Tiarella
Tiarella | |
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Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto Orange County, NC USA (21 April) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Saxifragales |
Family: | Saxifragaceae |
Genus: | Tiarella L. |
Type species | |
Tiarella cordifolia | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Tiarella, the foamflowers, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae.[3][4] Worldwide there are seven species, one each in eastern Asia and western North America, plus five species in eastern North America. As of October 2022[update], the taxonomy of Tiarella in eastern North America is in flux.
Description
Plants of genus Tiarella are perennial, herbaceous plants with short, slender rhizomes.[4] Three morphological features are used to distinguish Tiarella species: 1) presence or absence of stolons; 2) size and shape of basal leaves; and 3) presence or absence of stem leaves (also called cauline leaves). Two species of Tiarella have stolons (T. austrina, T. stolonifera) while two other species have stem leaves (T. nautila, T. austrina). Plants from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains and southward have relatively large basal leaves with an extended terminal lobe (T. austrina, T. nautila, T. wherryi).[5]
The following identification key was published by Guy Nesom in 2021:[5]
Identification Key | |
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1a. Inflorescence a narrow panicle or thyrse (branches with 2–5 flowers), usually with a single axis; petals linear to subulate; styles 2–3 mm long; leaves simple to trifoliolate; western North America
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T. trifoliata |
1b. Inflorescence a raceme (branches usually with 1 flower), axis usually single but sometimes branched; petals absent or else present and oblanceolate to elliptic; styles 1 mm or less long; leaves simple; Asia or eastern North America
|
2 |
2a. Petals absent; Asia |
T. polyphylla |
2b. Petals present; eastern North America |
3 |
3a. Plants always with herbaceous, leafy stolons |
4 |
4a. Leaves usually with obtuse to rounded lobes, terminal lobe not prominently extended; flowering stem very rarely with a small bract; sepals 2.5–3.5 mm long |
T. stolonifera |
4b. Leaves usually with acute-acuminate lobes, terminal lobe prominently extended; flowering stem usually with 1–2 leaves or foliaceous bracts; sepals 1.5–2 mm long |
T. austrina |
3b. Plants without herbaceous, leafy stolons |
5 |
5a. Leaves usually about as long as wide, usually with obtuse to rounded lobes, terminal lobe not extended; sepals 2.5–3 mm long |
T. cordifolia |
5b. Leaves usually longer than wide, usually with acute-acuminate lobes, terminal lobe prominently extended; sepals 1.5–2 mm long |
6 |
6a. Flowering stem usually with leaves or foliaceous bracts |
T. nautila |
6b. Flowering stem without leaves or foliaceous bracts |
T. wherryi |
Taxonomy
In 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Tiarella by recognizing two species, Tiarella cordifolia and Tiarella trifoliata.[6][7] A third species, Tiarella polyphylla, was described by David Don in 1825.[8] Together these three species form the taxonomic backbone of the genus.
In Asia, the genus is represented by one species (Tiarella polyphylla).[4] In North America, since the time of Linnaeus, there have been at least four major treatments of genus Tiarella,[9][10][3][11] with taxonomies recognizing from two to six species, some including infraspecific taxa. As of October 2022[update], authorities recognize 7 species and 3 infraspecies worldwide, a taxonomy based on three sources:[12][13][11]
- Tiarella polyphylla in Flora of China
- Tiarella trifoliata and related taxa in Flora of North America
- Tiarella cordifolia and related taxa in a paper published by Guy Nesom in 2021
The treatment in the first source is near-universally accepted,[14][15][16][17][18] the second is widely recognized,[13][19][20][21][22][23][24] while the third is new and growing in acceptance.[25][26][27][28] A few authorities (with global scope) accept all three.[2][29]
Infrageneric taxa
All names used in this section are taken from the International Plant Names Index,[30] except where noted. The geographical locations are taken from Plants of the World Online (POWO).[31]
In the first critical treatment of Tiarella since Linnaeus, John Torrey and Asa Gray introduced two new section names in 1840 (Eutiarella Torr. et Gray and Anthonema Nutt. apud Torr. et Gray) with 1 and 3 species, respectively.[9] As of October 2022[update], POWO accepts 7 species and 3 infraspecies:[2]
Section Eutiarella
- Tiarella austrina (Lakela) G.L.Nesom: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
- Tiarella cordifolia L. sensu stricto: Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia
- Tiarella nautila G.L.Nesom: Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee
- Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom: Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Québec, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
- Tiarella wherryi Lakela: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee
Section Anthonema
- Tiarella trifoliata L.
- Tiarella trifoliata var. laciniata (Hook.) Wheelock: British Columbia, Oregon, Washington
- Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata: Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington
- Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz: Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington
Other taxa
- Tiarella polyphylla D.Don: Assam, China, East Himalaya, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Tibet
Distribution
Tiarella is native to Asia and North America.
Asia
Tiarella polyphylla is an Asian species, ranging from the eastern Himalayas to China, east Asia, and southeast Asia. In China, it is found in moist forests and shady wet places at altitudes from 1,000 to 3,800 meters (3,300 to 12,500 ft).[12]
Western North America
In western North America, Tiarella trifoliata ranges from California northward to Alaska, and eastward to Montana.[13][20][32] Within this region, the varieties of T. trifoliata have overlapping ranges.
Canada
- Alberta: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
- British Columbia: T. trifoliata var. laciniata, T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
United States
- Alaska: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
- California: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
- Idaho: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
- Montana: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
- Oregon: T. trifoliata var. laciniata, T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
- Washington: T. trifoliata var. laciniata, T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
Eastern North America
In eastern North America, Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is wide ranging, from northeastern Wisconsin across southeastern Canada to Nova Scotia, extending southward through the Appalachians into Alabama and Mississippi.[33][34] The range of Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto is narrowly confined to the East Coast of the United States from Maryland through Virginia and the Carolinas into Georgia.
At least one species of Tiarella occurs in 27 provinces and states. Multiple species of Tiarella occur in eight states. Tiarella stolonifera occurs in 21 provinces and states, it being the only species of Tiarella in 17 of those provinces and states. Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto occurs in just five states, all of which have at least two Tiarella species.
The ranges of Tiarella nautila, T. wherryi, and T. austrina overlap in Tennessee (Polk, McMinn, Monroe, and Blount counties), North Carolina (Cherokee, Graham, Polk, Swain, and Macon counties), and Georgia (Murray, Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Lumpkin, Towns, White, Rabun, Habersham, and other counties).[11]
Canada
- New Brunswick: T. stolonifera
- Nova Scotia: T. stolonifera
- Ontario: T. stolonifera
- Québec: T. stolonifera
United States
- Alabama: T. wherryi, T. austrina
- Connecticut: T. stolonifera
- Georgia: T. wherryi, T. nautila, T. cordifolia, T. austrina
- Kentucky: T. stolonifera, T. wherryi
- Maine: T. stolonifera
- Maryland: T. stolonifera, T. cordifolia
- Massachusetts: T. stolonifera
- Michigan: T. stolonifera
- Mississippi: T. wherryi
- New Hampshire: T. stolonifera
- New Jersey: T. stolonifera
- New York: T. stolonifera
- North Carolina: T. stolonifera, T. nautila, T. cordifolia, T. austrina
- Ohio: T. stolonifera
- Pennsylvania: T. stolonifera
- Rhode Island: T. stolonifera
- South Carolina: T. cordifolia, T. austrina
- Tennessee: T. wherryi, T. nautila, T. austrina
- Vermont: T. stolonifera
- Virginia: T. stolonifera, T. cordifolia
- West Virginia: T. stolonifera
- Wisconsin: T. stolonifera
T. stolonifera has been introduced in Minnesota and Norway.
Cultivation
Many hybrids are known and cultivated. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
- Tiarella Angel Wings = 'Gowing'[35]
- Tiarella 'Spring Symphony'[36]
- Tiarella cordifolia[37]
- Tiarella wherryi[38]
References
- ^ "Tiarella L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ a b c "Tiarella L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ a b Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b c Jintang, Pan; Soltis, Douglas E. "Tiarella". Flora of China. Vol. 8 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b Nesom (2021), p. 8.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ a b Torrey & Gray (1840), pp. 587–588.
- ^ Lakela (1937).
- ^ a b c Nesom (2021).
- ^ a b Jintang, Pan; Soltis, Douglas E. "Tiarella polyphylla". Flora of China. Vol. 8 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b c Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella trifoliata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ Nesom (2021), p. 2.
- ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "WFO (2022): Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Flora of Nepal: Saxifragaceae". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tiarella trifoliata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Tiarella trifoliata L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "WFO (2022): Tiarella trifoliata L.". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022), p. 675.
- ^ "Plant List". Vascular Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella". Alabama Plant Atlas. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom". Canadensys. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella L.". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Search for 'Tiarella'". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
- ^ "Tiarella search results". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella cordifolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella Angel Wings = 'Gowing'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Tiarella 'Spring Symphony". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Tiarella wherryi". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
Bibliography
- Fernald, M. L. (1943). "Virginian botanizing under restrictions". Rhodora. 45: 445–449. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- Fields, Douglas; Brzeskiewicz, Marjory (December 22, 2002). "Conservation Assessment for Heart-leaved Foam-flower (Tiarella cordifolia)" (PDF). USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- Lakela, Olga (1937). "A monograph of the genus Tiarella L. in North America". Amer. J. Bot. 24: 344–351.
- Nesom, Guy L. (2021). "Taxonomy of Tiarella (Saxifragaceae) in the eastern USA" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 31: 1–61. ISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- Torrey, John; Gray, Asa (1840). Flora of North America, Volume 1. New York: Wiley & Putnam. pp. 1–711. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- Weakley, Alan S.; Southeastern Flora Team (2022). "Flora of the southeastern United States". University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
External links
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Nesom, Guy L. (January 31, 2022). "New Species of Foamflower". North Carolina Botanical Garden. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- "Tiarella cordifolia". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- "Tiarella". Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- "Tiarella cordifolia". Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- "Tiarella cordifolia L.". Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- Chadwick, Pat (February 2017). "Tiptoeing Through the Tiarella". The Garden Shed Newsletter. 3 (2). Retrieved 2 November 2022.Error: "Q1456298" is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.
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