Battle of Steenkerque

Battle of Steenkerque
Part of the Nine Years' War
Map of the Battle of Steenkerke
Date 3 August 1692 Location Steenkerque, present-day Belgium Result French victory
Belligerents
France	United Provinces England
Commanders and leaders
Luxembourg Montal Boufflers	William of Orange Ferdinand Willem Solms  † Hugh Mackay  † Overkirk
Strength
80,000	80,000
Casualties and losses
7,000 to 8,000 killed or wounded	8,000 killed or wounded to 10,000 killed or wounded, 1,300 captured plus 13 guns

The Battle of Steenkerque, also known as Steenkerke, Steenkirk or Steinkirk was fought on 3 August 1692, during the Nine Years' War, near Steenkerque, then part of the Spanish Netherlands but now in modern Belgium A French force under Marshal François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, defeated an Allied army led by William of Orange. The Allies were forced to retreat after several hours of heavy fighting, although the French were too exhausted to follow up their victory.

Background

Luxembourg had already achieved his main objective for 1692 by capturing Namur in June and wanted to avoid a battle. He therefore adopted a strong defensive position facing north-west, with his right anchored on the Zenne at Steenkerque and his left near Enghien, assuming the Allies would not dare to attack it. In the late 17th century, tacticians considered the risks and losses associated with fighting battles too unpredictable unless the chance of defeating part of the enemy's forces presented itself.

William of Orange had replaced Waldeck as commander of the Allied army, which was encamped about Halle. He would probably have done as Luxembourg expected and not risked an attack had he not seen an opportunity to take the French by surprise. Accordingly, before dawn on 3 August he ordered his troops to move against the French right.

Battle

Duke of Württemberg

Led by the Duke of Wurttemberg, the Allied advance guard of infantry and pioneers, which included the British and Scots Brigades under Hugh Mackay, deployed silently around 5:00 a.m. close to the French encampments. The main body was split into three separate columns, with Count Solms, who also commanded the Allied cavalry, given responsibility for forming them into line as they reached the battlefield. Whether though bad luck or mismanagement, the cavalry deployed in front of the infantry causing chaos and meant fewer than 15,000 of the 80,000 Allied troops available were engaged at any point during the battle.

At 9:00 a.m. Wurttemberg started methodically cannonading the enemy while awaiting the order to advance, while de Montal, the extremely experienced commander of the French vanguard, hurriedly formed up his troops. Despite the delay and loss of surprise, Mackay finally began his attack, capturing the first three lines of trenches and coming very close to achieving a stunning victory. However, de Montal held off the initial Allied attack long enough to enable Luxembourg to bring up his main force.

The piecemeal deployment of the Allied main body meant little or no attempt was made to engage the French centre; with his troops spread out over the fortifications and under huge pressure from the French, Mackay asked William for permission to withdraw and reorganise. Ordered to continue the assault, he allegedly said 'The Lord's will be done' and taking his place at the head of his regiment was killed with many of his division. Over 8,000 of the 15,000 Allied troops engaged became casualties, with five British regiments almost wiped out.

Louis François de Boufflers

At the crisis, Luxembourg had not hesitated to throw the whole of the French and Swiss guards into the fight, led by the princes of the royal house. More and more French troops under command of Boufflers appeared from side of Enghien. During and after the supreme effort, the Allies were driven back by contesting every step against the weight of numbers.

The foot and dragoons of the main body, which succeeded in reaching the front, served only to cover and to steady the retreat of Wurttemberg's force. The coup having manifestly failed, William ordered a general retreat. The Allies retired as they had come, their rear-guard under the Dutch Marshal Ouwerkerk showing too stubborn a front for the French to attack. The French, very disordered and suffering heavy casualties, were in no state to pursue.

Aftermath

Over 8,000 men of the 15,000 engaged on the side of the Allies were killed or wounded. The losses of the French out of a much larger force were at least equal. Contemporary soldiers affirmed that Steenkirk was the hardest battle ever fought by the infantry in that war. Five British regiments were completely destroyed.

The British blamed their great losses on the ineptitude of Dutch General Count Solms, in command of the Allied cavalry. That was, however, unfounded, because the losses on the allies at Steenkirk were evenly distributed among the different nations present.

Steenkirk cravat

An article of dress was named after the battle. A "steenkirk" (also Steinquerque or Stinquerque in the mémoirs of Abbé de Choisy) was a lace cravat loosely or negligently worn, with long lace ends. According to Voltaire's L'Âge de Louis XIV, it was in fashion after the Battle of Steenkerque, where the French gentlemen had to fight with disarranged cravats on account of the surprise sprung by the Allies.

In popular culture

A French-language novel by the Belgian journalist and author René Henoumont was published in 1979 under the title La maison dans le frêne (The House in the Ash Tree), with the explanatory subtitle ou la bataille de Steenkerque (or the Battle of Steenkerque). The work is organised into 12 parts, corresponding with the months of the year. Each part contains between 2 and 4 chapters. The narrator and author tells the reader about his (mostly autobiographical) life in the village of Steenkerque as he ponders life, nature, gardening and wars. In his silent dialogue with the nature around, the trees become the men who once waged war in the Belgian village.

It is thought that the Te Deum in D major, H.146 by Marc-Antoine Charpentier was performed to mark victory celebrations following the battle. Part of the Te Deum is used by the European Broadcasting Union such as in the Eurovision Song Contest titles.

Sources

• Atkinson, CT (1938). "The British Losses at Steinkirk 1692". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 17 (68): 200–204. JSTOR 44226221.
• Childs, John (1991). The Nine Years' War and the British Army 1688 97: The Operations in the Low Countries (2013 ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8996-1.
• Lynn, John A. (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714. Longman. ISBN 0-582-05629-2.
• Moreri, Louis (1749). Le grand dictionnaire historique ou Le melange curieux de l'Histoire sacrée; Volume I (in French). Libraires Associes, Paris.
•  Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Flag". The American Cyclopædia. Vol. 8. p. 250.
• Périni, Hardy (1906). Batailles françaises (5e série) (in French). Flammarion. ISBN 9782016136744.
• "The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms: France, 1750-1757". New York Public Library. 25 March 2011 [2004]. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015.
• Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672-1712. Prometheus. ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4.