Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

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Communist Party of Nepal
(Unified Marxist–Leninist)
नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)
ChairmanKP Sharma Oli[1]
SecretaryGokarna Bista
Yogesh Bhattarai
Padma Kumari Aryal
Chhabilal Bishwakarma
Lekh Raj Bhatta
Top Bahadur Rayamajhi
Raghubir Mahaseth
General SecretaryShankar Pokhrel
SpokespersonPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Senior Vice-chairmanIshwar Pokhrel
Vice-chairmanAstalaxmi Shakya
Surendra Pandey
Subas Chandra Nemwang
Bishnu Prasad Paudel
Yubraj Gyawali
Ram Bahadur Thapa
Deputy General SecretaryPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Bishnu Rimal
Prithvi Subba Gurung
Founded6 January 1991; 33 years ago (1991-01-06)
Merger ofCPN (Marxist)
CPN (Marxist–Leninist)
HeadquartersThapathali, Kathmandu
NewspaperNawayug
Student wingANNFSU
Youth wingNational Youth Association, Nepal
Women's wingAll Nepal Women's Association
Labour wingGEFONT
Membership (2021)600,000[2]
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
People's Multiparty Democracy
Political positionLeft-wing[3][4]
International affiliationIMCWP
House of Representatives
93 / 275
National Assembly
18 / 59
Provincial Assemblies
178 / 550
Mayors/Chairs
206 / 753
Councillors
11,890 / 35,011
Election symbol
Nepal Communist Party symbol.svg
Party flag
Flag of the CPN-UML (2021-).svg
Website
www.cpnuml.org
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The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), abbreviated CPN (UML) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)), is a political party in Nepal. CPN (UML) is a communist party in Nepal formed in January 1991 after the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). There have been four prime ministers from the party and the party has led the government five times. The party merged with CPN (Maoist Centre) to form the Nepal Communist Party on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a Supreme Court decision on 8 March 2021.[5][6]

It was the main opposition in the first election after the restoration of multi-party democracy. The party led a minority government under Manmohan Adhikari following the 1994 election. The party joined a coalition government with CPN (Maoist) in 2008 in the first elections after the end of monarchy in Nepal and led two governments under Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal during the term of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the new constitution with KP Sharma Oli serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the 2017 election.

CPN (UML) currently serves as the opposition in the Federal Parliament of Nepal and all of the seven provincial assemblies. The current chairman of the party is KP Sharma Oli, who was elected at the 9th general convention in 2014 and was reelected at the 10th general convention held in 2021. As of 2021, the party claims to have nearly 600,000 members.[7]

History

Origins and early years, 1991–1993

The United Left Front was formed in 1990 to protest the Panchayat system and restore multi-party democracy. They organized a joint movement with the Nepali Congress, and King Birendra yielded to their Jana Andolan in November 1990. Two constituents of the United Left Front, CPN (Marxist) and CPN (Marxist–Leninist), merged on 6 January 1991 to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) before the 1991 elections, and the United Left Front became inactive.[8]

Man Mohan Adhikari, first party chairman and first UML prime minister (1994–1995),

In the 1991 elections, the party won 69 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives.[9] Man Mohan Adhikari was elected head of the parliamentary group, and became the Leader of the Opposition in May 1991. On 28 June 1991, CPN (Burma) which had reconstituted itself after breaking away from CPN (United) merged into the party.[10] The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993, and People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as its main ideology.[11] The same ideology of People's Multiparty Democracy theorized by Madhan Bhandari made it one of the most prominent political parties in years to come. In the fifth party congress, Adhikari was elected chairman, and Madan Bhandari was elected general secretary.[12] Bhandari was killed in a vehicle accident in Chitwan later that year, and Madhav Kumar Nepal became the party's general secretary.[8] In November 1993, CPN (Amatya) led by Tulsi Lal Amatya, which had also broken off from CPN (United), merged into the party.[12]

First government and split, 1994–1997

After the mid-term elections in 1994, the party won 88 of 205 seats in a hung parliament and formed a minority government under Man Mohan Adhikari.[9] The government lasted for nine months after Adhikari was forced to resign when he lost a no-confidence motion in September 1995. The party was back in the government in March 1997, after supporting the Lokendra Bahadur Chand-led Rastriya Prajatantra Party government. Following dissension in the RPP, Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned and CPN (UML) returned to the opposition.[9][8]

The party faced its first split in March 1998, after disagreements about a water-sharing agreement with India. The new party formed with 46 legislators from the mother party as the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist), under the leadership of Bam Dev Gautam. The party joined the government again in December 1998, backing the Girija Prasad Koirala-led Nepali Congress–Nepal Sadbhawana Party coalition government.[8] In the 1999 elections, the party won 70 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives.[9]

Reunification and direct rule, 2002–2006

Most members of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) rejoined the parent party on 15 February 2002, while other members led by Chandra Prakash Mainali decided to restructure the party.[8] The party's seventh general convention was held in Janakpur on February 1–6, 2003. The convention decided to abolish the post of party chair, vacant after the death of Man Mohan Adhikari and Madhav Kumar Nepal was unanimously reelected as general secretary of the party.

Madhav Kumar Nepal, Prime Minister (2009–2011)

When King Gyanendra dissolved Parliament and sacked Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba of Nepali Congress in 2003, five other parties protested his decision. However, when Deuba was reinstated CPN (UML) joined the provisional government with Bharat Mohan Adhikari as deputy prime minister. This government was dissolved by the king on 1 February 2005 and Seven Party Alliance was formed to protest his decision. Following an agreement with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), a joint struggle was launched against the king's direct rule. On 10 April 2006, the parliament was reconvened by the king and a government was formed under Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala.[8]

1st Constituent Assembly, 2008–2012

Former logo of CPN (UML)
Jhala Nath Khanal, Prime Minister (2011)

In the 2008 Constituent Assembly elections, the party won 108 of 605 seats and finished third. Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned as general secretary, and was replaced by Jhala Nath Khanal. The party backed Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) candidate Pushpa Kamal Dahal, and joined his government in August 2008.[13] Khanal was elected party chairman and Ishwor Pokhrel general secretary by the eighth general convention in Butwal in February 2009.

In early May 2009, the CPN (UML) joined several other parties in leaving Dahal's coalition government after he sacked Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal.[14] Following their withdrawal, they formed a new coalition government with the Nepali Congress and the Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum under Madhav Kumar Nepal.[15] Nepal resigned in June 2010 after failing to draft a new constitution.[16] Following more than seven months of political stalemate, Khanal was elected prime minister in February 2011 with support from the UCPN (Maoist).[17] He resigned in August after he failed to reach a consensus with the other parties on drafting a new constitution and the peace process.[17] The party joined the next government, led by Baburam Bhattarai, on 28 August 2011.[18] On November 2012, Ashok Kumar Rai broke away from the party along with other indigenous leaders and formed the Federal Socialist Party claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.[19]

2nd Constituent Assembly, 2013–2017

Following Bhattarai's dissolution of the 1st Constituent Assembly after its failure to draft a new constitution before the deadline,[20] the CPN (UML) became the second-largest party after winning 175 of 575 elected seats in the 2013 elections. The party joined a coalition government under Sushil Koirala with the ruling Nepali Congress and the Rastriya Prajatantra Party.[21] In July 2014, Khadga Prasad Oli became party chair after he defeated Madhav Kumar Nepal in the party's ninth general convention.[22]

The new constitution was delivered by the coalition government government on 20 September 2015.[23] After the new constitution was drafted, Sushil Koirala resigned and party chairman Khadga Prasad Oli was elected prime minister with support from the UCPN (Maoist), the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal and other parties.[24] Oli resigned in July 2016 before a motion of no confidence supported by the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre).[25]

In the 2017 local elections, 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in major cities, including the two largest cities Kathmandu and Pokhara Lekhnath.[26][27]

1st Federal Parliament, 2017-2022

Left alliance and dissolution, 2017–2018

Former logo of the party

The party announced an alliance with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) before the 2017 legislative and provincial elections.[28] The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives,[29] and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces.[30] After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and formed coalition governments in Nepal's centre and six of the seven provinces. According to the power-sharing agreement, the CPN (UML) would lead governments in Province 1, Province 3, Province 4 and Province 5.[31] In accordance with the agreement Sher Dhan Rai, Dormani Paudel, Prithivi Subba Gurung and Shankar Pokharel were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.[32][33][34][35]

In the 6 February 2018 National Assembly election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and again became the country's largest party.[36] Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and appointed prime minister on February 15.[37] Bidya Devi Bhandari was re-elected president on March 13.[38] After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest left-wing parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the Nepal Communist Party was formed from the CPN (UML) and the CPN (Maoist Centre).[39][40][5]

Revival and internal conflict, 2021

Main article: 2020 split in Nepal Communist Party

On 8 March 2021, the Supreme Court of Nepal stated that the allocation of the name Nepal Communist Party upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ab initio, as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".[41] The Election Commission on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived.[6] Four members of the House of Representatives and one member of the National Assembly for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection.[42]

KP Sharma Oli, Prime Minister (2015–2016 and 2018–2021)

KP Sharma Oli lost a no-confidence motion on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority.[43] Chief minister of Gandaki, Prithvi Subba Gurung resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, Shankar Pokharel also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.[44][45][46][47]

A cabinet meeting chaired by prime minister and party chairman KP Sharma Oli recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal supported Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next prime minister.[48] The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day and Deuba was appointed prime minister.[49][50] Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip.[51]

The party also lost its government in Gandaki and Lumbini with Gurung losing a no-confidence motion and Pokharel resigning.[52][53] Province 1 chief minister, Sher Dhan Rai and Bagmati chief minister Dormani Paudel were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by Bhim Acharya and Asta Laxmi Shakya respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.[54][55]

Opposition and splits, 2021–2022

Main article: 2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)

On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the CPN (Unified Socialist).[56] Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces.[57][58]

The 10th National Convention of the party was held in Chitwan between 26 and 29 November 2021. The convention reelected KP Sharma Oli as the party chair.[59][60] Hridayesh Tripathi who had been elected to the House of Representatives from the CPN (UML) formed a separate party, the People's Progressive Party in December 2021.[61][62] Bamdev Gautam who served as the senior vice-chairman left the party in September 2021 and in June 2022 announced the formation of CPN (Unity National Campaign).[63][64]

2022 Nepalese general election (2022-present)

As a chief party opposition party, CPN (UML) formed alliance with 7 different parties at either national or local level including the Pariwar Dal, PSP-N, RPP, RPP-N, PPP, etc.[65] The party forged electoral alliance with PSP-N in Madhesh province leaving 50% seats to Upendra Yadav led party.[66][67]

Ticket of few leaders including Bhim Rawal, Ghanashyam Bhusal was forbidden. Later Ghanashyam Bhusal left the party to give independent candidacy from Rupandehi 1 while Rawal extended a 10 point alliagtion of party chair Oli.[68][69] Later Prabhu Sah led leaders gave independent candidacy on 8 of 32 seats of House of Representatives from Madhesh Province and 17 of 64 seats of provincial assembly due to dissatisfaction with party province incharge Raghubir Mahaseth.[70] Party's provincial assembly party chair and senior leader Satyanarayan Mandal didn't contest the election after dissatisfaction from party province incharge.[71]

Ideology

Communism in Nepal
South Asian Communist Banner.svg
Leaders
Current groups
Defunct groups
Related articles

The guiding principle of the party is Marxism–Leninism and it supports a socialism oriented economy but within the confines of a parliamentary system of governance.[72] The party had adopted the line of People's Multiparty Democracy which was proposed by Madan Bhandari at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993.[11] The party supports the establishment of a welfare system that guarantees social security and social justice to all citizens.[73]

People's Multiparty Democracy (जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद)

Symbol

Alternative flag of CPN (UML)

The election symbol of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo.[74] The hammer and sickle, a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden hammer and sickle inside a red sun is the party's logo.[75]

Organisation

Central organisation

The National Convention is the supreme body of CPN (UML) and it is organized every five years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the central secretariat and the central committee of the party. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organisational proposals and amendments to the party constitution.[75]

The Central Committee of the party is the highest decision making body within general conventions and is responsible to the national convention. The National Convention elects a Central Secretariat consisting of a chair, a senior vice-chair, six vice-chairs, one general secretary, three deputy general secretaries and seven secretaries. The Central Secretariat along with other elected members make up the 301-member Central Committee of the party. The chairs of the seven provincial committees of the party are also ex-officio members of the Central Committee. One-third of the committee is also required to be female. The Central Committee also elects a 99-member Politburo and a 45-member Standing Committee among its members.[75]

When the Central Committee is not in session the Politburo is the highest decision making body, the Standing Committee follows the Politburo in hierarchy and the Central Secretariat follows the Standing Committee. The National Convention also elects a Central Disciplinary Commission, a Central Accounts Commission and a Central Electoral Commission. A Central Advisory Council can also be formed by the Central Committee if needed.[75]

Provincial and local organisation

Party committees exist at the provincial, district, local, ward and neighborhood level. In addition to this the party has a separate special committee in the Kathmandu Valley which is in the same level as the provincial committees in the party. The provincial committee holds a provincial convention every four years and the rest of the committees hold a convention every three years except for neighborhood committees which hold a convention every two years. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision making body in between conventions. The party also has organisational committees for areas where the party does not have presence yet.[75]

Electoral performance

Legislative elections

See also: House of Representatives (Nepal) and Constituent Assembly of Nepal
Election Leader Constituency votes Party list votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % % change No. % % change No. +/-
1991 Madan Bhandari 2,040,102 27.98
69 / 205
 2nd In opposition
1994 Man Mohan Adhikari 2,352,601 30.85 Increase 2.87
88 / 205
 Increase 19 Increase 1st Minority government
1999 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,728,725 31.66 Increase 0.81
71 / 205
 Decrease 17 Decrease 2nd In opposition
2008 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,229,064 21.63 Decrease 10.03 2,183,370 20.33
108 / 601
 Increase 37 Decrease 3rd Coalition government with the CPN (Maoist), MJFN, Sadbhavana, and CPN (United)
2013 Jhala Nath Khanal 2,492,090 27.55 Increase 5.92 2,239,609 23.66 Increase 3.33
175 / 575
 Increase 67 Increase 2nd Coalition government with the Nepali Congress and RPP
2017 Khadga Prasad Oli 3,082,277 30.68 Increase 3.13 3,173,494 33.25 Increase 9.59
121 / 275
 Decrease 54 Increase 1st In opposition

Provincial Assembly elections

As of the 2017 provincial elections, CPN (UML) was the largest party in six out of seven provinces and heads the government in four provinces.

Province Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. %
Province No. 1 2017 673,709 38.79
51 / 93
 1st In opposition
Madhesh 249,734 16.25
21 / 107
 4th In opposition
Bagmati 677,317 35.81
58 / 110
 1st In opposition
Gandaki 373,501 39.04
27 / 60
 1st In opposition
Lumbini 533,613 33.10
41 / 87
 1st In opposition
Karnali 169,755 34.35
20 / 40
 1st In opposition
Sudurpashchim 260,955 32.99
25 / 53
 1st In opposition

Local election

Election Leader(s) Council Head Council Deputy Councillors Position
# +/- # +/- # +/-
2017 KP Sharma Oli
294 / 753
331 / 753
14,097 / 35,038
 1st
2022 KP Sharma Oli
206 / 753
 Decrease 90
240 / 753
 Decrease 108
11,890 / 35,011
 Decrease 2,207 Decrease 2nd

Leadership

Chairmen

1st General Secretary of CPN (UML), Madan Bhandari

General secretaries

Prime Ministers of Nepal

No. Prime Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Man Mohan Adhikari ManMohanAdhikari.jpg 30 November 1994 12 September 1995 286 days 3rd House of Representatives Adhikari, 1994 Kathmandu 3
2 Madhav Kumar Nepal Madhav Kumar Nepal 2009-09-23.jpg 25 May 2009 6 February 2011 1 year, 257 days 1st Constituent Assembly Madhav Nepal, 2009 Nominated
3 Jhala Nath Khanal J.n (2).jpg 6 February 2011 29 August 2011 204 days 1st Constituent Assembly Khanal, 2011 Ilam 1
4 Khadga Prasad Oli Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 07, 2018 (1).jpg 12 October 2015 4 August 2016 297 days Legislature Parliament Oli, 2015 Jhapa 7
15 February 2018 13 July 2021 3 years, 148 days 1st Federal Parliament Oli, 2018 Jhapa 5

Chief Ministers

Province 1

No. Chief Minister Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Sher Dhan Rai 14 February 2018 26 August 2021 3 years, 193 days 1st Provincial Assembly Rai, 2018 Bhojpur 1(B)
2 Bhim Acharya 26 August 2021 1 November 2021 67 days Acharya, 2021 Sunsari 1(B)

Bagmati Province

No. Chief Minister Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Dormani Poudel 11 February 2018 18 August 2021 3 years, 188 days 1st Provincial Assembly Poudel, 2018 Makwanpur 1(B)
2 Astalaxmi Shakya 18 August 2021 27 October 2021 70 days Shakya, 2021 Kathmandu 8(B)

Gandaki Province

No. Chief Minister Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Prithivi Subba Gurung 16 February 2018 9 May 2021 3 years, 82 days 1st Provincial Assembly Gurung, 2018 Lamjung 1(B)
12 May 2021 12 June 2021 31 days

Lumbini Province

No. Chief Minister Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Shankar Pokharel 15 February 2018 2 May 2021 3 years, 76 days 1st Provincial Assembly Pokharel, 2018 Dang 2(A)
2 May 2021 11 August 2021 101 days

Sister organizations

See also

References

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