Farah Garad

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Farah Garad
Faarax Garaad
فرح جراد
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali, Arabic, English
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups
Mohamoud Garad (Galool Oriye, Jama Siad), Baho Nugaaled, and other Darod groups

The Farah Garad or the Garad Farah (Somali: Faarax Garaad, Arabic: محمد جراد, Full Name: ’Farah Shirshore Habarwa Abdullah Muse Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti ) is a Somali clan which is part of the Dhulbahante clan-family, a sub-division of the larger Harti/Darod clan. The Farah Garad are divided into four major sub-clans — Ararsame, Ali-gheri, Baharsame and Barkad. The large chief caaqil agglomerations including Ararsame (Reer Hagar & Wa'eys Adan), or the Ali Gheri xeer group, (including Farah Adan & Odala Samakab). Farah Garad has four clan eponyms, Barkad, Baharsame, Yassin and Ahmed Garad but between a score and two dozen dia groups.

Garad Jama Garad Ali is concurrently the Garad of Farah Garad and the supreme Garad of Dhulbahante, however the largest constituency of clan-head is held by Garad Abdirizak Garaad Soofe, who is the grand garad of the Cali Gheri and Ahmed Garad[1]

Overview

According to the late imminent scholar Ioan Lewis, as with all Somali clans the clan is sub-divided into primary lineages and xeer groups or dia-paying groups. The four main Farah Garad segmentations are Barkad, Baharsame and Ararsame and Bah Cali Gheri. These may form confederations which at times amalgamate with smaller Farah Garaad lineages for many purposes, such as a political alliance, to facilitate a higher level jilib via a singular Farah Garad structure having a singular sub-clan chieftain, or hagbad (accumulated savings).[2]

The largest of the farah Garad sub-clans, are Ararsame (mainly Reer Hagar but also Wa'ays Adan and maybe other dia-paying groups) and the Bah Ali Gheri confederation including Farah Adan, Arale Mahad and Odola. Whereas Ararsame is named after an ancient twin duo.Reer Khayr is named after the Dervish period wadaad fraternity which included several Dhulbahante subclans. The Odala and Egal Naleye, sometimes collectively named after their uterine lineage Bahgeri, are intermittently categorized under either Ararsame or Bah Cali Gheri Khayr'.[3]

Clan elders confirm that traditionally Farah garad has two additional clan eponym confederations of Ararsame and Bah Cali Gheri:[4]

In 1954 the British and the Dhulbahante had a meeting in Hargeysa. Garaad Jaamac (Baharasame), Xasan Deyl (Chief Caaqil of Cali Geri), Yuusuf Kooreeye (Chief Caaqil of Reer Hagar) and other elders went to Hargeysa to negotiate with the British.

As such, a Farah garad man may have tertiary levels of chiefs, such as a Wacays Adan caaqil at dia level, followed by an Ararsame caaqil as chief caaqil, followed by the Baharsame caaqil as garaad guud meaning supreme garaad which pertains to the highest level of clan-head. Likewise another man may have a Farah Adan caaqil at dia level, followed by an Bah Cali Geri caaqil as chief caaqil, followed by Baharsame caaqil as garaad guud meaning supreme garaad, which constitutes the highest level of clan-head.[4] The Ararsame chief caaqil traditionally represents the Axmed Garaad twins (Hagar and Wacays Adan), whilst the Bah Cali Geri chief caaqil traditionally represents Axmed Garaad onelings.[4]

Distribution

The primarily homeland of the clan straddles the Nugaal Valley and the Ciid segments of the Haud plateaus where they inhabit the Sool and Togdheer regions of Somaliland.[5] In particular, they settle in the districts of Las Anod and Buuhoodle. In Ethiopia, the clan has a significant presence in the Dollo Zone, specifically in the woredas of Boh, Danot and Werder.[6][7]

The Barkad, Bah'ararsame and Ararsame and Bah Cali Gheri are respectively centred around the towns of Widhwidh, Kalabaydh and the city of Buuhoodle. Furthermore, large part of the population in the city of Las Anod are members of this clan. Farah Garad subclans also have their own distinct towns, such as Ararsame in Galgala and Horufadhi, and Bah Ali Gheri Dhulbahante in Marqaanweyne and Dhilaalo.[8]

History

Main article: Dervish movement (Somali)

Shiikhyaale was the largest, most prestigious and the best equipped Darawiish administrative division. The prestigiousness of Shiikhyaale derived from it being populated by some of the largest Dhulbahante subclans, such as the Ali Gheri, the traditional hereditary lineage of the Dhulbahante royalty, as well as the fact that some of the most important Dervish political positions were held by Ali Gheri, the maternal lineage of the Sayid. Likewise, some of the most feared horsemen on the Somali peninsula were traditionally Ali Gheri.

According to James Hayes Sadler, some sections of the Farah Garad were the only ones who would remain loyal to the Dervishes in the face of Dhulbahante defection due to the threat of a British military onslaught.>

Garadate seat

Since Saaxdheer is the residence of the contemporary grand Garaad Jama, it is thus regarded as the seat of the Dhulbahante Garadate.[9][10] Markus Hoehne likewise described Sahdheer as the residence of the supreme Dhulbahante garaad.[11]

Garadate

Dhulbahante clan which had a dynastical succession that ruled over the plains of Ciid-Nugaal for four centuries starting with Shirshoore, until the incumbent heir Garad Jama Garad Ali. This hereditary line of succession was continuous except during the Dervish era when the Dervish Sultan Diiriye Guure became head of the Dhulbahante clan.[12]

The Ali Gheri along with the Baharsame, being the Shiikhyaale clans, were referred to as the elite clans of the Dervish by an Intelligence Officer at Buuhoodle:[13]

The tribes which he favours most are the Ali Gheri and the Ba Ararsama.

— Intelligence Officer Bohotle

Groups

  • Dharbash, was a Dervish administrative division which was one third Baharsame, a Farah Garad clan.

People

Part of a series on
Dhulbahante garadate
Jidali & Taleh Dhulbahante garesas.png
Reer Xadeed / Ugaadhyahan garadate
Garadate
Seat
Related topics
  • Cabbaas Xuseen, first prime minister of the Dervish (1895 - 1900); of the Baharsame clan
  • Xaashi Suni Fooyaan, peace-time prime minister of the Dervish (1905-1906); of the Baharsame clan
  • Soofe-cali Buraale, member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. the government; was of the Baharsame clan
  • Cabbane Sugulle, commander of Burcadde-Godwein, a Dervish administrative division

Pre-colonial era

During the pre-colonial era, there were two Supreme Dhulbahante garaads, one in the east, and the other in the west:

The Dulbahante, as far as I have seen them, are a fine martial race of men, second to none of the branches of Darrood either in conduct or appearance, and they are described as being courteous and hospitable to the stranger who visits them. They have generally two Sultans, or Garaads, the elder of whom, Mahomed Ali Harrin, governs the eastern limits of the province; whilst his colleague, Ali Garaad, (recently deceased) guards the N. W. frontier from the thieving Haber-tel- Jahleh in the neighbourhood of Kurrum and from the Agahdur family of Noh Amor.

— Journal of the Royal Geographical Society[14]

Dervish era

An Evening Express piece published by Walter Alfred Pearce referred to Diiriye Guure as the head of the Dhulbahante clan during the Dervish era.[15]

Chief caaqil groups

Barkad

When the first expedition of British General Eric Swayne against the Dervish was launched in 1901, four clans were named as hostile clans deserving of collective punishment; these were the Ararsame, Reer Hagar, Jama Siad and Barkad, all of these being Dhulbahante clans:[13]

It was also reported that the Dolbahanta tribes had scattered for the want of grazing; that the Rer Hagar and Ararsamah had gone southward towards Baliwein and Bohotle, and that the Jama Siad and Barkad had moved westward towards the eastern end of the Bur-Dab range ... a line of advance was chosen to avoid as much as possible dense bush, and to bring the force between the various sections of the hostile tribes.

— Eric Swayne

Five Dhulbahante subclans were punished by the Eric Swayne for their Dervish adherence; namely Bah Ali Gheri, Jama Siad, Nur Ahmed, Barkad and Reer Hagar:

The effect of these sudden seizures and attacks on the Jama Siad and Rer Hagar had a salutary effect. Overtures were made by both tribes, also by the Nur Ahmed, and the Berkat expressed their willingness to come in. It now only remained to compel the Ali Gheri to come to terms.

— Eric Swayne

People

There were many notable Barkad people in the Dervish haroun, i.e. its government. These include:

Ararsame twins

Ararsame is the Farah Garad subclan of mataano Ararsame which consists of the twins Hagar Adan (whose descendants are known as Reer Hagar) and Wa'ays Adan. The Ararsame chief caaqil represents the Ararsame twins (Hagar and Wacays Adan), whilst the Bah Cali Geri chief caaqil represents Axmed Garaad onelings.[4] The close confederational ties between Hagar Adan and Wacays Adan clans arguably stems from the fact that Ciid-Nugaal oral traditions reputes the forefathers of the Hagar-Adan and Wa'ays Adan clans to have been monozygotic or 'identical twins. As such, the extended name of these two clans are also termed Mataano Ararsame, meaning Ararsame twins. Although Jama Siad Dhulbahante were the first subclan attacked by the British mounted colonial force, the main British colonial army led by Eric Swayne selected the Ararsame as their first target to attack. The loot attacked included sheep, traditionally owned by women, therefore, meaning the British Colonial Auxiliary Forces also attacked non-combatant Dervish women of the Ararsame clan:[13]

Swayne resolved to punish these refractory tribes. On the 19th June, by making forced marches, the Rer Hagar karias were surprised at Jillib, and more karias of the Rer Hagar and Ararsamah were attacked at dawn on June 20th some 20 miles further on, with the result that over 3,000 camels 20,000 sheep, and 620 cattle were captured.

— Eric Swayne

In the first book written on the colonial wars against the Dervish written in 1902, Malcolm Mcneill states that the two clans who were the biggest opponents of European colonialism were the two Dhulbahante subclans of Ararsame and Bah Ali Gheri:[16]

The two principal offenders were the Ali Gheri and the Arasama tribes, who had for a long time made the whole Dolbahanta country unsafe for Europeans without a large escort; it was now time to settle with them once and for all.

— Malcolm McNeill

British general McNeill reported that in June 1901, twelve hundred men within the Bah Ali Geri and Ararsame homelands (both Farah Garad Dhulbahante) were killed, and their livestock taken and transferred by the British to Isaaq clans or to soldier conscripts as a salary.[13]

The total number of casualties inflicted on the enemy at McNeill's zariba and in the subsequent pursuit in the Ararsamah and the Ali Gheri country, and at Ferdiddin, cannot have fallen far short of some 1,200 men killed ... The camels were either given as compensation to the Ishak tribes who had been looted by the Mullah or were handed over to the men, with their how disposed consent, in lieu of pay, thus reducing the cost of the expedition.

— McNeill

The Ararsame (Reer Hagar) were also implicated in a Dervish attack on a barracks commanded by British general Malcolm Mcneill and were among 600 casualties laying in its surroundings:[17]

he could not have lost less than 600 men killed and wounded. It was also clear that the Kayat, Adan Madoba, Rer Hagar, Ali Gheri, Jama Siad, Nur Ahmed, and Mijjarten tribes were all implicated in the attack on the zariba, as was evidenced by the bodies of men actually shot, and by wounded men

Eric Swayne states that Aynaba is traditionally a Reer Hagar deegaan (locality) and that it was an enemy territory:[13]

Our own spies penetrated to the Rer Hagar Dolhahanta encampments at Ain Abo and Baliwein, 75 miles south of Burao, and strong patrols acting on their information captured prisoners in the enemy's country

— Eric Swayne

Malcolm McNeill states Hagar is an Ararsame subclan, and that 2,000 camels and up to 25,000 sheep taken from them on account of Ararsame Dervishnimo:

textAfter going about nine miles we came on a cluster of Karias belonging to the Rer Haggar, a sub-tribe of the Arasama ... noon there were gathered together into one

central open space about 2,000 camels ... I estimated the number of sheep at about 15,000, but others put it at 20,000 to 25,000

— Malcolm McNeill

People

Groups

  • Dharbash, was a Dervish administrative division which was one third Ararsame, it being a Farah Garad clan.
  • Golaweyne had two Farah garad clans: Reer Khayr, and the Ararsame subclans of Wacays Adan and the Diiriye subclan of Reer Hagar.

Ali Gheri

commander-poet Ismail Mire (pictured) administered the largest infantry Shiikhyaale and Adan Ali Gurey the second-largest, Golaweyne.

The Ali gheri agnation, consisting of the patrilineal descent, were the leading and the founding sub-clan of the Dervish movement. The Ali Gheri chief caaqil represents Axmed Garaad, such as Cigal Naleeye and Farah Adan.[4] The Ali-Gheri garad is whom Bah Ali Gheri caaqils (chieftains) of Farah Garad give deference to, by extension making them a confedaration.[18] The poem by Ali Dhuh confirms that the Reer Khayre subclan is a Dhulbahante confederation that consists of Ali Geri, Mahad Adan and Farah Adan, with Dhuh referring to it as a grouping in his poem Allahu Akbar.[19] The Bah Ali Gheri onelings have the largest deegaan (traditional clan territory) of the Farah Garad clans, stretching some 200 kilometers, from Dhilaalo in the north to Dannood in the south. According to both colonial sources as well as native historians such as Jama Omar Issa, the Ali Gheri onelings were the clan whom began and started the early camp of Maxkamadaha Dervishta in 1895.[20]

One of the largest plunders inflicted by a European army upon African natives was inflicted upon the Bah Ali Gheri clan in July 1902, when 6,000 camels were looted from them, besides fifty Ali Gheri men being killed during a British-led expedition which included Abyssinian and other African levies:[21]

It now only remained to compel the Ali Gheri to come to terms. By July 8th this tribe was subdued after suffering a loss of some 50 men and 6,000 camels.

— Eric Swayne

The Ali Gheri clan are particularly known for being the first tribe to adopt the Dervish (Dervish) identity,[22][23][24] and according to professor Ingiriis, the bulk of the Dervish ranks being of the Ali Geri clan, suggested Dervish ideology moved towards "clan solidarity".[25]

Groups

In the following Dervish administrative divisions, at least half comprised Bah Ali Gheri muqaddims (arbitrators), scouts, clerics, tenders and fighters:

  • Ragxun, was a Dervish administrative division which was half Farah Garad, as Bah Cali Geri is a Farah Garad subclan.
  • Miinanle, was a Dervish administrative division which was majority Farah Garad, as Cali-geri and Odala & Egal-Naleye are Farah Garad sub-clans.[26]
  • Golaweyne, was a Dervish administrative division which was half Farah Garad, as Cali-geri are Farah Garad sub-clans.

People

  • Jaamac Cudur, commander of a Garbo Dervish subdivision
  • Osman Boss, commander of a Ragxun subdivision
  • Aadan Dhacdhaco, was a member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. government; was of the Reer Khair Dhulbahante clan
  • Cabdi Yaar Guuleed, was a member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. government; was of the Reer Khair Dhulbahante clan
  • Maxamuud Cilmi, was a member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. government; was of the Reer Khair Dhulbahante clan
  • Aadan Cawad, was a member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. government; was of the Reer Khair Dhulbahante clan
  • Soofe Durraan, was a member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. government; was of the Reer Khair Dhulbahante clan
  • Mohamud Hosh, was a member of the Dervish haroun, i.e. government; was of the Reer Khair Dhulbahante clan
  • Saliid Baynax, member of Dervish haroun

Bahgeri Dhulbahante

Since the Egal Ahmed and Warfa Ahmed of Bah-geri are oneling births of Axmed garaad, their chief caaqil is the Bah Cali Geri chief caaqil whom traditionally represented Axmed Garaad onelings.[4]

Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and some lineages might be omitted."[27] However, the following summarised clan tree presented below is taken from John Hunt's A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate (1944-1950):[28]

  • Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod)
    • Mohamed Abdirahman (Kabalalah)
      • Abdi Mohamed (Kombe)
        • Salah Abdi (Harti)
          • Said Abdi (Dhulbahante)
            • Muse Said
              • Abdale Muse
                • Habarwa Abdale
                  • Shirshore Habarwa
            • Farah 'Garaad' Shirshore
              • Yasin 'Garad' Farah
              • Abdulleh Garad Farah
                • Ali 'Garad' Abdulle
                • Mohamed 'Garad' Abdulle (Bah'ararsame)
                  • Mohamoud 'Garad' Mohamed (Jabane)
                    • Mohamed Mohamoud
                    • Warsame Mohamoud
                    • Liban Mohamoud
                    • Sharmarke Mohamoud
                • Guleed 'Garaad' Abdulleh (Barkad)
                  • Ali Gulled
                  • Amir Gulled
                  • Mohamoud Gulled
                • Ahmed 'Garaad' Abdulleh
                  • Samakab Ahmed (Odala)
                  • Egal Ahmed (Bahgeri)
                  • Warfa Ahmed (Bahgeri)
                  • Hassan Ahmed (Bahgeri)
                  • Naleye Ahmed (Egal Naleya)
                  • Ali'Geri Ahmed (Reer Khayr),[a]
                    • Ismail Ali’Geri
                    • Hersi Ali’Geri
                    • Shawe Ali’Geri
                    • Burale Ali’Geri
                    • Gulled Ali’Geri
                    • Subaan Ali’Geri
                  • Adan Ahmed
                    • Mahad Adan (Reer Khayr)
                    • Farah Adan (Reer Khayr)
                    • Wa'eys Adan (Ararsame)
                    • Hagar Adan (Ararsame)
                      • Gedi Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Addaad Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Warsame Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Elmi Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Amir Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Gulled Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Ayaar Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Fatah Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Adan Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Adan Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Farah Hagar (Bah Warsengali)

Notes

  1. ^ Khayr were a Dhulbahante wadaad / priesthood fraternity: "treatment of the Dhulbahante Khayr people, a clan of Mullahs whom Somalis believed to enjoy divine protection".[29] Colonial sources' usage of "Khayreh" typically refers to the Ali-Gheri-led confederation (see 1917 intelligence report):[30]

Notable Figures

Prime ministers

Leaders

Commanders

Tribal leaders

Enterprisers

Legislative speakers

Politicians

References

  1. ^ Hoehne, Markus (2011). "No Easy Way Out: Traditional Authorities in Somaliland and the Limits of Hybrid Political Orders" (PDF). Danish Institute for International Studies: 8. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  2. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1959). "Clanship and Contract in Northern Somaliland". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 29 (3): 275. doi:10.2307/1157617. JSTOR 1157617. S2CID 143243256. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  3. ^ intelligence report diary 1916, 1917, 1918, PRO, WO 106 / 23
  4. ^ a b c d e f Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification, p. 393
  5. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Vision (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. p. 38.
  6. ^ Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  7. ^ Raeymaekers, Timothy (27 Aug 2013). Violence on the Margins: States, Conflict, and Borderlands. Springer. p. 69. ISBN 9781137333995. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  8. ^ Mahmood, Omar (2019). "Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 21. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Wasiirka Caafimaadka Puntland oo la ciiday Shacabka magaalada Saaxdheer". 13 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Wafti Nabadayn ah oo gaadhay Saaxdheer lana kulmayn Garaadka Guud ee Khaatumo". 28 June 2016.
  11. ^ Hoehne, Markus (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland (PDF). p. 116. Saaxdheer. Located on the Somaliland–Ethiopian border like Buuhoodle, it was Garaad Jaamac Garaad Cali's hometown
  12. ^ Gaala-leged, poem 78, Diiwaanka gabayadi Sayid Mohamed Cabdullah Xassan
  13. ^ a b c d e Official History of the Operations in Somaliland 1901 - 04, 1907
  14. ^ "The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society". 1849. p. 67.
  15. ^ Spearce, Walter (August 1903). Somali Campaign. The third leader is Deeria Goori, of the Dolbahanta tribe, who was badly wounded at the Battle of Gunrburru ... These men are the heads of their respective tribes, and are all wealthy and powerful.
  16. ^ In Pursuit of the Mad Mullah; Service and Sport in the Somali Protectorate , 1902, Malcolm McNeill
  17. ^ Great Britain. War Office. General Staff · 1907, PAGE 73
  18. ^ Radio and propagation of anti-and pro-Ethiopian narratives in Somalia, p 15 - 33, 2012, Alin Mohamed
  19. ^ "Sayyid Mohammed: And the Role of Poetic Stanzas in his Dervish Struggle". www.geeskaafrika.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22.
  20. ^ Taariikh Nololeedkii sayid Cabdulle xasan by Aw-jaamac cumar ciise. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
  21. ^ Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04, p 74
  22. ^ Genis, Gerhard (1996). Mohammed Abdulle Hassan en sy volgelinge. Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies. p. 81. Die Mullah se eerste volgelinge was die Ali Gheri, sy moedersmense. Laasgenoemde was dee I van die Dolbahanta-stam en die grootste getal van die Derwisj-beweging se volgelinge was uit die stam afkomstig. (english translation) The Mullah's first gathering of force were the Ali Gheri, his mother's kin. The latter is a subtribe of the Dolbahanta tribe and is where largest proportion of the Darwish followers were descended from.
  23. ^ Abdi, Abdulqadir (1993). Divine Madness. Zed Books. p. 101. to the Dervish cause, such as the Ali Gheri, the Mullah's maternal kinsmen and his first supporters. In fact, Swayne had instructions to fine the Ali Gheri 1000 camels for possible use in the upcoming campaign
  24. ^ *Bartram, R (1903). The annihilation of Colonel Plunkett's force. The Marion Star. By his marriage he extended his influence from Abyssinia, on the west, to the borders of Italian Somaliland, on the east. The Ali Gheri were his first followers.
    *Hamilton, Angus (1911). Field Force. Hutchinson & Co. p. 50. it appeared for the nonce as if he were content with the homage paid to his learnings and devotional sincerity by the Ogaden and Dolbahanta tribes. The Ali Gheri were his first followers
    *Leys, Thomson (1903). The British Sphere. Auckland Star. p. 5. Ali Gheri were his first followers, while these were presently joined by two sections of the Ogaden
  25. ^ Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement." African Affairs 117.467 (2018): 217-237. "Sayid abandoned that objective, moving away from it to clan solidarity. He proved this by obtaining the bulk of his fighters from the Ali Geri/Dhulbahante, a clan that held strong antipathy toward the British for supposedly supporting their nemesis"
  26. ^ Essa, Jama Omar (1976). Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (1895-1921). Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare. p. 173. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  27. ^ Lewis, "Force and Fission in Northern Somali Lineage Structure", American Anthropologist, New Series, 63 (1961), p. 100
  28. ^ Hunt, John. A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate-1944-1950 (PDF). Hargeisa. pp. 141–145. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  29. ^ Samatar, Said Sheikh (2010). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511735370. ISBN 9780521238335. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  30. ^ Nicolosi, Gerardo (2002). Imperialismo e resistenza in corno d'Africa: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan e il derviscismo somalo (1899-1920). Rubbettino Editore. p. 282. ISBN 9788849803846. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  31. ^ "Golaha wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo caawa la ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". Somali Swiss Media. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
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