List of rulers of Milan
| Duchy of Milan | |
|---|---|
.svg)  Arms of Francesco I Sforza. Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Or an eagle stand Sable, wearing a crown; 2nd and 3rd, Argent a serpent ripple Azure, wearing a crown, eating a moor Gules | |
| Creation date | 5 September 1395 |
| Created by | Wenceslaus, King of the Romans |
| Peerage | Imperial nobility |
| First holder | Gian Galeazzo Visconti |
| Last holder | Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor |
| Present holder | None |
| Extinction date | 9 June 1815 |
| Seat(s) | Sforza Castle |
The following is a list of rulers of Milan from the 13th century to 1814, after which it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia by the Congress of Vienna.
Before elevation to duchy
Until 1259, Milan was a free commune that elected its own podestà. The Torriani family gained sustained power in 1240, when Pagano Della Torre was elected podestà.[1] After Pagano's death, Baldo Ghiringhelli was elected podestà in 1259, but at the end of his tenure Martino della Torre, Pagano's nephew, perpetrated a coup d'état, seizing of power of his family over the commune, establishing the first Signoria (Italian for "Lordship") of Milan.[2]
| Signore | Rule | Affiliation | Podestà(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martino della Torre | 8 September 1259 | 20 November 1263 | Guelph | Captain general: List
|
| Filippo della Torre | 20 November 1263 | 24 December 1265 | Guelph | List
|
| Napoleone della Torre | 24 December 1265 | 21 January 1277 | Guelph | List
|
During their tenure, the Torriani family, aligned with French Charles of Anjou, started a strong rivality with Visconti family, loyal to the German Hohenstaufen.[3] In 1262, Pope Urban IV appointed Ottone Visconti as Archbishop of Milan, to Martino della Torre's disappointment.[4] In 1273, a civil war started between the two families, ended with Torriani's defeat in the Battle of Desio of 1277.[5]
| Signore | Rule | Affiliation | Podestà(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ottone Visconti | 21 January 1277 | 8 August 1295 | Ghibelline | Captain general:
List
|
| Matteo I Visconti | 8 August 1295 | June 1302 | Ghibelline | List
|
On June 1302, Guido della Torre forged a coalition with anti-Visconti cities and marched on Milan, deposing Visconti.[6] However, in 1308 Guido started a quarrel with his cousin, the Archbishop Cassone della Torre. After an assault on Milan Cathedral, Cassone fled to Bologna and solicited an imperial intervention.[7] Taking advantage of a chaotic situation in Northern Italy, King Henry VII of Germany descended into Italy with an army, and in Autumn 1310 he marched on Milan to restore both Cassone and the Visconti. After the fall of Milan, he was crowned King of Italy in the city's Cathedral.[8]
| Signore | Rule | Affiliation | Podestà(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guido della Torre | June 1302 | 6 January 1311 | Guelph | List
|
| Matteo I Visconti | 6 January 1311 | 24 June 1322 | Ghibelline | List
|
| Galeazzo I Visconti | 24 June 1322 | 6 August 1328 | Ghibelline | List
|
| Azzone Visconti | 6 August 1328 | 16 August 1339 | Ghibelline | List
|
| Luchino Visconti | 16 August 1339 | 24 January 1349 | Ghibelline | List
|
| Giovanni Visconti | 5 October 1354 | |||
| Matteo II Visconti | 5 October 1354 | 29 September 1355 | Ghibelline | List
|
| Galeazzo II Visconti | 4 August 1378 | |||
| Bernabò Visconti | 6 May 1385 | |||
| Gian Galeazzo Visconti | 6 May 1385 | 5 September 1395 | Ghibelline | List
|
After elevation to duchy
House of Visconti
In 1395, Gian Galeazzo Visconti was titled Duke of Milan by King Wenceslaus,[9] who sold the title under the payment of circa 100,000 florins.[10] Since that moment, all the following rulers of Milan were styled as dukes.
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gian Galeazzo 1351–1402 (aged 50) |
|
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5 September 1395 – 3 September 1402 |
(1) Isabella of France (m. 1360; d. 1372) 4 children (2 survived to adulthood) (2) Caterina Visconti (m. 1380; w. 1402) 2 children 2 illegitimate children |
|
| Giovanni Maria 1388–1412 (aged 23) |
|
|
3 September 1402 – 16 May 1412 |
Antonia Malatesta of Cesena (m. 1408; w. 1412) Childless |
Son of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (primogeniture) |
| Filippo Maria 1392–1447 (aged 54) |
|
|
16 May 1412 – 13 August 1447 |
(1) Beatrice of Tenda (m. 1412; ex. 1418) Childless (2) Mary of Savoy (m. 1428; w. 1447) Childless 1 illegitimate child |
Son of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (brotherhood) |
House of Sforza (1st rule)
After the death of Filippo Maria in 1447, the main line of Visconti went extinct. Benefited by political chaos, a cabal of wealthy citizens, academics and clerics declared the Duchy dissolved and proclaimed the oligarchical Golden Ambrosian Republic.[11] The republic was never recognized and the neighboring states of Venice and Savoy tried to expand their fiefdoms in Lombardy, as well as France. Taking advantage of the state's weakness and the resurgent Guelph-Ghibelline conflict, the commander-in-chief of the Milanese forces, Francesco I Sforza, defected from Milan to Venice in 1448,[12] and two years later, after several side switches and cunning strategies, Sforza entered the city during Annunciation. He was then declared the new Duke of Milan by the City Council,[13] using as a claim his marriage with Bianca Maria Visconti, illegitimate daughter of Filippo Maria.
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francesco I 1401–1466 (aged 64) |
|
|
25 March 1450 – 8 March 1466 |
(1) Polissena Ruffo (m. 1418; d. 1420) 1 daughter (died in infancy) (2) A Jacopo Caldora's daughter (m. 1424; ann. 142?) Childless (3) Bianca Maria Visconti (m. 1441; w. 1466) 8 children Giovanna d'Acquapendente 7 illegitimate children (5 survived to adulthood) |
|
| Galeazzo Maria 1444–1476 (aged 32) |
|
|
8 March 1466 – 26 December 1476 |
Bona of Savoy (m. 1468; w. 1503) 4 children Lucrezia Landriani 4 illegitimate children Lucia Marliani 2 illegitimate children |
Son of Francesco I Sforza (primogeniture) |
| Gian Galeazzo 1469–1494 (aged 25) |
|
|
26 December 1476 – 21 October 1494 |
Isabella of Aragon (m. 1489; w. 1494) 3 children |
Son of Galeazzo Maria (primogeniture) |
| Ludovico 1452–1508 (aged 55) |
|
|
21 October 1494 – 17 September 1499 |
Beatrice d'Este (m. 1491; d. 1499) 2 children Bernardina de Corradis 2 legitimized children Cecilia Gallerani 1 legitimized child Lucrezia Crivelli 2 legitimized children |
Son of Francesco I Sforza (blood proximity) |
House of Valois (1st rule)
In 1494, Ludovico Sforza usurped the throne of Milan, after probably poisoning his nephew Gian Galeazzo. After Venetian's threats, Ludovico solicited French king Charles VIII to descend into Italy,[14] starting the First Italian War. After Ludovico's betrayal and alliance with League of Venice in 1495, French were defeated in the Battle of Fornovo and unabled to expand in Italy. Charles VIII's top general and cousin, Louis II, Duke of Orléans (future Louis XII), was humiliated and due to his personal hate toward Ludovico Sforza,[15] started to claim the Duchy of Milan for himself, quoting his paternal descendance from Valentina Visconti and Gian Galeazzo's last will. After Louis XII's ascension to the French Throne in 1499, he started the Second Italian War to conquer Milan and Naples. With French armies near Pavia, Ludovico and his loyalists left Milan on 17 September 1499 to flee toward Germany.[16] This left Louis XII as only Duke of Milan, entering in city on 6 October 1499.[17]
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Louis XII (Luigi XII) 1462–1515 (aged 52) |
|
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6 October 1499 – 20 June 1512 |
(1) Joan of France (m. 1476; ann. 1498) Childless (2) Anne of Brittany (m. 1499; d. 1514) 2 Daughters (3) Mary of England (m. 1514; w. 1515) Childless |
|
House of Sforza (2nd rule)
Ludovico Sforza was captured on February 1500,[18] dying in hard prison in 1508. His son Massimiliano became the Sforza claimant to the Milanese Throne, finally re-gained in January 1513, six months after the Swiss army entrance in Milan.
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massimiliano 1493–1530 (aged 37) |
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|
|
9 January 1513 – 5 October 1515 |
Never married | Son of Ludovico Sforza (primogeniture) |
House of Valois (2nd rule)
After their defeat in the Battle of Marignano in 1515, the Swiss retired from Milan and Massimiliano was imprisoned by the returning French troops. He waived his rights to Milan for the sum of 30,000 ducats and continued to live in France.[19]
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francis I (Francesco I) 1494–1547 (aged 52) |
|
|
11 October 1515 – 20 November 1521 |
(1) Claude of France (m. 1514; d. 1524) 7 children (2) Eleanor of Austria (m. 1530; w. 1547) Childless |
|
House of Sforza (3rd rule)
By November 1521, the French situation had deteriorated considerably. Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Pope Leo X signed an alliance against Francis on 28 November.[20] Odet de Foix, Viscount of Lautrec, the French governor of Milan, was tasked with resisting the Imperial and Papal forces; he was outmatched by Prospero Colonna, however, and by late November had been forced out of Milan and had retreated to a ring of towns around the Adda River.[21] For the third time and last time, Sforza were restored to power.
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francesco II 1495–1535 (aged 40) |
|
|
4 April 1522 – 24 October 1535 |
Christina of Denmark (m. 1534; w. 1535) Childless |
Son of Ludovico Sforza (blood proximity) |
House of Habsburg
In 1535, after the death of the heirless Francesco II Sforza, Emperor Charles V annexed the Duchy as a vacant imperial state in order to avoid other claims by the French or the collateral branches of Sforza.
House of Habsburg-Spain
In 1540, the Duchy was secretly given as a gift to Charles V's son Philip, Prince of Asturias. This was made official at the abdication of Charles V in 1555. In 1556, Philip became Philip II of Spain and Milan entered in personal union with the Spanish Crown.
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philip I (Filippo I) 1527–1598 (aged 71) |
|
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|
11 October 1540 – 13 September 1598 |
(1) Maria Manuela of Portugal (m. 1543; d. 1545) 1 child (2) Queen Mary I of England (m. 1554; d. 1558) Childless (3) Elisabeth of Valois (m. 1559; d. 1568) 2 children (4) Anna of Austria (m. 1570; d. 1580) 5 children (1 survived to adulthood) |
Title given by Emperor Charles V |
| Philip II (Filippo II) 1578–1621 (aged 42) |
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|
|
13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621 |
Margaret of Austria (m. 1599; d. 1611) 8 children (5 survived to adulthood) |
Son of Philip I (blood proximity) |
| Philip III (Filippo III) 1605–1665 (aged 60) |
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|
|
31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665 |
(1) Elisabeth of France (m. 1615; d. 1644) 8 children (2 survived to adulthood) (2) Mariana of Austria (m. 1649; w. 1665) 5 children (2 survived to adulthood) María Calderón 1 legitimized child |
Son of Philip II (primogeniture) |
| Charles I (Carlo I) 1661–1700 (aged 38) |
|
|
17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700 |
(1) Marie Louise d’Orléans (m. 1679; d. 1689) Childless (2) Maria Anna of Neuburg (m. 1690; w. 1700) Childless |
Son of Philip III (blood proximity) |
House of Bourbon-Anjou
In September 1700, Charles became ill; by 28 September he was no longer able to eat and Portocarrero persuaded him to alter his Will in favour of Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou.[22] When Charles died on 1 November 1700, the throne was offered to Philip, who was proclaimed King of Spain on 16 November 1700. This was accepted by Britain and the Dutch Republic among others but disputes over division of territories and commercial rights led to the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701.[23]
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philip IV (Filippo IV) 1683–1746 (aged 62) |
|
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1 November 1700 – 7 March 1714 |
(1) Maria Luisa of Savoy (m. 1701; d. 1714) 4 children (2 survived to adulthood) (2) Elisabeth Farnese (m. 1714; w. 1746) 6 children |
|
House of Habsburg-Austria (then Habsburg-Lorraine)
After the Treaty of Rastatt of 1714, Emperor Charles VI officially gained the Duchy of Milan, a possession considered vital to the security of Austria's southern border.[24] Since that moment, Milan was a permanent possession of Austrian branch of Habsburg Monarchy.
| Duke | Arms | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles II (Carlo II) 1685–1740 (aged 55) |
|
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|
7 March 1714 – 20 October 1740 |
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick (m. 1708; w. 1740) 4 children (3 survived to adulthood) |
|
| Maria Theresa (Maria Teresa) 1717–1780 (aged 63) |
|
|
20 October 1740 – 29 November 1780 |
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (m. 1736; d. 1765) 15 children (10 survived to adulthood) |
|
| Joseph I (Giuseppe I) 1741–1790 (aged 48) |
_Joseph_II_als_Mitregent_seiner_Mutter.jpg)
|
|
29 November 1780 – 20 February 1790 |
(1) Isabella of Parma (m. 1760; d. 1763) 2 children (Not survived to adulthood) (2) Maria Josepha of Bavaria (m. 1765; d. 1767) Childless |
|
| Leopold I (Leopoldo I) 1747–1792 (aged 44) |
|
|
20 February 1790 – 1 March 1792 |
Maria Luisa of Spain (m. 1765; w. 1792) 16 children (14 survived to adulthood) |
|
| Francis II (Francesco II) 1768–1835 (aged 67) |
|
|
1 March 1792 – 15 May 1796 |
(1) Elisabeth of Württemberg (m. 1788; d. 1790) 1 child (Not survived to adulthood) (2) Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (m. 1790; d. 1807) 11 children (7 survived to adulthood) (3) Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (m. 1808; d. 1816) Childless (4) Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (m. 1816; w. 1835) Childless |
|
| Interregnum (1796–1814): Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars | |||||
| 11 April 1814 – 7 April 1815 | |||||
See also
- List of Governors of the Duchy of Milan
- List of mayors of Milan
- List of consorts of Milan
- Timeline of Milan
References
- ^ Motta, Antonio (1931). Treccani (ed.). Della Torre. Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian).
- ^ Fantoni, Giuliana L. (1989). Treccani (ed.). Della Torre, Martino. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 37.
- ^ Gallavresi, Giuseppe (1906). La riscossa dei guelfi in Lombardia dopo il 1260 e la politica di Filippo della Torre (in Italian). Vol. 6. Arch. stor. lombardo, 4th section.
- ^ Richard, Charles-Louis; Giraud, Jean-Joseph (1822). Méquignon Fils Ainé (ed.). Bibliothèque sacrée, ou, Dictionnaire universel [...] des sciences ecclésiastiques (in French). Vol. 13. p. 301.
- ^ Pugliese, Michela (2017). Youcanprint (ed.). All'ombra del castello (in Italian). p. 76. ISBN 9788892664630.
- ^ Treccani (ed.). "Della Tórre, Guido" (in Italian).
- ^ Fantoni, Giuliana L. (1989). Treccani (ed.). Della Torre, Cassone. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 37.
- ^ Jones, Michael (2000). Cambridge University Press (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 6. p. 533.
- ^ Bartoš, František M. (1937). Treccani (ed.). Venceslao IV re di Boemia e di Germania. Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian).
- ^ Symonds, John A. (1888). Henry Holt and Co. (ed.). Renaissance in Italy: the Age of the Despots (in Italian).
- ^ Lucas, Henry S. (1960). Harper Bros (ed.). The Renaissance and the Reformation. p. 268.
- ^ Ady & Armstrong 1907, p. 47
- ^ Ady & Armstrong 1907, p. 60
- ^ Baumgartner 1996, p. 40
- ^ Baumgartner 1996, p. 105
- ^ Baumgartner 1996, p. 114
- ^ Baumgartner 1996, p. 117
- ^ Durant, Will (1953). Simon and Schuster (ed.). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. p. 191.
- ^ Frieda, Leonie (2012). Weidenfeld & Nicolson (ed.). The Deadly Sisterhood: A Story of Women, Power and Intrigue in the Italian Renaissance. p. 333.
- ^ Konstam, Angus (1996). Osprey Publishing (ed.). Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars. p. 88.
- ^ Blocksman, Wim (2002). Oxford University Press (ed.). Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558. p. 52.
- ^ Hargreaves- Mawdsley, HN (1979). Eighteenth-Century Spain 1700-1788: A Political, Diplomatic and Institutional History. Macmillan. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0333146123.
- ^ Falkner, James (2015). The War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714 (Kindle ed.). 96: Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473872905.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Ward, William, Leathes, Stanley (1912). The Cambridge Modern History (2010 ed.). Nabu. p. 384. ISBN 1174382058.
Bibliography
- Ady, Cecilia M.; Armstrong, Edward (1907). A History of Milan under the Sforza. Methuen & Co.
- Adriano, Cappelli (1998). Cronologia Cronografia e Calendario Perpetuo. Hoepli. ISBN 88-203-2502-0.
- Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1996). St.Martin's Press (ed.). Louis XII. ISBN 0-312-12072-9.