Gelasian Decree
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The Gelasian Decree (Latin: Decretum Gelasianum) is a Latin text traditionally thought to be a Decretal of the prolific Pope Gelasius I, bishop of Rome from 492–496. The work reached its final form in a five-chapter text written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553, the second chapter of which is a list of books of Scripture presented as having been made part of the biblical canon by a Council of Rome under Pope Damasus I, the bishop of Rome from 366–383. This list, known as the Damasine List,[1] represents the same canon as shown in the Council of Carthage Canon 24, 419 AD.[2] The fifth segment of the work includes a list of distrusted and rejected works not encouraged for church use.
Little is known of the compiler of the decree, other than perhaps he was of Southern Gallic (modern France) origin.[3]
Content
Canon
The Decretum has five parts. The second part is a canon catalogue. The Deuterocanonical Books (other than Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah) are accepted by the catalogue, and are still found in the Roman Catholic Bible, though not in the Protestant canon. The canon catalogue gives 27 books of the New Testament. In the list of gospels, the order is given as Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. Fourteen epistles are credited to Paul including Philemon and Hebrews. Of the General Epistles seven are accepted: two of Peter (First Epistle of Peter, Second Epistle of Peter), one of James (Epistle of James), one of the apostle John (First Epistle of John), two of "the other John the elder" (presbyter) (Second Epistle of John, Third Epistle of John), and one of "Judas the Zealot" (Epistle of Jude).[4][5][6]
The fifth part is a catalogue of the "apocryphal books" and other writings which are to be rejected, presented as adjudged apocryphal "by Pope Gelasius and seventy most erudite bishops". Though the ascription is generally agreed to be apocryphal itself, except among the most traditional of apologists, it perhaps makes allusion to the seventy translators of the Septuagint and the seventy disciples sent out in the Gospel of Luke. This list de libris recipiendis et non recipiendis ("of books to be admitted and not to be admitted"), probably originating in the 6th century, represents a tradition that can be traced back to Pope Damasus I and reflects Roman practice in the development of the Biblical canon. These apocrypha are not the same as the deuterocanonical books (which would acquire the label "apocrypha" in the Protestant tradition only a millennia later, in the 1500s), but rather are other writings that parts of the early Church revered, but declared invalid during the doctrinal debates of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries. It includes works such as the Acts of Andrew, the Acts of Paul and Thecla, the Gospel of James, and others.[4]
Other
The other parts are generally of less interest to modern audiences and historians. Part 1 is a poem to the many facets of God. Part 3 is a short endorsement of the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome over the other bishops as "first among equals", citing the authority of Peter. Part 4 is a description of accepted synods that includes the Council of Nicea, the Council of Ephesus, and the Council of Chalcedon. It then lists accepted Church Fathers. It also enumerates lesser recognized ecclesiastical writers varying from famous to obscure (for example Sedulius and Juvencus). Notably, it suggests that while Origen of Alexandria's work can be read, he personally should be rejected as a "schismatic".[3]
Biblical canon
Accepted as canonical
Old Testament
- Book of Genesis;
- Book of Exodus;
- Book of Leviticus;
- Book of Numbers;
- Book of Deuteronomy;
- Book of Joshua;
- Book of Judges;
- Book of Ruth;
- Books of Kings (first, second, third and fourth);
- Books of Chronicles (first and second);
- Psalms;
- Three books of Solomon:
- Book of Wisdom;
- Ecclesiasticus;
Prophets
- Book of Isaiah;
- Book of Jeremiah;
- Book of Ezechiel;
- Book of Daniel;
- Book of Hosea;
- Book of Amos;
- Book of Micah;
- Book of Joel;
- Book of Obadiah;
- Book of Jonah;
- Book of Nahum;
- Book of Habakkuk;
- Book of Zephaniah;
- Book of Haggai;
- Book of Zechariah;
- Book of Malachi;
Histories
- Book of Job;
- Book of Tobit;
- Books of Esdras (first and second);
- Book of Esther;
- Book of Judith;
- Books of Maccabees (first and second);
New Testament
- Four canonical Gospels:
- Acts of the Apostles;
- Pauline Epistles:
- Epistle to the Romans;
- Epistles to the Corinthians (first and second);
- Epistle to the Ephesians;
- Epistles to the Thessalonians (first and second);
- Epistle to the Galatians;
- Epistle to the Philippians;
- Epistle to the Colossians;
- Epistles to Timothy (first and second);
- Epistle to Titus;
- Epistle to Philemon;
- Epistle to the Hebrews;
- Apocalypse of John;
- Catholic Epistles:
- Epistles of Peter (first and second);
- Epistle of James;
- Epistle of John the Apostle;
- Epistles of John the Elder (first and second);
- Epistle of Judas the Zealot;
Rejected as apochryphal
- Acts of Andrew;
- Acts of Thomas;
- Acts of Peter;
- Acts of Philip;
- Gospel of Matthias;
- Gospel of Barnabas (not to be confused with the 14-16th-century Gospel of Barnabas);[7][8]
- Gospel of James;
- Gospel of Peter;
- Gospel of Thomas;
- Gospel of Bartholomew;
- Gospel of Andrew;
- Syriac Infancy Gospel;
- Acts of Paul and Thecla;
- Apocalypse of Paul;
- Apocalypse of Thomas;
- Apocalypse of Stephen;
- Testament of Job;
- Letters from Jesus to Abgar and from Abgar to Jesus;
- other minor spurious works;[4]
Textual history
The complete text is preserved in the mid-eighth-century Ragyndrudis Codex, fols. 57r-61v,[9] which is the earliest manuscript copy containing the complete text. The earliest manuscript copy was produced c. 700, Brussels 9850-2.[10]
Versions of the work appear in multiple surviving manuscripts, some of which are titled as a Decretal of Pope Gelasius, others as a work of a Roman Council under the earlier Pope Damasus. However, all versions show signs of being derived from the full five-part text, which contains a quotation from Augustine, writing about 416 after Damasus, which is evidence for the document being later than that.[1]
References
- ^ a b Burkitt.
- ^ "CHURCH FATHERS: Council of Carthage (A.D. 419)". www.newadvent.org.
- ^ a b Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (1963) [1959]. New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings. Vol. 1. Translated by Ogg, George. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 46–49. LCCN 63-7492. OCLC 7531530.
- ^ a b c Decretum Gelasianum.
- ^ Decretum Gelasianum. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Decretum Gelasianum. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Licona, Michael R. (February 2006). Paul Meets Muhammad: A Christian-Muslim Debate on the Resurrection. Baker Publishing Group. p. 171. ISBN 978-14-41243-13-3.
- ^ Joosten, Jan (2010). "THE DATE AND PROVENANCE OF THE "GOSPEL OF BARNABAS"". The Journal of Theological Studies. 61 (1): 200–215. ISSN 0022-5185.
- ^ Stork, Hans-Walter (1994). "Der Codex Ragyundrudis im Domschatz zu Fulda (Codex Bonifatianus II)". In Lutz E. von Padberg Hans-Walter Stork (ed.). Der Ragyndrudis-Codes des Hl. Bonifatius (in German). Paderborn, Fulda: Bonifatius, Parzeller. pp. 77–134. ISBN 3870888113.
- ^ McKitterick, Rosamond (1989-06-29). The Carolingians and the Written Word. Cambridge UP. p. 202. ISBN 9780521315654.
External links
- The Development of the Canon": Decretum Gelasianum gives the full list, including the apocrypha "which are to be avoided by Catholics."
- Decretum Gelasianum: at The Latin Library.
- Decretum Gelasianum: in English.
- Review of Ernst von Dobschütz, Das Decretum Gelasianum de libris recipiendis et non recipiendis in kritischem Text Leipzig, 1912: F. C. Burkitt in Journal of Theological Studies 14 (1913) pp. 469–471.
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