Gender neutrality in Portuguese
Gender-neutral language in Portuguese is a recent strand of demands for greater gender equality and social inclusion between men, women and non-binary individuals. It can be divided into inclusive or non-sexist language, and non-binary or neuter language or neolanguage. Inclusive language aims to use existing words to include all genders, while neuter language uses new or modified words to accomplish this.[1][2]
Context
Most words in Portuguese have one grammatical gender, the masculine or the feminine. The creation of gender-neutral terms and removal of gender markers aims to make non-binary people feel included.[3][4]
Proposals
Agreement
One of the proposal is using metonymy, periphrasis and circumlocution following agreement, sometimes including the usage of people-first language, whereas the word pessoa (Portuguese: person) has feminine grammatical gender with no natural gender markedness,[5][6][7] similar with the usage of no pronouns in English, a form of gender omission.[8] Many nouns and adjectives are referred as "uniforms", which are words that can be used to refer to people of any gender, they are not necessarily neutral but are useful for an inclusive language.[9]
-x and @
Gendered suffixes, specially ⟨-o/-a⟩, are replaced with at sign ⟨-@⟩ or ⟨-x⟩ to neutralize words, such as in alun@s (students) and todxs (everyone).[10][11][12] These forms are not pronounceable, they are meant to be graphical, being criticized for not being readable by screen readers and seen as potentially ableist.[13][14]
Neopronouns
Portuguese neopronouns are a gender-neutral approach to pronominal reference to living things, especially humans. They are neopronouns, i.e. a newly developed, intentional innovation of language (as opposed to natural language change).[15]
Depending on the ungendered neopronoun one identifies with (e.g. elu),[16][17][14] there are various suggestions. See the below table with suggestions for various inflections of some neopronouns:[18]
| ele(a) | ilu | elu | el | elx | ile | ili | éle | el@ | elæ | êla |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ele/a(s) | ilu(s) | elu(s) | el(s) | elx(s) | ile(s) | ili(s) | éle(s) | el@(s) | elæ(s) | êla(s) |
| dele/a(s) | dilu(s) | delu(s) | del(s) | delx(s) | dile(s) | dili(s) | déle(s) | del@(s) | delæ(s) | dêla(s) |
| nele/a(s) | nilu(s) | nelu(s) | nel(s) | nelx(s) | nile(s) | nili(s) | néle(s) | nel@(s) | nelæ(s) | nêla(s) |
| este/a(s) | istu(s) | estu(s) | est(s) | estx(s) | iste(s) | isti(s) | éste(s) | est@(s) | estæ(s) | êsta(s) |
| deste/a(s) | distu(s) | destu(s) | dest(s) | destx(s) | diste(s) | disti(s) | déste(s) | dest@(s) | destæ(s) | dêsta(s) |
| neste/a(s) | nistu(s) | nestu(s) | nest(s) | nestx(s) | niste(s) | nisti(s) | néste(s) | nest@(s) | nestæ(s) | nêsta(s) |
| esse/a(s) | issu(s) | essu(s) | ess(s) | essx(s) | isse(s) | issi(s) | ésse(s) | ess@(s) | essæ(s) | êssa(s) |
| desse/a(s) | dissu(s) | dessu(s) | dess(s) | dessx(s) | disse(s) | dissi(s) | désse(s) | dess@(s) | dessæ(s) | dêssa(s) |
| nesse/a(s) | nissu(s) | nessu(s) | ness(s) | nessx(s) | nisse(s) | nissi(s) | nésse(s) | ness@(s) | nessæ(s) | nêssa(s) |
| aquele/a(s) | aquilu(s) | aquelu(s) | aquel(s) | aquelx(s) | aquile(s) | aquili(s) | aquéle(s) | aquel@(s) | aquelæ(s) | aquêla(s) |
| daquele/a(s) | daquilu(s) | daquelu(s) | daquel(s) | daquelx(s) | daquile(s) | daquili(s) | daquéle(s) | daquel@(s) | daquelæ(s) | daquêla(s) |
| naquele/a(s) | naquilu(s) | naquelu(s) | naquel(s) | naquelx(s) | naquile(s) | naquili(s) | naquéle(s) | naquel@(s) | naquelæ(s) | naquêla(s) |
| àquele/a(s) | àquilu(s) | àquelu(s) | àquel(s) | àquelx(s) | àquile(s) | àquili(s) | àquéle(s) | àquel@(s) | àquelæ(s) | àquêla(s) |
| praquele/a(s) | praquilu(s) | praquelu(s) | praquel(s) | praquelx(s) | praquile(s) | praquili(s) | praquéle(s) | praquel@(s) | praquelæ(s) | praquêla(s) |
Neolanguage
Neolanguage (Portuguese: neolinguagem) stands for neologistic desinences, articles, nouns and declesions along with pronouns.[19][20] A form of neolanguage can be expressed with the words amigues (friends), psicólogue (psychologist), and linde (pretty) for example, using ⟨-e⟩ suffix. Usually, not using the article is recommended, however there are proposals for articles, such as u(s) and ê(s).[4] Neolinguistic terms can be used for groups of multiple genders or non-binary individuals, for example.[21]
Further reading
- Schwindt, Luiz (2020). "Sobre gênero neutro em português brasileiro e os limites do sistema linguístico". Revista da ABRALIN. 19 (1): 1–23. doi:10.25189/rabralin.v19i1.1709.
- "Guia para uma Linguagem Promotora da Igualdade entre Mulheres e Homens na Administração Pública" (PDF). CIG - Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género. República Portuguesa. 2015.
- Língua, gramática, gênero e inclusão (in Portuguese). ABRALIN. 2020.
- Souza, Carlos (2015). "MANIFESTO ILE PARA UMA COMUNICAÇÃO RADICALMENTE INCLUSIVA". Diversity Bbox.
- Viscardi, Jana (2020). 8 POLÊMICAS SOBRE GÊNERO NEUTRO NA LÍNGUA (in Portuguese).
- Caê Almeida, Gioni (2020). "Manual para o uso da linguagem neutra em Língua Portuguesa". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste).
- "Guia de Linguagem Inclusiva para Flexão de Gênero". Superior Electoral Court. 2021.
- Auxland, Morrigan (2020). "Para Todes: A Case Study on Portuguese and Gender-Neutrality" (PDF). Journal of Languages, Texts and Society. University of Nottingham.
See also
- Neuter (grammar)
- Epicenity
- Gender-neutral language
- Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
- Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
- Gender neutrality in Spanish
- Elle (Spanish pronoun)
- Gender reform in Esperanto
- Ri (pronoun)
- Hen (pronoun)
- Iel (pronoun)
- Latinx
- Portuguese grammar
- Personal pronouns in Portuguese
References
- ^ "Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!". Politize! (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ "A gramática da inclusão". Extra Classe (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ Auxland, Morrigan. "Para Todes: A Case Study on Portuguese and Gender-Neutrality" (PDF). www.nottingham.ac.uk. University of Nottingham. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Almeida, Gioni Caê (2020-01-01). "Manual para o uso da linguagem neutra em Língua Portuguesa". Academia.edu.
- ^ Pessotto dos Santos, Ana Lucia (2019-12-17). "Língua para todes: um olhar formal sobre a expressão do gênero gramatical no Português e a demanda pela língua(gem) inclusiva". Revista Ártemis - Estudos de Gênero, Feminismos e Sexualidades (in Portuguese). 28 (1): 160–178. doi:10.22478/ufpb.1807-8214.2019v28n1.41827. ISSN 1807-8214. S2CID 213620904.
- ^ "Linguagem Neutra de gênero: o que é e como aplicar". Comunidade Rock Content (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
- ^ Lomotey, Benedicta Adokarley (2015). "On Sexism in Language and Language Change – The Case of Peninsular Spanish". Linguistik Online (in German). 70 (1). doi:10.13092/lo.70.1748. ISSN 1615-3014.
- ^ Krauss, Sam; intern, PFLAG National (2020-07-13). "What do you do when someone doesn't use any pronouns?". PFLAG. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
- ^ Langhammer, Virginia (2021-11-02). "Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese". Speaking Brazilian. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
- ^ "Professores se referem a estudantes como "alunxs" para não destacar gênero". www.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-08-09.
- ^ "Todos, "todxs" ou "tod@s"?". Marcelo Rubens Paiva (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-08-09.
- ^ "» Minimanual dx guerrilheirx linguísticx" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ "Escrever 'todxs' ou 'amig@s' atrapalha softwares de leitura, dizem cegos". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-11-03.
- ^ a b ""Deixando o X para trás na linguagem neutra de gênero", por Juno". PIRATAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
- ^ linguagemneutra (2021-03-01). "APF e linguagem pessoal". Linguagem Neutra (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-07-16.
- ^ "Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género". dezanove.pt. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
- ^ Monteiro, Renata. "Só as pessoas trans ou não binárias é que devem referir os seus pronomes? Um mini guia inclusivo". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-07-16.
- ^ Carreira, por Pedro (2021-06-10). "Pronomes: Quando a gramática serve de desculpa para a transfobia". esQrever (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-07-16.
- ^ "Neolinguagem: o debate acerca da busca por mais inclusão na língua portuguesa". Portal Jornalismo ESPM (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
- ^ Facciolla, Mar (2020). "Linguagem Neutra de Gênero [Neolinguagem] - Pronomes Neutros" (in Portuguese). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30847.84642.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Brevilheri, Ursula Boreal Lopes; Lanza, Fabio; Sartorelli, May Romeiro (2022-09-01). "Neolinguagem e "linguagem neutra": potencialidades inclusivas e/ou reações conservadoras". Research, Society and Development (in Portuguese). 11 (11): e523111133741–e523111133741. doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i11.33741. ISSN 2525-3409.
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