime minister İsmet İnönü renounced the Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1930 and took actions against the Greek minority.[87][88]
1971 The Halki Theological College, the higher education component of the Halki seminary and the only school where the Greek minority in Turkey used to educate its clergymen, is closed by Turkish authorities. All private, religious or academic, Muslim and non Muslim, were closed that year.[221]
1971-74 Oil is discovered in the north Aegean by the Greek island of Thasos.[222] The first major discovery since exploration started in the mid-1960s.[223]
1974 15 July The Greek Junta sponsors the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état[224]
20 July – 18 August Turkish invasion of Cyprus[224]
1987 27–30 March 1987 Aegean crisis[225]
1994 7 March Greek Government declares May 19 as a day of remembrance of the (1914–1923) Genocide of Pontic Greeks.[226]
1995 21 July Greece ratified the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea [227] Turkey said the exercise of this treaty, if Greece expands its territorial waters to 12 nm, would be casus belli.[228]
26 December Imia-Kardak crisis[225]
1997 5 January Cyprus Missile Crisis[225]
1999 Abdullah Öcalan (Kurdish rebel leader), leaving the Greek embassy, is captured in Kenya and causes a crisis[225][229]
2001 14 September Greek Government declares September 14 as a "day of remembrance of the Genocide of the Hellenes of Asia Minor by the Turkish state".[226]

See also

Notes

References

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Further reading

  • Aydin, Mustafa and Kostas Ifantis (editors) (2004). Turkish-Greek Relations: Escaping from the Security Dilemma in the Aegean. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-50191-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  • Bahcheli, Tozun (1987). Greek-Turkish Relations Since 1955. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-7235-6.
  • Brewer, David (2003). The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from the Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation. Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-84511-504-3.
  • Keridis, Dimitris et al. (editors) (2001). Greek-Turkish Relations: In the Era of Globalization. Brassey's Inc. ISBN 1-57488-312-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  • Ker-Lindsay, James (2007). Crisis and Conciliation: A Year of Rapprochement between Greece and Turkey. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-504-3.
  • Kinross, Patrick (2003). Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation. Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-599-0.
  • Smith, Michael L. (1999). Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08569-7.

External links

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