File:20170808 Bolivia 1409 crop Potosí sRGB (26204037299).jpg
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Summary
Description20170808 Bolivia 1409 crop Potosí sRGB (26204037299).jpg |
An interior courtyard at the National Mint mysteriously features a large carved face hung there in 1865 by Frenchman Eugenio Martin Moulan who worked at the mint carving dies for coins and medals. The grape-festooned headband suggests to many that the mask is Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and intoxication. Other possibilities are Pachamama also known as Mother Earth to the indigenous peoples of the Andes for whom a crown of grapes is a symbol of abundance and economy; Incan Diego Hualpa who allegedly was the person who discovered that there was silver here; a former director of the mint who was very strict and didn’t like the artist; Manuel Isidoro Belzu who was president of Bolivia from 1848 to 1855; or simply a caricature mocking the greed of the Spanish conquistadors. Regardless, the face is known as the mascarón and has become a town icon appearing in advertising and on souvenirs. The National Mint was built between 1753 and 1773 and takes up an entire city block. Coins were minted here up until 1953. (Today Bolivian coins are made in Canada and Chile using cheaper materials than silver.) Potosí (elev. 4,090m/13,420ft) [for comparison: Lhasa, Tibet, at 3,658m/12,001ft] was founded in 1545 as a mining town at the foot of Rich Hill (Cerro Rico), the world’s largest silver deposit. An estimated 60% of all silver mined in the world during the second half of the 16th century came from Potosí which was reputed to be the world’s largest industrial complex at the time. Its population eventually exceeded 200,000 people, making it one of the largest cities in the world. Most of the mining and smelting (using mercury) was done by forced labor, both indigenous people and African slaves. As many as 8 million workers are estimated to have died between 1545 and 1825. Output began to decline in the early 19th century. By the 1890s, low silver prices prompted a shift to mining tin. Growing demand for tin this century by the electronics industry has helped the local economy. Silver extraction continues on a small scale. Miguel de Cervantes’ novel “Don Quixote” describes Potosí as a land of “extraordinary richness” (chapter 71 in the second volume which was published in 1615). The City of Potosí was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. On Google Earth: Casa Nacional de la Moneda 19°35'19.77"S, 65°45'15.35"W |
Date | |
Source | 20170808_Bolivia_1409 crop Potosí sRGB |
Author | Dan Lundberg |
Camera location | 19° 35′ 19.16″ S, 65° 45′ 15.44″ W ![]() | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | ![]() |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Dan Lundberg at https://flickr.com/photos/9508280@N07/26204037299 (archive). It was reviewed on 2 November 2017 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
2 November 2017
Captions
Items portrayed in this file
depicts
some value
19°35'19.158"S, 65°45'15.440"W
8 August 2017
image/jpeg
9827d3949f765c1be8e4dc6b48ab402165559447
1,374,399 byte
2,621 pixel
3,495 pixel
File history
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 20:01, 2 November 2017 | ![]() | 3,495 × 2,621 (1.31 MB) | wikimediacommons>Ser Amantio di Nicolao | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
File usage
Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot G11 |
Exposure time | 1/1,000 sec (0.001) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 08:50, 8 August 2017 |
Lens focal length | 6.1 mm |
Label | |
JPEG file comment | Optimized by JPEGmini 3.13.0.8 0xca896751 |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CC 2017 Windows |
File change date and time | 2017-09-27T14:26:57-04:00 |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 08:50, 8 August 2017 |
Shutter speed | 9.965784 |
APEX aperture | 2.970854 |
Exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Focal plane X resolution | 5,479.4520547945 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 5,479.4520547945 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.1-30.5 mm |
Rating (out of 5) | 3 |
Date metadata was last modified | 10:26, 27 September 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | CB28EC6290FA12EFAA4886EB0485377E |
IIM version | 2 |