Tiarella

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For the gastropod genus, see Tiarella (gastropod).

Tiarella
Tiarella cordifolia eraskin NC 2018-04-21.jpg
Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto Orange County, NC USA (21 April)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Saxifragaceae
Genus: Tiarella
L.
Type species
Tiarella cordifolia
Synonyms[2]
  • Blondia Neck.
  • Raf. Petalosteira

Tiarella, the foamflowers, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae.[3][4] Worldwide there are seven species, one each in eastern Asia and western North America, plus five species in eastern North America. As of October 2022, the taxonomy of Tiarella in eastern North America is in flux.

Description

Tiarella trifoliata habit (23 June)
Tiarella trifoliata flowers (23 June)

Plants of genus Tiarella are perennial, herbaceous plants with short, slender rhizomes.[4] Three morphological features are used to distinguish Tiarella species: 1) presence or absence of stolons; 2) size and shape of basal leaves; and 3) presence or absence of stem leaves (also called cauline leaves). Two species of Tiarella have stolons (T. austrina, T. stolonifera) while two other species have stem leaves (T. nautila, T. austrina). Plants from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains and southward have relatively large basal leaves with an extended terminal lobe (T. austrina, T. nautila, T. wherryi).[5]

The following identification key was published by Guy Nesom in 2021:[5]

Identification Key
1a. Inflorescence a narrow panicle or thyrse (branches with 2–5 flowers), usually with a single axis; petals linear to subulate; styles 2–3 mm long; leaves simple to trifoliolate; western North America
 T. trifoliata
1b. Inflorescence a raceme (branches usually with 1 flower), axis usually single but sometimes branched; petals absent or else present and oblanceolate to elliptic; styles 1 mm or less long; leaves simple; Asia or eastern North America
 2
2a. Petals absent; Asia
 T. polyphylla
2b. Petals present; eastern North America
 3
3a. Plants always with herbaceous, leafy stolons
 4
4a. Leaves usually with obtuse to rounded lobes, terminal lobe not prominently extended; flowering stem very rarely with a small bract; sepals 2.5–3.5 mm long
 T. stolonifera
4b. Leaves usually with acute-acuminate lobes, terminal lobe prominently extended; flowering stem usually with 1–2 leaves or foliaceous bracts; sepals 1.5–2 mm long
 T. austrina
3b. Plants without herbaceous, leafy stolons
 5
5a. Leaves usually about as long as wide, usually with obtuse to rounded lobes, terminal lobe not extended; sepals 2.5–3 mm long
 T. cordifolia
5b. Leaves usually longer than wide, usually with acute-acuminate lobes, terminal lobe prominently extended; sepals 1.5–2 mm long
 6
6a. Flowering stem usually with leaves or foliaceous bracts
 T. nautila
6b. Flowering stem without leaves or foliaceous bracts
 T. wherryi

Taxonomy

In 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Tiarella by recognizing two species, Tiarella cordifolia and Tiarella trifoliata.[6][7] A third species, Tiarella polyphylla, was described by David Don in 1825.[8] Together these three species form the taxonomic backbone of the genus.

In Asia, the genus is represented by one species (Tiarella polyphylla).[4] In North America, since the time of Linnaeus, there have been at least four major treatments of genus Tiarella,[9][10][3][11] with taxonomies recognizing from two to six species, some including infraspecific taxa. As of October 2022, authorities recognize 7 species and 3 infraspecies worldwide, a taxonomy based on three sources:[12][13][11]

  1. Tiarella polyphylla in Flora of China
  2. Tiarella trifoliata and related taxa in Flora of North America
  3. Tiarella cordifolia and related taxa in a paper published by Guy Nesom in 2021

The treatment in the first source is near-universally accepted,[14][15][16][17][18] the second is widely recognized,[13][19][20][21][22][23][24] while the third is new and growing in acceptance.[25][26][27][28] A few authorities (with global scope) accept all three.[2][29]

Infrageneric taxa

All names used in this section are taken from the International Plant Names Index,[30] except where noted. The geographical locations are taken from Plants of the World Online (POWO).[31]

In the first critical treatment of Tiarella since Linnaeus, John Torrey and Asa Gray introduced two new section names in 1840 (Eutiarella Torr. et Gray and Anthonema Nutt. apud Torr. et Gray) with 1 and 3 species, respectively.[9] As of October 2022, POWO accepts 7 species and 3 infraspecies:[2]

Section Eutiarella

  • Tiarella austrina (Lakela) G.L.Nesom: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
  • Tiarella cordifolia L. sensu stricto: Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia
  • Tiarella nautila G.L.Nesom: Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee
  • Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom: Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Québec, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
  • Tiarella wherryi Lakela: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee

Section Anthonema

  • Tiarella trifoliata L.
    • Tiarella trifoliata var. laciniata (Hook.) Wheelock: British Columbia, Oregon, Washington
    • Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata: Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington
    • Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz: Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington

Other taxa

  • Tiarella polyphylla D.Don: Assam, China, East Himalaya, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Tibet

Distribution

Tiarella is native to Asia and North America.

Asia

Tiarella polyphylla is an Asian species, ranging from the eastern Himalayas to China, east Asia, and southeast Asia. In China, it is found in moist forests and shady wet places at altitudes from 1,000 to 3,800 meters (3,300 to 12,500 ft).[12]

Western North America

In western North America, Tiarella trifoliata ranges from California northward to Alaska, and eastward to Montana.[13][20][32] Within this region, the varieties of T. trifoliata have overlapping ranges.

Canada

  • Alberta: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
  • British Columbia: T. trifoliata var. laciniata, T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata

United States

  • Alaska: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
  • California: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
  • Idaho: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
  • Montana: T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
  • Oregon: T. trifoliata var. laciniata, T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata
  • Washington: T. trifoliata var. laciniata, T. trifoliata var. trifoliata, T. trifoliata var. unifoliata

Eastern North America

In eastern North America, Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is wide ranging, from northeastern Wisconsin across southeastern Canada to Nova Scotia, extending southward through the Appalachians into Alabama and Mississippi.[33][34] The range of Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto is narrowly confined to the East Coast of the United States from Maryland through Virginia and the Carolinas into Georgia.

At least one species of Tiarella occurs in 27 provinces and states. Multiple species of Tiarella occur in eight states. Tiarella stolonifera occurs in 21 provinces and states, it being the only species of Tiarella in 17 of those provinces and states. Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto occurs in just five states, all of which have at least two Tiarella species.

The ranges of Tiarella nautila, T. wherryi, and T. austrina overlap in Tennessee (Polk, McMinn, Monroe, and Blount counties), North Carolina (Cherokee, Graham, Polk, Swain, and Macon counties), and Georgia (Murray, Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Lumpkin, Towns, White, Rabun, Habersham, and other counties).[11]

Canada

  • New Brunswick: T. stolonifera
  • Nova Scotia: T. stolonifera
  • Ontario: T. stolonifera
  • Québec: T. stolonifera

United States

  • Alabama: T. wherryi, T. austrina
  • Connecticut: T. stolonifera
  • Georgia: T. wherryi, T. nautila, T. cordifolia, T. austrina
  • Kentucky: T. stolonifera, T. wherryi
  • Maine: T. stolonifera
  • Maryland: T. stolonifera, T. cordifolia
  • Massachusetts: T. stolonifera
  • Michigan: T. stolonifera
  • Mississippi: T. wherryi
  • New Hampshire: T. stolonifera
  • New Jersey: T. stolonifera
  • New York: T. stolonifera
  • North Carolina: T. stolonifera, T. nautila, T. cordifolia, T. austrina
  • Ohio: T. stolonifera
  • Pennsylvania: T. stolonifera
  • Rhode Island: T. stolonifera
  • South Carolina: T. cordifolia, T. austrina
  • Tennessee: T. wherryi, T. nautila, T. austrina
  • Vermont: T. stolonifera
  • Virginia: T. stolonifera, T. cordifolia
  • West Virginia: T. stolonifera
  • Wisconsin: T. stolonifera

T. stolonifera has been introduced in Minnesota and Norway.

Cultivation

Many hybrids are known and cultivated. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • Tiarella Angel Wings = 'Gowing'[35]
  • Tiarella 'Spring Symphony'[36]
  • Tiarella cordifolia[37]
  • Tiarella wherryi[38]
  • Tiarella 'Cygnet' flowers

    Tiarella 'Cygnet' flowers

  • Tiarella 'Cygnet' leaves

    Tiarella 'Cygnet' leaves

References

  1. ^ "Tiarella L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Tiarella L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ a b c Jintang, Pan; Soltis, Douglas E. "Tiarella". Flora of China. Vol. 8 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  5. ^ a b Nesom (2021), p. 8.
  6. ^ "Tiarella cordifolia L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  8. ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  9. ^ a b Torrey & Gray (1840), pp. 587–588.
  10. ^ Lakela (1937).
  11. ^ a b c Nesom (2021).
  12. ^ a b Jintang, Pan; Soltis, Douglas E. "Tiarella polyphylla". Flora of China. Vol. 8 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  13. ^ a b c Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella trifoliata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  14. ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  15. ^ Nesom (2021), p. 2.
  16. ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  17. ^ "WFO (2022): Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  18. ^ "Flora of Nepal: Saxifragaceae". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  19. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tiarella trifoliata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Tiarella trifoliata L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  21. ^ "Tiarella trifoliata". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  22. ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  23. ^ "WFO (2022): Tiarella trifoliata L.". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  24. ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  25. ^ Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022), p. 675.
  26. ^ "Plant List". Vascular Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  27. ^ "Tiarella". Alabama Plant Atlas. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  28. ^ "Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom". Canadensys. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  29. ^ "Tiarella L.". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  30. ^ "Search for 'Tiarella'". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  31. ^ "Tiarella search results". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  32. ^ "Tiarella trifoliata". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  33. ^ Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella cordifolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  34. ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Tiarella Angel Wings = 'Gowing'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  36. ^ "Tiarella 'Spring Symphony". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  38. ^ "Tiarella wherryi". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

Bibliography

External links

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